BibTex RIS Cite

Relationship of cardiovascular disease and depression

Year 2012, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 84 - 90, 01.02.2012
https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20120615043521

Abstract

Coronary artery disease and depression are accepted as a growing epidemic worldwide. There are many studies that shows depression is a poor prognostic factor for cardiovascular disease and vice versa. Current guidelines recommend depression screening in patients with cardiovascular disease but there is no scientific basis for this recommendation. In addition, there are publications indicating that treatment for depression does not improve cardiovascular outcomes. Furthermore, some antidepressant medications are shown to increase cardiovascular mortality. In this review, we would like to discuss and summarize the studies on this relationship between coronary artery disease and depression.

References

  • Burke KC, Burke JD, Jr., Regier DA, Rae DS. Age at onset of selected mental disorders in five community populations. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990; 47: 511-8.
  • Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM- IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of general psychiatry. 2005; 62: 593-602.
  • Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM- IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of general psychiatry. 2005; 62: 617-27.
  • Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006; 3: 442.
  • Jing Fang M, Kate M. Shaw, MS, Nora L. Keenan, PhD. Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease United States, 2006-2010. Div for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 2011.
  • Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression following myocardial infarction. Impact on 6-month survival. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 1993; 270: 1819-25.
  • Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1995; 91: 999-1005.
  • Rudisch B, Nemeroff CB. Epidemiology of comorbid coronary artery disease and depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003; 54: 227-40.
  • Nicholson A, Kuper H, Hemingway H. Depression as an aetiologic and prognostic factor in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of 6362 events among 146 538 participants in 54 observational studies. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27: 2763-74.
  • Rugulies R. Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease. a review and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2002; 23: 51-61.
  • Mosovich SA, Boone RT, Reichenberg A, Bansilal S, Shaffer J, Dahlman K, et al. New insights into the link between cardiovascular disease and depression. Int J Clin Pract. 2008; 62: 423-32.
  • Paz-Filho G, Licinio J, Wong ML. Pathophysiological basis of cardiovascular disease and depression: a chicken-and-egg dilemma. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2010; 32: 181-91.
  • Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004; 364: 937-52.
  • Somberg TC, Arora RR. Depression and heart disease: therapeutic implications. Cardiology. 2008; 111: 75-81.
  • Miller GB, E. Turning Up the Heat Inflammation as a Mechanism Linking Chronic Stress, Depression, and Heart Disease. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2006; 15: 269-72.
  • Dyer AR, Persky V, Stamler J, Paul O, Shekelle RB, Berkson DM, et al. Heart rate as a prognostic factor for coronary heart disease and mortality: findings in three Chicago epidemiologic studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1980; 112: 736-49.
  • Diaz A, Bourassa MG, Guertin MC, Tardif JC. Long-term prognostic value of resting heart rate in patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26: 967-74.
  • Copie X, Hnatkova K, Staunton A, Fei L, Camm AJ, Malik M. Predictive power of increased heart rate versus depressed left ventricular ejection fraction and heart rate variability for risk stratification after myocardial infarction. Results of a two-year follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27: 270-6.
  • Taylor CB. Depression, heart rate related variables and cardiovascular disease. Int J Psychophysiol. 2010; 78: 80-8.
  • Bigger JT, Jr., Fleiss JL, Rolnitzky LM, Steinman RC. Frequency domain measures of heart period variability to assess risk late after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 21: 729-36.
  • Kleiger RE, Miller JP, Bigger JT, Jr., Moss AJ. Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1987; 59: 256-62.
  • Carney RM, Blumenthal JA, Stein PK, Watkins L, Catellier D, Berkman LF, et al. Depression, heart rate variability, and acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2001; 104: 2024-8.
  • Deuschle M, Weber B, Colla M, Depner M, Heuser I. Effects of major depression, aging and gender upon calculated diurnal free plasma cortisol concentrations: a re-evaluation study. Stress. 1998; 2: 281-7.
  • Rosmond R. Role of stress in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005; 30: 1-10.
  • Remme WJ. The sympathetic nervous system and ischaemic heart disease. Eur Heart J. 1998; 19: 62-71.
  • Zdravkovic S, Wienke A, Pedersen NL, Marenberg ME, Yashin AI, de Faire U. Genetic influences on CHD-death and the impact of known risk factors: comparison of two frailty models. Behav Genet. 2004; 34: 585-92.
  • Sullivan PF, Neale MC, Kendler KS. Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2000; 157: 1552-62.
  • Scherrer JF, Xian H, Bucholz KK, Eisen SA, Lyons MJ, Goldberg J, et al. A twin study of depression symptoms, hypertension, and heart disease in middle-aged men. Psychosom Med. 2003; 65: 548-57.
  • Kroeze WK, Kristiansen K, Roth BL. Molecular biology of serotonin receptors structure and function at the molecular level. Curr Top Med Chem. 2002;2:507-28.
  • Williams RB, Marchuk DA, Gadde KM, Barefoot JC, Grichnik K, Helms MJ, et al. Central nervous system serotonin function and cardiovascular responses to stress. Psychosom Med. 2001; 63: 300-5.
  • Lesch KP, Bengel D, Heils A, Sabol SZ, Greenberg BD, Petri S, et al. Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science. 1996; 274: 1527-31.
  • Anguelova M, Benkelfat C, Turecki G. A systematic review of association studies investigating genes coding for serotonin receptors and the serotonin transporter: I. Affective disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2003; 8: 574-91.
  • Fumeron F, Betoulle D, Nicaud V, Evans A, Kee F, Ruidavets JB, et al. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and myocardial infarction: Etude Cas-Temoins de l’Infarctus du Myocarde (ECTIM). Circulation. 2002; 105: 2943-5.
  • DW. M. Is angiotensin I-converting enzyme a “master” disease gene? Diabetes Technol Ther. 2002; 4: 683-711.
  • Miller GE, Rohleder N, Stetler C, Kirschbaum C. Clinical depression and regulation of the inflammatory response during acute stress. Psychosom Med. 2005; 67: 679-87.
  • Libby P, Ridker PM. Inflammation and atherosclerosis: role of C-reactive protein in risk assessment. Am J Med. 2004; 116: 9-16.
  • Humphries SE, Luong LA, Ogg MS, Hawe E, Miller GJ. The interleukin-6 -174 G/C promoter polymorphism is associated with risk of coronary heart disease and systolic blood pressure in healthy men. Eur Heart J. 2001; 22: 2243-52.
  • Glassman AH, O’Connor CM, Califf RM, Swedberg K, Schwartz P, Bigger JT, Jr., et al. Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 2002; 288: 701-9.
  • van Melle JP, de Jonge P, Honig A, Schene AH, Kuyper AM, Crijns HJ, et al. Effects of antidepressant treatment following myocardial infarction. Br J Psychiatry. 2007; 190: 460-6.
  • Berkman LF, Blumenthal J, Burg M, Carney RM, Catellier D, Cowan MJ, et al. Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2003; 289: 3106-16.
  • Whang W, Kubzansky LD, Kawachi I, Rexrode KM, Kroenke CH, Glynn RJ, et al. Depression and risk of sudden cardiac death and coronary heart disease in women: results from the Nurses’ Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 53: 950-8.
  • Krantz DS, Whittaker KS, Francis JL, Rutledge T, Johnson BD, Barrow G, et al. Psychotropic medication use and risk of adverse cardiovascular events in women with suspected coronary artery disease: outcomes from the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Heart. 2009; 95: 1901-6.
  • Smoller JW, Allison M, Cochrane BB, Curb JD, Perlis RH, Robinson JG, et al. Antidepressant use and risk of incident cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among postmenopausal women in the Women’s Health Initiative study. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169: 2128-39.
  • Davidson KW, Rieckmann N, Clemow L, Schwartz JE, Shimbo D, Medina V, et al. Enhanced depression care for patients with acute coronary syndrome and persistent depressive symptoms: coronary psychosocial evaluation studies randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010; 170: 600-8.
  • Luijendijk HJ, van den Berg JF, Hofman A, Tiemeier H, Stricker BH. beta-blockers and the risk of incident depression in the elderly. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology. 2011; 31: 45-50.
  • Otte C, Zhao S, Whooley MA. Statin use and risk of depression in patients with coronary heart disease: longitudinal data from the heart and soul study. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2012; 73: 610-5.
  • Stafford L, Berk M. The use of statins after a cardiac intervention is associated with reduced risk of subsequent depression: proof of concept for the inflammatory and oxidative hypotheses of depression? The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2011; 72: 1229-35.
  • Lichtman JH, Bigger JT, Jr., Blumenthal JA, Frasure-Smith N, Kaufmann PG, Lesperance F, et al. Depression and coronary heart disease: recommendations for screening, referral, and treatment: a science advisory from the American Heart Association Prevention Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Psychiatric Association. Circulation. 2008; 118: 1768-75.
  • Thombs BD, de Jonge P, Coyne JC, Whooley MA, Frasure-Smith N, Mitchell AJ, et al. Depression screening and patient outcomes in cardiovascular care: a systematic review. JAMA. 2008; 300: 2161- 71.
  • Hasnain M, Vieweg WV, Lesnefsky EJ, Pandurangi AK. Depression screening in patients with coronary heart disease: a critical evaluation of the AHA guidelines. J Psychosom Res. 2011; 71: 6-12.

Kardiyovasküler hastalık ve depresyon ilişkisi

Year 2012, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 84 - 90, 01.02.2012
https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20120615043521

Abstract

Kardiyovasküler hastalıklar ve depresyon görülme sıklığı tüm dünyada giderek artan sağlık sorunları olarak kabul edilmektedir. Kardiyovasküler hastalıklar için depresyonun ve de depresyon için kardiyovasküler hastalıkların kötü prognoza işaret ettiğini belirten çalışmalar mevcuttur. Mevcut kılavuzlar kardiyak hastalarda depresyon taramasını önermekle beraber bu konuya dair kesin kanıtlar mevcut değildir. Ayrıca depresyon tedavisinin kardiyak hastalarda prognozu iyileştiremeyebileceği ve antidepresan tedavinin kardiyak ölümü arttırabildiğini bildiren çalışmalar vardır. Biz bu derlemede koroner arter hastalığı ve depresyon ilişkisi ile ilgili yapılan çalışmaları özetlemeyi ve tartışmayı amaçladık.

References

  • Burke KC, Burke JD, Jr., Regier DA, Rae DS. Age at onset of selected mental disorders in five community populations. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990; 47: 511-8.
  • Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM- IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of general psychiatry. 2005; 62: 593-602.
  • Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM- IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of general psychiatry. 2005; 62: 617-27.
  • Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006; 3: 442.
  • Jing Fang M, Kate M. Shaw, MS, Nora L. Keenan, PhD. Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease United States, 2006-2010. Div for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 2011.
  • Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression following myocardial infarction. Impact on 6-month survival. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 1993; 270: 1819-25.
  • Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1995; 91: 999-1005.
  • Rudisch B, Nemeroff CB. Epidemiology of comorbid coronary artery disease and depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003; 54: 227-40.
  • Nicholson A, Kuper H, Hemingway H. Depression as an aetiologic and prognostic factor in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of 6362 events among 146 538 participants in 54 observational studies. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27: 2763-74.
  • Rugulies R. Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease. a review and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2002; 23: 51-61.
  • Mosovich SA, Boone RT, Reichenberg A, Bansilal S, Shaffer J, Dahlman K, et al. New insights into the link between cardiovascular disease and depression. Int J Clin Pract. 2008; 62: 423-32.
  • Paz-Filho G, Licinio J, Wong ML. Pathophysiological basis of cardiovascular disease and depression: a chicken-and-egg dilemma. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2010; 32: 181-91.
  • Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004; 364: 937-52.
  • Somberg TC, Arora RR. Depression and heart disease: therapeutic implications. Cardiology. 2008; 111: 75-81.
  • Miller GB, E. Turning Up the Heat Inflammation as a Mechanism Linking Chronic Stress, Depression, and Heart Disease. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2006; 15: 269-72.
  • Dyer AR, Persky V, Stamler J, Paul O, Shekelle RB, Berkson DM, et al. Heart rate as a prognostic factor for coronary heart disease and mortality: findings in three Chicago epidemiologic studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1980; 112: 736-49.
  • Diaz A, Bourassa MG, Guertin MC, Tardif JC. Long-term prognostic value of resting heart rate in patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26: 967-74.
  • Copie X, Hnatkova K, Staunton A, Fei L, Camm AJ, Malik M. Predictive power of increased heart rate versus depressed left ventricular ejection fraction and heart rate variability for risk stratification after myocardial infarction. Results of a two-year follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27: 270-6.
  • Taylor CB. Depression, heart rate related variables and cardiovascular disease. Int J Psychophysiol. 2010; 78: 80-8.
  • Bigger JT, Jr., Fleiss JL, Rolnitzky LM, Steinman RC. Frequency domain measures of heart period variability to assess risk late after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 21: 729-36.
  • Kleiger RE, Miller JP, Bigger JT, Jr., Moss AJ. Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1987; 59: 256-62.
  • Carney RM, Blumenthal JA, Stein PK, Watkins L, Catellier D, Berkman LF, et al. Depression, heart rate variability, and acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2001; 104: 2024-8.
  • Deuschle M, Weber B, Colla M, Depner M, Heuser I. Effects of major depression, aging and gender upon calculated diurnal free plasma cortisol concentrations: a re-evaluation study. Stress. 1998; 2: 281-7.
  • Rosmond R. Role of stress in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005; 30: 1-10.
  • Remme WJ. The sympathetic nervous system and ischaemic heart disease. Eur Heart J. 1998; 19: 62-71.
  • Zdravkovic S, Wienke A, Pedersen NL, Marenberg ME, Yashin AI, de Faire U. Genetic influences on CHD-death and the impact of known risk factors: comparison of two frailty models. Behav Genet. 2004; 34: 585-92.
  • Sullivan PF, Neale MC, Kendler KS. Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2000; 157: 1552-62.
  • Scherrer JF, Xian H, Bucholz KK, Eisen SA, Lyons MJ, Goldberg J, et al. A twin study of depression symptoms, hypertension, and heart disease in middle-aged men. Psychosom Med. 2003; 65: 548-57.
  • Kroeze WK, Kristiansen K, Roth BL. Molecular biology of serotonin receptors structure and function at the molecular level. Curr Top Med Chem. 2002;2:507-28.
  • Williams RB, Marchuk DA, Gadde KM, Barefoot JC, Grichnik K, Helms MJ, et al. Central nervous system serotonin function and cardiovascular responses to stress. Psychosom Med. 2001; 63: 300-5.
  • Lesch KP, Bengel D, Heils A, Sabol SZ, Greenberg BD, Petri S, et al. Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science. 1996; 274: 1527-31.
  • Anguelova M, Benkelfat C, Turecki G. A systematic review of association studies investigating genes coding for serotonin receptors and the serotonin transporter: I. Affective disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2003; 8: 574-91.
  • Fumeron F, Betoulle D, Nicaud V, Evans A, Kee F, Ruidavets JB, et al. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and myocardial infarction: Etude Cas-Temoins de l’Infarctus du Myocarde (ECTIM). Circulation. 2002; 105: 2943-5.
  • DW. M. Is angiotensin I-converting enzyme a “master” disease gene? Diabetes Technol Ther. 2002; 4: 683-711.
  • Miller GE, Rohleder N, Stetler C, Kirschbaum C. Clinical depression and regulation of the inflammatory response during acute stress. Psychosom Med. 2005; 67: 679-87.
  • Libby P, Ridker PM. Inflammation and atherosclerosis: role of C-reactive protein in risk assessment. Am J Med. 2004; 116: 9-16.
  • Humphries SE, Luong LA, Ogg MS, Hawe E, Miller GJ. The interleukin-6 -174 G/C promoter polymorphism is associated with risk of coronary heart disease and systolic blood pressure in healthy men. Eur Heart J. 2001; 22: 2243-52.
  • Glassman AH, O’Connor CM, Califf RM, Swedberg K, Schwartz P, Bigger JT, Jr., et al. Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 2002; 288: 701-9.
  • van Melle JP, de Jonge P, Honig A, Schene AH, Kuyper AM, Crijns HJ, et al. Effects of antidepressant treatment following myocardial infarction. Br J Psychiatry. 2007; 190: 460-6.
  • Berkman LF, Blumenthal J, Burg M, Carney RM, Catellier D, Cowan MJ, et al. Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2003; 289: 3106-16.
  • Whang W, Kubzansky LD, Kawachi I, Rexrode KM, Kroenke CH, Glynn RJ, et al. Depression and risk of sudden cardiac death and coronary heart disease in women: results from the Nurses’ Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 53: 950-8.
  • Krantz DS, Whittaker KS, Francis JL, Rutledge T, Johnson BD, Barrow G, et al. Psychotropic medication use and risk of adverse cardiovascular events in women with suspected coronary artery disease: outcomes from the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Heart. 2009; 95: 1901-6.
  • Smoller JW, Allison M, Cochrane BB, Curb JD, Perlis RH, Robinson JG, et al. Antidepressant use and risk of incident cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among postmenopausal women in the Women’s Health Initiative study. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169: 2128-39.
  • Davidson KW, Rieckmann N, Clemow L, Schwartz JE, Shimbo D, Medina V, et al. Enhanced depression care for patients with acute coronary syndrome and persistent depressive symptoms: coronary psychosocial evaluation studies randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010; 170: 600-8.
  • Luijendijk HJ, van den Berg JF, Hofman A, Tiemeier H, Stricker BH. beta-blockers and the risk of incident depression in the elderly. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology. 2011; 31: 45-50.
  • Otte C, Zhao S, Whooley MA. Statin use and risk of depression in patients with coronary heart disease: longitudinal data from the heart and soul study. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2012; 73: 610-5.
  • Stafford L, Berk M. The use of statins after a cardiac intervention is associated with reduced risk of subsequent depression: proof of concept for the inflammatory and oxidative hypotheses of depression? The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2011; 72: 1229-35.
  • Lichtman JH, Bigger JT, Jr., Blumenthal JA, Frasure-Smith N, Kaufmann PG, Lesperance F, et al. Depression and coronary heart disease: recommendations for screening, referral, and treatment: a science advisory from the American Heart Association Prevention Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Psychiatric Association. Circulation. 2008; 118: 1768-75.
  • Thombs BD, de Jonge P, Coyne JC, Whooley MA, Frasure-Smith N, Mitchell AJ, et al. Depression screening and patient outcomes in cardiovascular care: a systematic review. JAMA. 2008; 300: 2161- 71.
  • Hasnain M, Vieweg WV, Lesnefsky EJ, Pandurangi AK. Depression screening in patients with coronary heart disease: a critical evaluation of the AHA guidelines. J Psychosom Res. 2011; 71: 6-12.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gökhan Altunbaş This is me

Süleyman Ercan This is me

Vedat Davutoğlu This is me

Ahmet Ünal This is me

Feridun Bülbül This is me

Publication Date February 1, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Altunbaş, G., Ercan, S., Davutoğlu, V., Ünal, A., et al. (2012). Kardiyovasküler hastalık ve depresyon ilişkisi. Journal of Mood Disorders, 2(2), 84-90. https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20120615043521
AMA Altunbaş G, Ercan S, Davutoğlu V, Ünal A, Bülbül F. Kardiyovasküler hastalık ve depresyon ilişkisi. Journal of Mood Disorders. February 2012;2(2):84-90. doi:10.5455/jmood.20120615043521
Chicago Altunbaş, Gökhan, Süleyman Ercan, Vedat Davutoğlu, Ahmet Ünal, and Feridun Bülbül. “Kardiyovasküler hastalık Ve Depresyon ilişkisi”. Journal of Mood Disorders 2, no. 2 (February 2012): 84-90. https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20120615043521.
EndNote Altunbaş G, Ercan S, Davutoğlu V, Ünal A, Bülbül F (February 1, 2012) Kardiyovasküler hastalık ve depresyon ilişkisi. Journal of Mood Disorders 2 2 84–90.
IEEE G. Altunbaş, S. Ercan, V. Davutoğlu, A. Ünal, and F. Bülbül, “Kardiyovasküler hastalık ve depresyon ilişkisi”, Journal of Mood Disorders, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 84–90, 2012, doi: 10.5455/jmood.20120615043521.
ISNAD Altunbaş, Gökhan et al. “Kardiyovasküler hastalık Ve Depresyon ilişkisi”. Journal of Mood Disorders 2/2 (February 2012), 84-90. https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20120615043521.
JAMA Altunbaş G, Ercan S, Davutoğlu V, Ünal A, Bülbül F. Kardiyovasküler hastalık ve depresyon ilişkisi. Journal of Mood Disorders. 2012;2:84–90.
MLA Altunbaş, Gökhan et al. “Kardiyovasküler hastalık Ve Depresyon ilişkisi”. Journal of Mood Disorders, vol. 2, no. 2, 2012, pp. 84-90, doi:10.5455/jmood.20120615043521.
Vancouver Altunbaş G, Ercan S, Davutoğlu V, Ünal A, Bülbül F. Kardiyovasküler hastalık ve depresyon ilişkisi. Journal of Mood Disorders. 2012;2(2):84-90.