1. Domingo JL. Health risk of dietary exposure to perfluorinated compounds. Environ Int. 2012;40:187-195.
2. Urbansky ET. Fate of fluorosilicate drinking water additives. Chem Rev. 2002;102:2837-2854.
3. Ozsvath DL. Fluoride and environmental health, a review. Rev in Environ Sci and Bio/Tech. 2009;8:59-79.
4. Whitford GM, Bawden JW, Bowen WH, Brown LJ, Ciardi JE, Clarkson TW, et al. Report for Working Group I: strategies for improving the assessment of fluoride accumulation in body fluids and tissues. Adv Dent Res. 1994;8:113-115.
5. Basha PM, Rai P, Begum S. Evaluation of fluoride-induced oxidative stress rat brain: a multigeneration study. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011;142:623-637.
6. Whitford GM, Pashley DH, Garman RH. Effects of fluoride on structure and function of canine gastric mucosa. Dig Dis Sci. 1997;42:2146-2155.
7. Murao H, Sakagami N, Iguchi T, Murakami T, Suketa Y. Sodium fluoride increases intracellular calcium in rat renal epithelial cell line NRK-52E. Biol Pharm Bull. 2000;23:581-584.
8. Berridge MJ, Lipp P, Bootman MD. The versatility and universality of calcium signaling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000;1:11-21.
9. Narayanan N, Su N, Bedard P. Inhibitory and stimulatory effects of fluoride on the calcium pump of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991;1070:83-91.
10. Tiwari H, Rao MV. Curcumin supplementation protects from genotoxic effects of arsenic and fluoride. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48:1234-1238.
11. Hassan HA, Yousef MI. Mitigating effects of antioxidant properties of black berry juice on sodium fluoride induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009;47:2332-2337.
12. Zhang M, Wang A, He W, He P, Xu B, Xia T, et al. Effects of fluoride on the expression of NCAM, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. Toxicol. 2007;236:208-216.
13. Bharti VK, Srivastava RS. Fluoride-induced oxidative stress in rat’s brain and its amelioration by buffalo (bubalus bubalis) pineal proteins and melatonin. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2009;130:131-140.
14. Shanthakumari D, Srinivasalu S, Subramanian S. Effect of fluoride intoxication on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in experimental rats. Toxicol. 2004;204:219-228.
15. Ross AB, Zangger A, Guiraud SP. Cereal foods are the major source of betaine in the Western diet–analysis of betaine and free choline in cereal foods and updated assessments of betaine intake. Food Chem. 2014;145:859-865.
16. Lever M, Slow S. The clinical significance of betaine, an osmolyte with a key role in methyl group metabolism. Clin Biochem. 2010;43:732-744.
17. Ganesan B, Buddhan S, Anandan R, Sivakumar R, Anbinezhilan R. Antioxidant defense of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Mole Biol Rep. 2010;37:1319-1327.
18. Alirezaei M, Jelodar G, Niknam P, Ghayemi Z, Nazifi S. Betaine prevents ethanol‐induced oxidative stress and reduces total homocysteine in the rat cerebellum. J Physiol Biochem. 2011;67:605-612.
19. Whittaker VP, Michaleson IA, Jeanette R. The separation of synaptic vesicles from nerve-ending particles (synaptosomes). The Biochem J. 1964;90:293-303.
20. Gornall AG, Bardawill CJ, David MM. Determination of serum proteins by means of the biuret reaction. J of Bio Chem. 1949;177:751-766.
21. Srivastava SK, Beutler E. Accurate measurement of oxidized glutathione content of human, rabbit, and rat red blood cells and tissues. Anal biochem. 1968;25:70-76.
22. Okhawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. (979;95:351-358.
23. Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol. 1984;105:121-126.
24. Dejam A, Hunter CJ, Schechter AN, Gladwin MT. Emerging role of nitrite in human biology. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2004;32:423-429.
25. Niggle V, Adunyah ES, Penniston JT, Carafoli E. Purified Ca-Mg ATPase of the erythrocyte membrane. J Biol Chem. 1981;256:395-401.
26. Ganesan B, Buddhan S, Anandan R, Sivakumar R, Anbinezhilan R. Antioxidant defense of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Mole Biol Rep. 2010;37:1319-1327.
27. Alirezaei M, Khoshdel Z, Dezfoulian O, Rashidipour M, Taghadosi V. Beneficial antioxidant properties of betaine against oxidative stress mediated by levodopa/benserazide in the brain of rats. J Physiol Sci. 2015;65:243-52.
28. Kanbak G, Arslan OC, Dokumacioglu A, Kartkaya K, Inal ME. Effects of chronic ethanol consumption on brain synaptosomes and protective role of betaine. Neurochem Res. 2008;33:539-544.
29. Knowles RG, Palacios M, Palmer RM, Moncada S. Formation of nitric oxide from L-arginine in the central nervous system: a transduction mechanism for stimulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase, Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1989;86:5159-5162.
30. Liu G, Chai C, Cui L. Fluoride causing abnormally elevated serum nitric oxide levels in chicks. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2003;13:199-204.
31. Woodward JJ, Harms J. Potentiation of N-methyl-D-aspartate-stimulated dopamine release from rat brain slices by aluminum fluoride and carbachol. J Neurochem. 1992;58:1547-54.
32. Adamek E, Pawłowska-Goral K, Bober K. In vitro and in vivo effects of fluoride ions on enzyme activity. Ann Acad Med Stetin. 2005;51:69-85.
33. Kanbak G, Akyüz F, Inal M. Preventive effect of betaine on ethanol-induced membrane lipid composition and membrane ATPases. Arch Toxicol. 2001;75:59-61.
Rat brain synaptosomes: In vitro neuroprotective effects of betaine against fluoride toxicity
Objective: Fluoride increases the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen
derivatives, causing oxidative stress and cellular damage. Betaine, an
antioxidant and an important methyl donor, has been reported to have
potential protective effects on cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases
in recent years. In this study, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective
effects of betaine treatment against cellular damage caused by fluoride
exposure on rat synaptosomes.
Material and Methods: In the experimental period, 8 Wistar albino rats
were decapitated and then their frontal cortices removed and divided into 4
equal cuts (total-32 cuts). Subsequently, an appropriate experimental
procedure was applied to obtain the synaptosomal fractions. The determined
doses of sodium fluoride (NaF) and betaine were administered in vitro at 37°C
for 30 min. Synaptosomal glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and
nitricoxide (NO) levels, and also catalase (CAT) and Ca+2/Mg+2 ATPase activities
were measured spectrophotometrically.
Results: According to our results, NaF exposure caused a decrease in GSH
levels, CAT and Ca+2/Mg+2 ATPase activities, and also an increase in MDA and
NO levels, significantly. MDA levels, NO levels and CAT activities were
closed to the control group depends on the betain doses. The best recovery in
terms of synaptosomal GSH levels and Ca+2/Mg+2 ATPase activities was found at
0.5 mM betaine concentration (P <0.001).
Conclusion: Our results showed that betaine could be a potential neuroprotective
therapeutic agent against synaptosomal fluoride toxicity.
1. Domingo JL. Health risk of dietary exposure to perfluorinated compounds. Environ Int. 2012;40:187-195.
2. Urbansky ET. Fate of fluorosilicate drinking water additives. Chem Rev. 2002;102:2837-2854.
3. Ozsvath DL. Fluoride and environmental health, a review. Rev in Environ Sci and Bio/Tech. 2009;8:59-79.
4. Whitford GM, Bawden JW, Bowen WH, Brown LJ, Ciardi JE, Clarkson TW, et al. Report for Working Group I: strategies for improving the assessment of fluoride accumulation in body fluids and tissues. Adv Dent Res. 1994;8:113-115.
5. Basha PM, Rai P, Begum S. Evaluation of fluoride-induced oxidative stress rat brain: a multigeneration study. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011;142:623-637.
6. Whitford GM, Pashley DH, Garman RH. Effects of fluoride on structure and function of canine gastric mucosa. Dig Dis Sci. 1997;42:2146-2155.
7. Murao H, Sakagami N, Iguchi T, Murakami T, Suketa Y. Sodium fluoride increases intracellular calcium in rat renal epithelial cell line NRK-52E. Biol Pharm Bull. 2000;23:581-584.
8. Berridge MJ, Lipp P, Bootman MD. The versatility and universality of calcium signaling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000;1:11-21.
9. Narayanan N, Su N, Bedard P. Inhibitory and stimulatory effects of fluoride on the calcium pump of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991;1070:83-91.
10. Tiwari H, Rao MV. Curcumin supplementation protects from genotoxic effects of arsenic and fluoride. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48:1234-1238.
11. Hassan HA, Yousef MI. Mitigating effects of antioxidant properties of black berry juice on sodium fluoride induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009;47:2332-2337.
12. Zhang M, Wang A, He W, He P, Xu B, Xia T, et al. Effects of fluoride on the expression of NCAM, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. Toxicol. 2007;236:208-216.
13. Bharti VK, Srivastava RS. Fluoride-induced oxidative stress in rat’s brain and its amelioration by buffalo (bubalus bubalis) pineal proteins and melatonin. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2009;130:131-140.
14. Shanthakumari D, Srinivasalu S, Subramanian S. Effect of fluoride intoxication on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in experimental rats. Toxicol. 2004;204:219-228.
15. Ross AB, Zangger A, Guiraud SP. Cereal foods are the major source of betaine in the Western diet–analysis of betaine and free choline in cereal foods and updated assessments of betaine intake. Food Chem. 2014;145:859-865.
16. Lever M, Slow S. The clinical significance of betaine, an osmolyte with a key role in methyl group metabolism. Clin Biochem. 2010;43:732-744.
17. Ganesan B, Buddhan S, Anandan R, Sivakumar R, Anbinezhilan R. Antioxidant defense of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Mole Biol Rep. 2010;37:1319-1327.
18. Alirezaei M, Jelodar G, Niknam P, Ghayemi Z, Nazifi S. Betaine prevents ethanol‐induced oxidative stress and reduces total homocysteine in the rat cerebellum. J Physiol Biochem. 2011;67:605-612.
19. Whittaker VP, Michaleson IA, Jeanette R. The separation of synaptic vesicles from nerve-ending particles (synaptosomes). The Biochem J. 1964;90:293-303.
20. Gornall AG, Bardawill CJ, David MM. Determination of serum proteins by means of the biuret reaction. J of Bio Chem. 1949;177:751-766.
21. Srivastava SK, Beutler E. Accurate measurement of oxidized glutathione content of human, rabbit, and rat red blood cells and tissues. Anal biochem. 1968;25:70-76.
22. Okhawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. (979;95:351-358.
23. Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol. 1984;105:121-126.
24. Dejam A, Hunter CJ, Schechter AN, Gladwin MT. Emerging role of nitrite in human biology. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2004;32:423-429.
25. Niggle V, Adunyah ES, Penniston JT, Carafoli E. Purified Ca-Mg ATPase of the erythrocyte membrane. J Biol Chem. 1981;256:395-401.
26. Ganesan B, Buddhan S, Anandan R, Sivakumar R, Anbinezhilan R. Antioxidant defense of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Mole Biol Rep. 2010;37:1319-1327.
27. Alirezaei M, Khoshdel Z, Dezfoulian O, Rashidipour M, Taghadosi V. Beneficial antioxidant properties of betaine against oxidative stress mediated by levodopa/benserazide in the brain of rats. J Physiol Sci. 2015;65:243-52.
28. Kanbak G, Arslan OC, Dokumacioglu A, Kartkaya K, Inal ME. Effects of chronic ethanol consumption on brain synaptosomes and protective role of betaine. Neurochem Res. 2008;33:539-544.
29. Knowles RG, Palacios M, Palmer RM, Moncada S. Formation of nitric oxide from L-arginine in the central nervous system: a transduction mechanism for stimulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase, Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1989;86:5159-5162.
30. Liu G, Chai C, Cui L. Fluoride causing abnormally elevated serum nitric oxide levels in chicks. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2003;13:199-204.
31. Woodward JJ, Harms J. Potentiation of N-methyl-D-aspartate-stimulated dopamine release from rat brain slices by aluminum fluoride and carbachol. J Neurochem. 1992;58:1547-54.
32. Adamek E, Pawłowska-Goral K, Bober K. In vitro and in vivo effects of fluoride ions on enzyme activity. Ann Acad Med Stetin. 2005;51:69-85.
33. Kanbak G, Akyüz F, Inal M. Preventive effect of betaine on ethanol-induced membrane lipid composition and membrane ATPases. Arch Toxicol. 2001;75:59-61.
Hacioglu, C., Kar, F., & Kanbak, G. (2018). Rat brain synaptosomes: In vitro neuroprotective effects of betaine against fluoride toxicity. Medical Science and Discovery, 5(5), 192-197. https://doi.org/10.17546/msd.421851
AMA
Hacioglu C, Kar F, Kanbak G. Rat brain synaptosomes: In vitro neuroprotective effects of betaine against fluoride toxicity. Med Sci Discov. April 2018;5(5):192-197. doi:10.17546/msd.421851
Chicago
Hacioglu, Ceyhan, Fatih Kar, and Gungor Kanbak. “Rat Brain Synaptosomes: In Vitro Neuroprotective Effects of Betaine Against Fluoride Toxicity”. Medical Science and Discovery 5, no. 5 (April 2018): 192-97. https://doi.org/10.17546/msd.421851.
EndNote
Hacioglu C, Kar F, Kanbak G (April 1, 2018) Rat brain synaptosomes: In vitro neuroprotective effects of betaine against fluoride toxicity. Medical Science and Discovery 5 5 192–197.
IEEE
C. Hacioglu, F. Kar, and G. Kanbak, “Rat brain synaptosomes: In vitro neuroprotective effects of betaine against fluoride toxicity”, Med Sci Discov, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 192–197, 2018, doi: 10.17546/msd.421851.
ISNAD
Hacioglu, Ceyhan et al. “Rat Brain Synaptosomes: In Vitro Neuroprotective Effects of Betaine Against Fluoride Toxicity”. Medical Science and Discovery 5/5 (April 2018), 192-197. https://doi.org/10.17546/msd.421851.
JAMA
Hacioglu C, Kar F, Kanbak G. Rat brain synaptosomes: In vitro neuroprotective effects of betaine against fluoride toxicity. Med Sci Discov. 2018;5:192–197.
MLA
Hacioglu, Ceyhan et al. “Rat Brain Synaptosomes: In Vitro Neuroprotective Effects of Betaine Against Fluoride Toxicity”. Medical Science and Discovery, vol. 5, no. 5, 2018, pp. 192-7, doi:10.17546/msd.421851.
Vancouver
Hacioglu C, Kar F, Kanbak G. Rat brain synaptosomes: In vitro neuroprotective effects of betaine against fluoride toxicity. Med Sci Discov. 2018;5(5):192-7.