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Marie al-Khazen’in Fotoğraflarını Bozan Erkeklik

Year 2018, Issue: 9-10, 97 - 128, 15.08.2018

Abstract

Marie al-Khazen (1899-1983), fotoğraflarının çoğunu 1920’li ve
30’lu yıllarda Kuzey Lübnan’ın bir kasabası olan Zgharta civarında çekmiş
amatör bir fotoğrafçıdır. Bu çalışmada, toplumsal cinsiyetin al-Khazen’in
fotoğraflarında çeşitli kompleks imgeler ve kurallar aracılığıyla sosyal ve
kültürel olarak nasıl temsil edildiğini inceleyeceğim. al-Khazen’ in
fotoğraflarında erkeklerin nasıl ve ne şekillerde yer ettiğini göstermek
çalışmanın temel odağını oluşturmaktadır. Bu fotoğraflar, ağırlıklı olarak ataerkil
olan bir dönem boyunca üretilmiştir. Bu çalışma için seçilen fotoğrafların
çoğunda, al-Khazen’in çoğunlukla ataerkil ideolojiyi yansıttığını tartışacak ve
fotoğrafların çoğunun erkekliğin anlamını kahramanlıkla tanımladığını
göstereceğim.



Fotoğrafları incelerken temel olarak şu soruyu göz önünde
bulundurdum: “al-Khazen’in fotoğraflarında erkekliğin temsili kadınlığın
temsilinden nasıl farklılaşıyor?” al-Khazen’in kamera ardındaki varlığı bugün
bizlere ulaşan imgelerin kontrolünü ona veriyor. Başka bir deyişle, Khazen
fotoğraflarında tarafsız bir aracı değil; aksine fotoğraftaki özneleri, kendi
hayatında görünür olmasını istediği anları, ışığı ve gölgeleri, ön ve arka
plandaki objeleri, öznenin fotoğraftaki konumunu ve bu öznelerin gruplar içinde
birbirleri ile olan ilişkilerinin nasıl yansıtıldığını seçerek fotoğrafın
ardındakş kontrolünü gözler önüne seriyor. Al-Khazen’in fotoğrafik kararları
bizim onun fotoğraflarındaki toplumsal cinsiyet algımızı nasıl şekillendiriyor?
Bu bağlamda, fotoğrafların toplumsal cinsiyete dair söylemsel kavramlar
üreterek, düşünceleri ve anlamları yaydığı yolları inceleyeceğim. Toplumsal
cinsiyet, erkek ve kadınlar arasındaki farklılıkları ifade etmek adına
kullanılan; hem doğal olarak verilen hem de seçilen tutum ve görünüşlere bağlı
olarak değişen bir kategori olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu makale, Al-Khazen’nin
fotoğraflarının ve erkekliğin (
rujuliyya)
özellikle Lübnan’ın kırsal kesimindeki güçlendirilmiş tezahürleriyle sunulan
kültürel temsillerinin ayrıntılı bir öncelemesini sunmaktadır. Fotoğraflarda
erkek cinselliğini simgelemek adına, bıyık
bırakmaktan, sigara içmeye, tüfek kullanmaktan ve
tarabish yapmaya kadar pek çok ayrıntı yer
almaktadır.

References

  • Aghacy, S. (2009). Masculine Identity in the Fiction of the Arab East since 1967. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press.
  • Al-Daif, R. (1998). Learning English. Beirut: Dar al-Nahar.
  • -------------- (1999). Dear Mr. Kawabata, trans. Starkey, P. London: Quartet.
  • Behdad, A. (2016). Camera Orientalis: Reflections on Photography of the Middle East. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
  • Berger, J. (1973). Ways of Seeing. New York, N.Y.: Viking Press.
  • Burgin, V. Ed. (1982). Thinking Photography. London: Macmillan.
  • Burton, A. M. (2005) Gender, Sexuality, and Colonial Modernities. London: Routledge.
  • Cizgen, E. (1987). Photography in the Ottoman Empire, 1839-1919. Istanbul: Haset Kitabevi A. S.
  • Cornwall, A. et al. (1994). Dislocating Masculinity: comparative Ethnographies.London and New York: Routledge.
  • Daoud, H. (2006). Those Two Heavy Wings of Manhood: on moustaches. In Ghoussoub, M. et al. (Eds.), Imagined Masculinities: male identity and culture in the modern Middle East (pp. 273-282). London: Saqi.
  • Duncan, C. (1982). Virility and Domination in Early Twentieth Century Vanguard Painting. In Broude, N. et al. (Eds.), Feminism and Art History: questioning the litany (pp. 293-313). New York: Harper & Row.
  • Felski, R. (1995). The Gender of Modernity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Frangieh, B. K. (2005) Anthology of Arabic Literature, Culture, and Thought from Pre-Islamic Times to the Present. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Ghoussoub, M. et al. Eds. (2006). Imagined Masculinities: male identity and culture in the modern Middle East. London: Saqi.
  • Gilsenan, M. (1996). Lords of the Lebanese Marches: violence and narrative in an Arab society. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
  • Hirsch, M. (1997). Family Frames: photography, narrative, and postmemory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Holt, D. B., et al. (2004). Man-of-Action Heroes: The Pursuit of Heroic Masculinity in Everyday Consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(2), 425–440.
  • Ibson, J. (2002). Picturing Men: a Century of male relationships in everyday American photography. Washington: Smithsonian Institute Press.
  • Jacob, W.C. (2011). Working out Egypt: effendi masculinity and subject formation in colonial modernity, 1870–1940. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Joseph, S. (1993). Gender and Relationality among Arab families in Lebanon. Feminist Studies, 19(3), 465-486.
  • Kandiyoti, D. (1994). The Paradoxes of Masculinity: some thoughts on segregated Societies. In Cornwall, A. et al. (Eds.), Dislocating Masculinity: comparative ethnographies (pp. 185-200). New York: Routledge.
  • Khater, A. F. (2001). Inventing home: emigration, gender, and the middle class in Lebanon, 1870-1920. Berkeley: University of California Press. Lesy, M. (1980). Time Frames: The Meaning of Family Pictures. New York, N.Y.: Pantheon.
  • Pollock, G. (1999). Missing Women: rethinking early thoughts on images of women. In Squiers, C. (Ed.), Over Exposed: essays on contemporary photography (pp. 202-220). New York: The New Press.
  • Pollock, G. (1988). Vision & Difference: femininity, feminism and the histories of art. London: Routledge.
  • Shatz, A. (2003). 50,000 closer looks at Arabs, The New York Times. March 16, 2003, from https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/arts/art-architecture-50000-closer- looks-at-arabs.html
  • Shaw, W. (2009). Ottoman Photography of the Late Nineteenth Century: an 'innocent' modernism? History of Photography, 33(1), 80-93.
  • Sheehi, S. (2016). The Arab imago: A social history of portrait photography, 1860 1910. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Tagg, J. (1988). The Burden of Representation: essays on photographies and histories. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
  • Thompson, E. (2000). Colonial Citizens: republican rights, paternal privilege, and gender in French Syria and Lebanon. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Van Leeuwen, R. (1994). Notables and Clergy in Mount Lebanon: the Khazin sheikhs and the Maronite church, 1736-1840. Leiden and New York: E.J. Brill.
  • Woodward, M. L. (2003). Between Orientalist Clichés and Images of Modernization. History of Photography, 27(4), 363-374.

Performing Masculinity during Mandate Lebanon in Marie al-Khazen’s photographs

Year 2018, Issue: 9-10, 97 - 128, 15.08.2018

Abstract

Marie al-Khazen
(1899-1983) is an amateur photographer who took most of her photographs in the
1920s and 1930s in and around Zgharta, a village in the North of Lebanon. In
this paper, I will analyze how gender — a category used to express differences
between male and female individuals depending on a combination of naturally
endowed and chosen attributes, abilities, appearances, and expressive codes —is
represented socially and culturally in a number of her photographs through
complex conventions and significations. How and in what way men inhabit
al-Khazen’s photographs is the focus of this paper. These photographs were
produced during a period that is often characterized as predominantly
patriarchal. In most of the photographs selected for this paper, I will argue
that, al-Khazen reflects this predominantly patriarchal ideology and will show
how most of al-Khazen’s photographs prescribe to meanings of masculinity as
heroic.



While analyzing
the photographs, I consider the following question: How do representations of
masculinity differ from representations of femininity in al-Khazen’s
photographs? Her position being behind the camera puts her in control of the
image provided to us today. In other words, she is not a neutral mediator, but,
rather, manifests control through her choice of the subject matter, the moments
that she wanted to be salient in her life, the light and shadow, the objects in
the foreground and background setting, the subjects’ positions within the space
of the photograph and the ways in which these subjects perform their social
relations to each other within a group. How do al-Khazen’s photographic
decisions shape our understanding of gender relations in her photographs?



I will examine
the ways photographs disseminate ideas and meanings by generating discursive
notions on gender. Gender is explored as a category used to express differences
between male and female individuals depending on a combination of naturally
endowed and chosen attributes and appearances. The paper offers a scrutinized
study of the photographs and the different ways manhood or rujuliyya, particularly
in the rural areas in Lebanon, was culturally represented through an amplified
masculinity. From having a moustache, smoking a cigarette, sporting tarabish
to holding rifles, a plethora of props and accoutrement appeared in the
photos to denote signs of virility.

References

  • Aghacy, S. (2009). Masculine Identity in the Fiction of the Arab East since 1967. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press.
  • Al-Daif, R. (1998). Learning English. Beirut: Dar al-Nahar.
  • -------------- (1999). Dear Mr. Kawabata, trans. Starkey, P. London: Quartet.
  • Behdad, A. (2016). Camera Orientalis: Reflections on Photography of the Middle East. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
  • Berger, J. (1973). Ways of Seeing. New York, N.Y.: Viking Press.
  • Burgin, V. Ed. (1982). Thinking Photography. London: Macmillan.
  • Burton, A. M. (2005) Gender, Sexuality, and Colonial Modernities. London: Routledge.
  • Cizgen, E. (1987). Photography in the Ottoman Empire, 1839-1919. Istanbul: Haset Kitabevi A. S.
  • Cornwall, A. et al. (1994). Dislocating Masculinity: comparative Ethnographies.London and New York: Routledge.
  • Daoud, H. (2006). Those Two Heavy Wings of Manhood: on moustaches. In Ghoussoub, M. et al. (Eds.), Imagined Masculinities: male identity and culture in the modern Middle East (pp. 273-282). London: Saqi.
  • Duncan, C. (1982). Virility and Domination in Early Twentieth Century Vanguard Painting. In Broude, N. et al. (Eds.), Feminism and Art History: questioning the litany (pp. 293-313). New York: Harper & Row.
  • Felski, R. (1995). The Gender of Modernity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Frangieh, B. K. (2005) Anthology of Arabic Literature, Culture, and Thought from Pre-Islamic Times to the Present. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Ghoussoub, M. et al. Eds. (2006). Imagined Masculinities: male identity and culture in the modern Middle East. London: Saqi.
  • Gilsenan, M. (1996). Lords of the Lebanese Marches: violence and narrative in an Arab society. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
  • Hirsch, M. (1997). Family Frames: photography, narrative, and postmemory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Holt, D. B., et al. (2004). Man-of-Action Heroes: The Pursuit of Heroic Masculinity in Everyday Consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(2), 425–440.
  • Ibson, J. (2002). Picturing Men: a Century of male relationships in everyday American photography. Washington: Smithsonian Institute Press.
  • Jacob, W.C. (2011). Working out Egypt: effendi masculinity and subject formation in colonial modernity, 1870–1940. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Joseph, S. (1993). Gender and Relationality among Arab families in Lebanon. Feminist Studies, 19(3), 465-486.
  • Kandiyoti, D. (1994). The Paradoxes of Masculinity: some thoughts on segregated Societies. In Cornwall, A. et al. (Eds.), Dislocating Masculinity: comparative ethnographies (pp. 185-200). New York: Routledge.
  • Khater, A. F. (2001). Inventing home: emigration, gender, and the middle class in Lebanon, 1870-1920. Berkeley: University of California Press. Lesy, M. (1980). Time Frames: The Meaning of Family Pictures. New York, N.Y.: Pantheon.
  • Pollock, G. (1999). Missing Women: rethinking early thoughts on images of women. In Squiers, C. (Ed.), Over Exposed: essays on contemporary photography (pp. 202-220). New York: The New Press.
  • Pollock, G. (1988). Vision & Difference: femininity, feminism and the histories of art. London: Routledge.
  • Shatz, A. (2003). 50,000 closer looks at Arabs, The New York Times. March 16, 2003, from https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/arts/art-architecture-50000-closer- looks-at-arabs.html
  • Shaw, W. (2009). Ottoman Photography of the Late Nineteenth Century: an 'innocent' modernism? History of Photography, 33(1), 80-93.
  • Sheehi, S. (2016). The Arab imago: A social history of portrait photography, 1860 1910. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Tagg, J. (1988). The Burden of Representation: essays on photographies and histories. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
  • Thompson, E. (2000). Colonial Citizens: republican rights, paternal privilege, and gender in French Syria and Lebanon. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Van Leeuwen, R. (1994). Notables and Clergy in Mount Lebanon: the Khazin sheikhs and the Maronite church, 1736-1840. Leiden and New York: E.J. Brill.
  • Woodward, M. L. (2003). Between Orientalist Clichés and Images of Modernization. History of Photography, 27(4), 363-374.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sociology, Creative Arts and Writing
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yasmine Nachabe Taan This is me

Publication Date August 15, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Issue: 9-10

Cite

APA Taan, Y. N. (2018). Performing Masculinity during Mandate Lebanon in Marie al-Khazen’s photographs. Masculinities: A Journal of Identity and Culture(9-10), 97-128.