Lojistik Sektöründe İnsansız Hava Araçlarının (İHA) Kullanımın Önündeki Engellere Dair Uzman Görüşlerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 21 - 31, 30.06.2025

Ramazan Gündem , Yener Pazarcık , Mustafa Kara , Umut Eroğlu

https://doi.org/10.57082/mpsr.1612909

Abstract

Son mil lojistiği özellikle kentsel alanlarda hız, maliyet ve çevresel anlamda sürdürülebilirlik sağladığından kritik öneme sahip olmuştur. Son mil teslimatının önemli bir uygulaması olan insansız hava araçlarıyla teslimat gerçekleştirilmesi yenilikçi bir teslimat alanına dönüşmüştür. İnsansız hava araçlarıyla teslimatların yapılması sürecinde dünya örneklerinde de sahada birçok engellerle karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda araştırmanın amacı Türkiye’de lojistik sektöründe insansız hava araçları (İHA) kullanımının önündeki engellerin tespit edilmesidir. Araştırmanın verileri 01-15 Haziran 2024 tarihleri arasında uzman değerlendirme formuyla elde edilmiştir. Araştırmada amaçlı örneklem yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri örneklem doğrultusunda lojistik sektöründe insansız hava araçlarının (İHA) uygulama alanı sürecinde etkilenen ve etkileyen paydaş gruplarından konunun uzmanı 5 profesyonelden elde edilmiştir. Uzman değerlendirme formları Lawshe (1975) tekniği kullanılarak deşifre edilmiştir. Verilerin kapsam geçerlilik oranları (KGO) Microsoft Excel (2020) kullanılarak değerler hesaplanmıştır. Araştırmada uzman görüşleri sonucunda tüm ana boyutların kapsam geçerlilik değerleri geçerli olduğu doğrulanmıştır. Ayrıca araştırmaya katılan bir uzmanın önerisi doğrultusunda çalışmaya pazar ana boyutu eklenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda toplamda on üç ana engel boyutu; hukuk, çevresel, kamuoyu psikolojisi ve algısı, eğitim ve sertifikasyon, ekonomik, organizasyonel, teknoloji, teknik, operasyonel, gizlilik, güvenlik, altyapı ve pazara ilişkin eksikliklerin ve sorunların Türkiye’de lojistik sektöründe İHA’ların kullanımının önündeki başlıca engeller olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

lojistik, İnsansız Hava Araçları, Lawshe Tekniği

Ethical Statement

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü Etik Kurulu’ndan 21.01.2024 tarih ve E- 84026528-050.99-2400022814 sayılı kararıyla onay alınmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK)

Project Number

223K716

Thanks

Bu çalışma, Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK) tarafından 223K716 Numaralı proje ile desteklenmiştir. Projeye verdiği destekten ötürü TÜBİTAK’a teşekkürlerimizi sunarız.

Examining of Expert Opinions on the Barriers to the Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in the Logistics Sector

Abstract

Last mile logistics has become critically important, especially in urban areas, as it provides speed, cost, and environmental sustainability. An important application of last mile delivery, delivery with unmanned aerial vehicles has become an innovative delivery area. In the process of making deliveries with unmanned aerial vehicles, many obstacles are encountered in the field in world examples. In this context, the aim of the research is to examining the barriers to the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the logistics sector in Turkey. The data of the research was obtained with the expert evaluation form between June 01-15, 2024. Purposive sampling method was used in the research. The data of the research were obtained from 5 professionals who are experts in the subject from the stakeholder groups that are affected and affect the application area of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the logistics sector in line with the sample. Expert evaluation forms were deciphered using the Lawshe (1975) technique. The scope validity ratios (CVR) of the data were calculated using Microsoft Excel (2020). As a result of expert opinions in the research, it was confirmed that the scope validity values of all main dimensions were valid. In addition, the market main dimension was added to the study in line with the suggestion of an expert who participated in the research. As a result of the research, it was determined that thirteen main barrier dimensions in total; legal, environmental, public psychology and perception, education and certification, economic, organizational, technological, technical, operational, confidentiality, security, infrastructure and market-related deficiencies and problems are the main barriers to the use of UAVs in the logistics sector in Turkey.

Keywords

Logistics, Unmanned aerial vehicles, Lawshe Tecnhnique

Project Number

223K716

References

• Abdelmaboud, A. (2021). The İnternet of Drones: Requirements, Taxonomy, Recent Advances and Challenges Of Research Trends, Sensors, 21(17), 5718.
• Altawy, R., & Youssef, A. M. (2016). Security, Privacy, and Safety Aspects of Civilian Drones: A Survey, ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems, 1(2), 1-25.
• Antebi, L. (2014). Changing Trends İn Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: New Challenges For States, Armies and Security İndustries, Mil. Strateg. Aff, 6(2), 21-36.
• Bergsma, J. (2021). Drone İn Last Mile Delivery Services, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, University of Groningen, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, Groningen/Hollanda.
• Chung, S. H., Sah, B., & Lee, J. (2020). Optimization for Drone and Drone-Truck Combined Operations: A Review of The State of The Art And Future Directions, Computers & Operations Research, 123, 105004.
• Clothier, R. A., Greer, D. A., Greer, D. G., & Mehta, A. M. (2015). Risk Perception and The Public Acceptance of Drones, Risk Analysis, 35(6), 1167-1183.
• Cohn, P., Green, A., Langstaff, M., & Roller, M. (2017). Commercial Drones Are Here: The Future of Unmanned Aerial Systems. McKinsey & Company.
• Çıkmak, S., Kırbaç, G., & Kesici, B. (2023). Analyzing the Challenges to Adoption of Drones in the Logistics Sector Using the Best-Worst Method, Business and Economics Research Journal, 14(2), 227-242.
• Desloovere, W. (2020). An Evaluation Of The Potential To Use Drone Deliveries As Last-Mile Logistics: In Jämtland., Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, MID Sweden Unıversıty, Ecotechnology and Sustainable Building Engineering, Mittuniversitetet-İsveç.
• Elmeseiry, N., Alshaer, N., & Ismail, T. (2021). A Detailed Survey and Future Directions of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVS) With Potential Applications, Aerospace, 8(12), 363.
• Er,F (2020). A Research on The Availability of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles İin The Civil Air Cargo Transportation in Turkey. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yeditepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Erceg, A., Erceg, B. Č., & Vasilj, A. (12-13 October 2017). Unmanned Aircraft Systems in Logistics Legal Regulation and Worldwide Examples Toward Use in Croatia, 17. Business Logistics in Modern Management, Osijek, Croatia.
• Eroğlu, U., & Gündem, R, (4-5 Kasım 2021). Uzaktan Çalışma Ölçeğinin Kapsam Geçerlilik Ölçütlerinin Tespit Edilmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma, Uluslararası Beşerî ve Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi. Erzurum, Türkiye.
• Eskandaripour, H., & Boldsaikhan, E. (2023). Last-Mile Drone Delivery: Past, Present and Future, Drones, 7(2), 77.
• Ferreira Da Rosa Pantarotto, C. (2018). Busıness Analysıs of The Drone’s Last Mıle Delıvery Envıronment, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Polıtecnıco Dı Torıno, Corso Dı Laurea Magıstrale ın Ingegnerıa Gestıonale Master of Scıence in Engıneerıng and Management, Torino-İtalya.
• Finn, R. L., & Wright, D. (2016). Privacy, Data Protection and Ethics for Civil Drone Practice: A Survey ff İndustry, Regulators and Civil Society Organisations, Computer Law & Security Review, 32(4), 577-586.
• Golizadeh, H., Hosseini, M. R., Edwards, D. J., Abrishami, S., Taghavi, N., & Banihashemi, S. (2019). Barriers to Adoption of Rpas on Construction Projects: A Task–Technology Fit Perspective, Construction Innovation, 19(2), 149-169.
• Gupta, S. G., Ghonge, D., & Jawandhiya, P. M. (2013). Review of Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS), International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 2.
• Gündem, R. (2025). İnsansız Hava Araçlarının lojistik Sektöründe Kullanımının Önündeki Engellerin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Devam Etmekte Olan Doktora Tezi. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Çanakkale.
• Hou, H., Chaudhry, S., Chen, Y., & Hu, M. (2017). Physical Distribution, Logistics, Supply Chain Management and The Material Flow Theory: A Historical Perspective. Information Technology and Management, 18(2), 107-117.
• Idries, A., Mohamed, N., Jawhar, I., Mohamed, F., & Al-Jaroodi, J. (3-5March 2015). Challenges of Developing UAV Applications: A Project Management View. In 2015 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (IEOM), Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE).
• İslam, S. M. (10 Aprıl 2023). Drones on the Rise: Exploring the Current and Future Potential of UAVs. Proceeding of IEEE Conference,UK.
• Javaid, M., Khan, I. H., Singh, R. P., Rab, S., & Suman, R. (2022). Exploring Contributions of Drones Towards Industry 4.0, The İnternational Journal of Robotics Research and Application, 49(3), 476-490.
• Jones, T. (2017). International Commercial Drone Regulation and Drone Delivery Services, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
• Kahveci, M., & Can, N. (2017). İnsansız Hava Araçları: Tarihçesi, Tanımı, Dünyada ve Türkiye'deki Yasal Durumu, Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5(4), 511-535.
• Kellermann, R., Biehle, T., & Fischer, L. (2020). Drones for Parcel and Passenger Transportation: A Literature Review. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 4, 100088.
• Labib, N. S., Brust, M. R., Danoy, G., & Bouvry, P. (2021). The Rise of Drones İn İnternet of Things: A Survey on The Evolution, Prospects and Challenges of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. IEEE Access, 9, 115466-115487.
• Lee, D., Hess, D. J., & Heldeweg, M. A. (2022). Safety and Privacy Regulations for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Multiple Comparative Analysis, Technology in Society, 71, 102079.
• Lidynia, C., Philipsen, R., & Ziefle, M. (27-31 July 2017). Droning on About Drones Acceptance of and Perceived Barriers to Drones in Civil Usage Contexts, In Advances in Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems: Proceedings of the AHFE, 16. International Conference on Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems, Florida, USA.
• Lozzi, G., Iannaccone, G., Maltese, I., Gatta, V., Marcucci, E., & Lozzi, R. (2022). On-Demand Logistics: Solutions, Barriers and Enablers, Sustainability, 14(15), 9465.
• Maghazei, O., & Netland, T. (2020). Drones in Manufacturing: Exploring Opportunities for Research and Practice, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 31(6), 1237-1259.
• Melo, S., Silva, F., Abbasi, M., Ahani, P., & Macedo, J. (2023). Public Acceptance of The Use of Drones in City Logistics: A Citizen Centric Perspective. Sustainability, 15(3), 2621.
• Mohamed N, Al-Jaroodi J, Jawhar I, Idries A, Mohammed F. )2020). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Applications in Future Smart Cities. Technological Forecasting and Social Change Journal 153(4).
• Rao, B., Gopi, A. G., & Maione, R. (2016). The Societal İmpact Of Commercial Drones, Technology in Society, 45, 83-90.
• Rathore, B., Gupta, R., Biswas, B., Srivastava, A., & Gupta, S. (2022). Identification and Analysis of Adoption Barriers of Disruptive Technologies in The Logistics İndustry, The International Journal of Logistics Management, 33(5), 136-169.
• Rejeb, A., Rejeb, K., Simske, S. J., & Treiblmaier, H. (2021). Drones for Supply Chain Management and Logistics: A Review and Research Agenda, International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 1-24.
• Rogers, E.M. (2003). Diffusion of İnnovations (15. Ed.) New York: Free Press.
• Rosenberg, A. S. (2009). An Evaluation of A UAV Guidance System With Consumer Grade GPS Receivers. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, The University of Arizona, A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Agrıcultural and Bıosystems Engıneerıng, Arizona, USA.
• Russell, S. H. (2000). Growing World of Logistics, Air Force Journal of Logistics, 24(4), 12.
• Sah, B., Gupta, R., & Bani-Hani, D. (2021). Analysis of Barriers to İmplement Drone Logistics, International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 24(6), 531-550.
• Sándor, Z. (2019). Challenges Caused by The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in The Air Traffic Management. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering, 47(2), 96-105.
• Seidakhmetov, A., & Valilai, O. F. (2022). Drone Based Delivery System: Restrictions and Limitations. Proceedings of the Hamburg International of Logistics (HICL), Vol. 33, 351-373.
• Singhal, G., Bansod, B., & Mathew, L. (2018). Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Classification, Applications And Challenges: A Review. Preprints November (27), https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201811.0601.v1
• Smith, K. W. (2015). Drone Technology: Benefits, Risks and Legal Considerations. Seattle Journal of Enviromental Law, 5(1), 291-302.
• Stöcker, C., Bennett, R., Nex, F., Gerke, M., & Zevenbergen, J. (2017). Review of The Current State of UAV Regulations. Remote Sensing, 9(5), 459.
• Tanyaş, Mehmet (2011) Lojistik Temel Kavramları. (Ed.Mehmet Tanyaş, Köksal Hazır), Arzu Ofset Matbacılık, Mersin.
• Tomislav, R., Andrija, V., Jurica, I., & Bo, W. (2018). Challenges and Solutions for Urban UAV Operations. In Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference Science and Traffic Development (ZIRP 2018).
• Veneziano, L., & Hooper, J. (1997). A Method for Quantifying Content Validity of Health-Related Questionnaires. American Journal of Health Behavior, 21(1), 67-70.
• Yeşilyurt, S., Çapraz, C. (2018). Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışmalarında Kullanılan Kapsam Geçerliği İçin Bir Yol Haritası, Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1), 251-264.
• Yildizel, S. A., and G. Calis, (2019). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Civil Engineering: Current Practices and Regulations, European Journal of Science and Technology, Volume 16, 925-932.
• Yurdugül, H. (28-30 Eylül 2005). Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışmalarında Kapsam Geçerliği Için Kapsam Geçerlik Indekslerinin Kullanılması, XIV. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi, Denizli.