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Psychotic depression in forensic psychiatric practice

Year 2012, , 180 - 5, 01.04.2012

Cana Aksoy Poyraz Neşe Kocabaşoğlu Numan Konuk

https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20121106033631

Abstract

Psychotic depression is a psychiatric syndrome characterized by pychomotor disturbance, depressive ruminations, perplexity, cognitive dysfunction, and mood-congruent delusions. Severe suffering led by the delusional state, as well as other features of the illness such as impaired reality testing and impulse control and poor judgment are likely to contribute to crimes associated with this syndrome. As compared to other psychotic states, psychotic depression is less frequently subject to criminal proceedings and as a consequence forensic psychiatric experience about these cases is relatively limited. This review focuses on criminal aspects of psychotic depression.

Keywords

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References

  • American Psychiatric Association, 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
  • World Health Organisation, 1992. ICD-10 Classifications of Mental and Behavioural Disorder: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva. World Health Organisation.
  • Glassman AH, Roose SP. Delusional depression. A distinct clinical entity? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981;38:424-7.
  • Schatzberg AF, Rothschild AJ. Psychotic (delusional) major depression: should it be included as a distinct syndrome in DSM- IV? Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:733-45.
  • Fleming, S.K., Blasey, C., Schatzberg, A.F. Neuropsychological correlates of psychotic features in major depressive disorders: a review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2004;38:27-35.
  • Hill SK, Keshavan MS, Thase ME, Sweeney JA. Neuropsychological dysfunction in antipsychotic-naive first-episode unipolar psychotic depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:996-1000.
  • Maj M, Pirozzi R, Magliano L, Fiorillo A, Bartoli L. Phenomenology and prognostic significance of delusions in major depressive disorder: a 10-year prospective follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:1411-17.
  • Maj M. Delusions in Major Depressive Disorder: Recommendations for the DSM-V Psychopathology. 2008;41:1-3.
  • Burch EA Jr, Anton RF, Carson WH. Mood congruent and incongruent psychotic depressions: are they the same? J Affect Disord. 1994;31:275-8.
  • Fennig S, Bromet EJ, Karant MT, Ram R, Jandorf L. Mood- congruent versus mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms in first-admission patients with affective disorder. J Affect Disord. 1996;37:23-9.
  • Tohen M, Khalsa HM, Salvatore P, Vieta E, Ravichandran C, Baldessarini RJ. Two-year outcomes in first-episode psychotic depression The McLean–Harvard first-episode project. J Affect Disord. 2011;136:1-8.
  • Tohen M, Stoll AL, Strakowski SM, Faedda GL, Mayer PV, Goodwin DC, Kolbrener ML, Madigan AM. McLean first-episode psychosis project: six month recovery and recurrence outcome. Schizophr Bull. 1992;18:172-85.
  • Coryell W, Keller M, Lavori P, Endicott J. Affective syndromes, psychotic features, and prognosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47:658-62.
  • Naz B, Craig TJ, Bromet EJ, Finch SJ, Fochtmann LJ, Carlson GA. Remission and relapse after the first hospital admission in psychotic depression: four-year naturalistic follow-up. Psychol Med. 2007;37:1173-81.
  • Coryell W, Winokur G, Shea T, Maser JD, Endicott J, Akiskal HS. The longterm stability of depressive subtypes. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:199-204.
  • Bora E, Yücel M, Pantelis C. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and affective psychoses: implications for DSM-V criteria and beyond. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36:36-42.
  • Reichenberg A, Harvey PD, Bowie CR, Mojtabai R, Rabinowitz J, Heaton RJ, Bromet E, Neuropsychological function and dysfunction in schizophrenia and psychotic affective disorders. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35:1022-9.
  • Coryell W, Leon A, Winokur G, Endicott J, Keller M, Akiskal H, Solomon D. Importance of psychotic features to long-term course in major depresive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153:483-9.
  • Wenzel A, Berchick ER, Tenhave T, Halberstadt S, Brown GK, Beck AT. Predictors of suicide relative to other deaths in patients with suicide attempts and suicide ideation: a 30-year prospective study. J Affect Disord. 2011;132:375-82.
  • Vythilingam M, Chen J, Bremner JD, Mazure CM, Maciejewski PK, Nelson JC. Psychotic depression and mortality. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:574-6.
  • Coryell W. The treatment of psychotic depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:22-7.
  • Meyers BS, Flint AJ, Rothschild AJ, Mulsant BH, Whyte EM, Peasley-Miklus C, Papademetriou E, Leon AC, Heo M. A double- blind randomized controlled trial of olanzapine plus sertraline vs olanzapine plus placebo for psychotic depression: the study of pharmacotherapy of psychotic depression (STOP-PD). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:838-47.
  • Wijkstra J, Burger H, van den Broek WW, Birkenhager TK, Janzing JG, Boks MP, Bruijn JA, van der Loos ML, Breteler LM, Ramaekers GM, Verkes RJ, Nolen WA. Treatment of unipolar psychotic depression: a randomized, double-blind study comparing imipramine, venlafaxine, and venlafaxine plus quetiapine. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;121:190-200.
  • Loo, CK, Mahon M, Katalinic N, Lyndon B, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Predictors of response to ultrabrief right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. J Affect Disord. 2010;130:192-7.
  • Tohen M, Zarate Jr CA, Hennen J, Khalsa HM, Strakowski SM, Gebre-Medhin P, Salvatore P, Baldessarini RJ. The McLean– Harvard first-episode mania study: prediction of recovery and first recurrence. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:2099-107.
  • Stanton J, Simpson A, Wouldes T. A qualitative study of filicide by mentally ill mothers. Child Abuse Negl. 2000;24:1451-60.
  • Hatters Friedman S, Hrouda D, Holden CE, Noffsinger SG, Resnick PJ. Filicide-suicide: common factors in parents who kill their children and themselves. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2005;33:496- 504.
  • Bourget D, Gagne´ P. Paternal filicides in Que´bec. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2005;33:354-60.
  • Bourget D, Gagne´ P: Maternal filicide in Que´bec. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2002;30:345-51.
  • Bourget D, Bradford JMW. Homicidal parents. Can J Psychiatry. 1990;35:233-8.
  • Karakus M, Ince H, Ince N, Arıcan N, Sözen S. Filicide cases in Turkey, 1995–2000. Croat Med J. 2003;44:592-5.
  • Felthous AR, Hempel A. Combined homicide-suicide: a review. J Forensic Sci. 1995;40:846-57.
  • Somander LH, Rammer LM. Intra- and extrafamilial child homicide in Sweden 1971–1980. Child Abuse Negl. 1991;15:45-55.
  • Rodenburg M. Child murder by depressed parents. Can Psychiatr Assoc J. 1971;16:41-9.
  • Bourget D, Grace J, Whitehurst L. J A review of maternal and paternal filicide. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2007;35:74-82.
  • Crittenden P, Graig S. Developmental trends in the nature of child homicide. J Interpers Violence. 1990;5:202-16.
  • Collins PL, Shaughnessy MF, Bradley L, Bradley L,Brown K. Filicide-suicide: in search of meaning. North Am J Psychol. 2001;3:277-92.
  • Hatters Friedman S, McCue Horowitz S, Resnick PJ. Child murder by mothers: a critical analysis of the current state of knowledge and a research agenda. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1578-87.
  • McGrath P. Maternal filicide in Broadmoor Hospital. J Forensic Psychiatry. 1992;3:271-97.
  • Resnick PJ. Child murder by parents: a psychiatric review of filicide. Am J Psychiatry. 1969;126:325-34.
  • Lucas DR, Wezner KC, Milner JS, McCanne TR, Harris IN, Monroe- Posey C, Nelson JP. Victim, perpetrator, family, and incident characteristics of infant and child homicide in the United States Air Force. Child Abuse Negl. 2002;26:167-86.
  • Marleau JD, Poulin B, Webanck T, Roy R, Laporte L. Paternal filicide: a study of 10 men. Can J Psychiatry. 1999;44:57-63.
  • Lewis CF, Bunce SC. Filicidal mothers and the impact of psychosis on maternal filicide. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2003;31:459-70.
  • Clark SA. Matricide: the schizophrenic crime? Med Sci Law. 1993;33:325-8.
  • Bourget D, Labelle A, Gagne´ P, Tessier P. First-episode psychosis and homicide: a diagnostic challenge. CPA Bull. 2004;36:6-9.
  • Millaud F, Auclair N, Meunier D. Parricide and mental illness: a study of 12 cases. Int J Law Psychiatry. 1996;19:173-82.
  • Newhill CE. Parricide. J Fam Violence. 1991;6:375-94.
  • Labelle A, Bradford JM, Bourget D, Jones B, Carmichael M. Adolescent murderers. Can J Psychiatry. 1991;36:583-7.
  • Campion J, Cravens JM, Rotholc A, Weinstein HC, Covan F, Alpert M. A study of 15 matricidal men. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142:312-7.
  • Bourget D, Gagne´ P, Labelle A. Parricide: a comparative study of matricide versus patricide. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2007;35:306- 12.
  • Bourget D, Whitehurst L. Capgras syndrome: a review of the neurophysiological correlates and presenting clinical features in cases involving physical violence. Can J Psychiatry. 2004;49:719-25.
  • Casu G, Cascella N, Maggini C. Homicides in Capgras’s syndrome. Psychopathology. 1994;27:281-4.
  • Soysal H. (2005) Adli Psikiyatri El Kitabı. Roman’s Yayınları.
  • Torrey EF. Violent behaviour by individuals with serious mental illness. Hospital Community Pscyhiatry. 1994;45:653-61.
  • Appelbaum PS, Robbins PC, Monahan J. Violence and delusions: Data from the Mac Arthur violence risk assesment study. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:566-72.
  • Ural C, Öncü F, Belli H, Soysal H.Adli Psikiyatrik Süreç İçindeki Şizofreni Hastalarının Şiddet Davranışı Değişkenleri: Bir Olgu Kontrol Çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Derg. 2012;23:26-32.

Psikotik özellikli depresyonun adli boyutu

Year 2012, , 180 - 5, 01.04.2012

Cana Aksoy Poyraz Neşe Kocabaşoğlu Numan Konuk

https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20121106033631

Abstract

Psikotik özellikli depresyon psikomotor ajitasyon ya da retardasyon, depresif ruminasyonlar bilişsel işlevlerde bozulma, konfüzyon hali gibi şiddetli düzeydeki belirtilerin yanı sıra duyguduruma uygun kabul edilen hezeyanlarla belirli bir psikiyatrik sendromdur. Hezeyanların yaratmış olduğu ruhsal sıkıntının yanı sıra gerçeği değerlendirme yetisinde bozulma, dürtü kontrolünün bozulması ve yargılamanın bozulması hastalık sırasında işlenen suçlara katkıda bulunan hastalığa ait özelliklerdir. Bu gözden geçirme yazısında, diğer psikotik tablolarla karşılaştırıldığında daha az sıklıkla dava konusu olması sebebiyle adli yönü hakkında deneyimin nispeten yetersiz düzeyde kaldığı psikotik özellikli depresyonun suçla ilişkisi incelenecektir.

Keywords

psikotik özellikli depresyon duygudurum bozukluğu adli psikiyatri homisid

References

  • American Psychiatric Association, 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
  • World Health Organisation, 1992. ICD-10 Classifications of Mental and Behavioural Disorder: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva. World Health Organisation.
  • Glassman AH, Roose SP. Delusional depression. A distinct clinical entity? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981;38:424-7.
  • Schatzberg AF, Rothschild AJ. Psychotic (delusional) major depression: should it be included as a distinct syndrome in DSM- IV? Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:733-45.
  • Fleming, S.K., Blasey, C., Schatzberg, A.F. Neuropsychological correlates of psychotic features in major depressive disorders: a review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2004;38:27-35.
  • Hill SK, Keshavan MS, Thase ME, Sweeney JA. Neuropsychological dysfunction in antipsychotic-naive first-episode unipolar psychotic depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:996-1000.
  • Maj M, Pirozzi R, Magliano L, Fiorillo A, Bartoli L. Phenomenology and prognostic significance of delusions in major depressive disorder: a 10-year prospective follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:1411-17.
  • Maj M. Delusions in Major Depressive Disorder: Recommendations for the DSM-V Psychopathology. 2008;41:1-3.
  • Burch EA Jr, Anton RF, Carson WH. Mood congruent and incongruent psychotic depressions: are they the same? J Affect Disord. 1994;31:275-8.
  • Fennig S, Bromet EJ, Karant MT, Ram R, Jandorf L. Mood- congruent versus mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms in first-admission patients with affective disorder. J Affect Disord. 1996;37:23-9.
  • Tohen M, Khalsa HM, Salvatore P, Vieta E, Ravichandran C, Baldessarini RJ. Two-year outcomes in first-episode psychotic depression The McLean–Harvard first-episode project. J Affect Disord. 2011;136:1-8.
  • Tohen M, Stoll AL, Strakowski SM, Faedda GL, Mayer PV, Goodwin DC, Kolbrener ML, Madigan AM. McLean first-episode psychosis project: six month recovery and recurrence outcome. Schizophr Bull. 1992;18:172-85.
  • Coryell W, Keller M, Lavori P, Endicott J. Affective syndromes, psychotic features, and prognosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47:658-62.
  • Naz B, Craig TJ, Bromet EJ, Finch SJ, Fochtmann LJ, Carlson GA. Remission and relapse after the first hospital admission in psychotic depression: four-year naturalistic follow-up. Psychol Med. 2007;37:1173-81.
  • Coryell W, Winokur G, Shea T, Maser JD, Endicott J, Akiskal HS. The longterm stability of depressive subtypes. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:199-204.
  • Bora E, Yücel M, Pantelis C. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and affective psychoses: implications for DSM-V criteria and beyond. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36:36-42.
  • Reichenberg A, Harvey PD, Bowie CR, Mojtabai R, Rabinowitz J, Heaton RJ, Bromet E, Neuropsychological function and dysfunction in schizophrenia and psychotic affective disorders. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35:1022-9.
  • Coryell W, Leon A, Winokur G, Endicott J, Keller M, Akiskal H, Solomon D. Importance of psychotic features to long-term course in major depresive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153:483-9.
  • Wenzel A, Berchick ER, Tenhave T, Halberstadt S, Brown GK, Beck AT. Predictors of suicide relative to other deaths in patients with suicide attempts and suicide ideation: a 30-year prospective study. J Affect Disord. 2011;132:375-82.
  • Vythilingam M, Chen J, Bremner JD, Mazure CM, Maciejewski PK, Nelson JC. Psychotic depression and mortality. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:574-6.
  • Coryell W. The treatment of psychotic depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:22-7.
  • Meyers BS, Flint AJ, Rothschild AJ, Mulsant BH, Whyte EM, Peasley-Miklus C, Papademetriou E, Leon AC, Heo M. A double- blind randomized controlled trial of olanzapine plus sertraline vs olanzapine plus placebo for psychotic depression: the study of pharmacotherapy of psychotic depression (STOP-PD). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:838-47.
  • Wijkstra J, Burger H, van den Broek WW, Birkenhager TK, Janzing JG, Boks MP, Bruijn JA, van der Loos ML, Breteler LM, Ramaekers GM, Verkes RJ, Nolen WA. Treatment of unipolar psychotic depression: a randomized, double-blind study comparing imipramine, venlafaxine, and venlafaxine plus quetiapine. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;121:190-200.
  • Loo, CK, Mahon M, Katalinic N, Lyndon B, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Predictors of response to ultrabrief right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. J Affect Disord. 2010;130:192-7.
  • Tohen M, Zarate Jr CA, Hennen J, Khalsa HM, Strakowski SM, Gebre-Medhin P, Salvatore P, Baldessarini RJ. The McLean– Harvard first-episode mania study: prediction of recovery and first recurrence. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:2099-107.
  • Stanton J, Simpson A, Wouldes T. A qualitative study of filicide by mentally ill mothers. Child Abuse Negl. 2000;24:1451-60.
  • Hatters Friedman S, Hrouda D, Holden CE, Noffsinger SG, Resnick PJ. Filicide-suicide: common factors in parents who kill their children and themselves. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2005;33:496- 504.
  • Bourget D, Gagne´ P. Paternal filicides in Que´bec. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2005;33:354-60.
  • Bourget D, Gagne´ P: Maternal filicide in Que´bec. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2002;30:345-51.
  • Bourget D, Bradford JMW. Homicidal parents. Can J Psychiatry. 1990;35:233-8.
  • Karakus M, Ince H, Ince N, Arıcan N, Sözen S. Filicide cases in Turkey, 1995–2000. Croat Med J. 2003;44:592-5.
  • Felthous AR, Hempel A. Combined homicide-suicide: a review. J Forensic Sci. 1995;40:846-57.
  • Somander LH, Rammer LM. Intra- and extrafamilial child homicide in Sweden 1971–1980. Child Abuse Negl. 1991;15:45-55.
  • Rodenburg M. Child murder by depressed parents. Can Psychiatr Assoc J. 1971;16:41-9.
  • Bourget D, Grace J, Whitehurst L. J A review of maternal and paternal filicide. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2007;35:74-82.
  • Crittenden P, Graig S. Developmental trends in the nature of child homicide. J Interpers Violence. 1990;5:202-16.
  • Collins PL, Shaughnessy MF, Bradley L, Bradley L,Brown K. Filicide-suicide: in search of meaning. North Am J Psychol. 2001;3:277-92.
  • Hatters Friedman S, McCue Horowitz S, Resnick PJ. Child murder by mothers: a critical analysis of the current state of knowledge and a research agenda. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1578-87.
  • McGrath P. Maternal filicide in Broadmoor Hospital. J Forensic Psychiatry. 1992;3:271-97.
  • Resnick PJ. Child murder by parents: a psychiatric review of filicide. Am J Psychiatry. 1969;126:325-34.
  • Lucas DR, Wezner KC, Milner JS, McCanne TR, Harris IN, Monroe- Posey C, Nelson JP. Victim, perpetrator, family, and incident characteristics of infant and child homicide in the United States Air Force. Child Abuse Negl. 2002;26:167-86.
  • Marleau JD, Poulin B, Webanck T, Roy R, Laporte L. Paternal filicide: a study of 10 men. Can J Psychiatry. 1999;44:57-63.
  • Lewis CF, Bunce SC. Filicidal mothers and the impact of psychosis on maternal filicide. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2003;31:459-70.
  • Clark SA. Matricide: the schizophrenic crime? Med Sci Law. 1993;33:325-8.
  • Bourget D, Labelle A, Gagne´ P, Tessier P. First-episode psychosis and homicide: a diagnostic challenge. CPA Bull. 2004;36:6-9.
  • Millaud F, Auclair N, Meunier D. Parricide and mental illness: a study of 12 cases. Int J Law Psychiatry. 1996;19:173-82.
  • Newhill CE. Parricide. J Fam Violence. 1991;6:375-94.
  • Labelle A, Bradford JM, Bourget D, Jones B, Carmichael M. Adolescent murderers. Can J Psychiatry. 1991;36:583-7.
  • Campion J, Cravens JM, Rotholc A, Weinstein HC, Covan F, Alpert M. A study of 15 matricidal men. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142:312-7.
  • Bourget D, Gagne´ P, Labelle A. Parricide: a comparative study of matricide versus patricide. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2007;35:306- 12.
  • Bourget D, Whitehurst L. Capgras syndrome: a review of the neurophysiological correlates and presenting clinical features in cases involving physical violence. Can J Psychiatry. 2004;49:719-25.
  • Casu G, Cascella N, Maggini C. Homicides in Capgras’s syndrome. Psychopathology. 1994;27:281-4.
  • Soysal H. (2005) Adli Psikiyatri El Kitabı. Roman’s Yayınları.
  • Torrey EF. Violent behaviour by individuals with serious mental illness. Hospital Community Pscyhiatry. 1994;45:653-61.
  • Appelbaum PS, Robbins PC, Monahan J. Violence and delusions: Data from the Mac Arthur violence risk assesment study. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:566-72.
  • Ural C, Öncü F, Belli H, Soysal H.Adli Psikiyatrik Süreç İçindeki Şizofreni Hastalarının Şiddet Davranışı Değişkenleri: Bir Olgu Kontrol Çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Derg. 2012;23:26-32.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Cana Aksoy Poyraz This is me

Neşe Kocabaşoğlu This is me

Numan Konuk This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012

Cite

APA Poyraz, C. A., Kocabaşoğlu, N., & Konuk, N. (2012). Psikotik özellikli depresyonun adli boyutu. Journal of Mood Disorders, 2(4), 180-5. https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20121106033631
AMA Poyraz CA, Kocabaşoğlu N, Konuk N. Psikotik özellikli depresyonun adli boyutu. Journal of Mood Disorders. April 2012;2(4):180-5. doi:10.5455/jmood.20121106033631
Chicago Poyraz, Cana Aksoy, Neşe Kocabaşoğlu, and Numan Konuk. “Psikotik özellikli Depresyonun Adli Boyutu”. Journal of Mood Disorders 2, no. 4 (April 2012): 180-5. https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20121106033631.
EndNote Poyraz CA, Kocabaşoğlu N, Konuk N (April 1, 2012) Psikotik özellikli depresyonun adli boyutu. Journal of Mood Disorders 2 4 180–5.
IEEE C. A. Poyraz, N. Kocabaşoğlu, and N. Konuk, “Psikotik özellikli depresyonun adli boyutu”, Journal of Mood Disorders, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 180–5, 2012, doi: 10.5455/jmood.20121106033631.
ISNAD Poyraz, Cana Aksoy et al. “Psikotik özellikli Depresyonun Adli Boyutu”. Journal of Mood Disorders 2/4 (April 2012), 180-5. https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20121106033631.
JAMA Poyraz CA, Kocabaşoğlu N, Konuk N. Psikotik özellikli depresyonun adli boyutu. Journal of Mood Disorders. 2012;2:180–5.
MLA Poyraz, Cana Aksoy et al. “Psikotik özellikli Depresyonun Adli Boyutu”. Journal of Mood Disorders, vol. 2, no. 4, 2012, pp. 180-5, doi:10.5455/jmood.20121106033631.
Vancouver Poyraz CA, Kocabaşoğlu N, Konuk N. Psikotik özellikli depresyonun adli boyutu. Journal of Mood Disorders. 2012;2(4):180-5.