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Aqueous garlic extract protects against sepsis induced toxicity in pulmonary and ileal tissues

Year 2016, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 192 - 9, 15.04.2016

Sevil Ozkan , Tugba Akbay , Selin Sakarcan Emre Gunay Goksel Sener

Abstract

Objective: Based on the potent antioxidant effects of aqueous garlic extract (AGE), the present study was designed to characterize the potential of AGE to modify blood coagulation parameters as well as and pulmonary and ileal injury in septic rats. Sepsis was induced using the caecal ligation and perforation (CLP) method.

Methods: Twenty-four hours after sepsisinduction, rats were decapitated and trunk blood was collected for the measurement of platelet counts, fibrinogen, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and D-dimer levels. Then, pulmonary and ileal tissue samples were immediately obtained and stored at – 70oC for malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assays.

Results: Sepsis was associated with a decrease in platelet count and fibrinogen and an increase in APTT and INR. It also caused a significant decrease in GSH levels and SOD activity in both pulmonary and ileal tissue samples. On the other hand, AGE treatment in rats with CLP caused significantly augmented the level of these antioxidants. As a result of CLP induction increased MPO activity and MDA levels and decreased thromboplastic activity were reversed with AGE treatment.

Conclusion: AGE treatment, through its antioxidant effects, protects against oxidative pulmonary and ileal injury and normalizes the impaired coagulation in sepsis. 

 

Keywords

Oxidative stress; Thromboplastic activity; Septic; Rat; Pulmonary injury; Ileal injury

References

  • Goode HF, Webster NR. Free radicals and antioxidants in sepsis. Crit Care Med. 1993;21:1770-1776.
  • Crimi E, Sica V, Slutsky AS, Zhang H, Williams-Ignarro S, Ignarro LJ, et al. Role of oxidative stress in experimental sepsis and multisystem organ dysfunction. Free Radic Res. 2006l;40:665-672.
  • Reiter RJ, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Tan DX, Burkhardt S. Free radical- mediated molecular damage. Mechanisms for the protective actions of melatonin in the central nervous system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;939:200-215.
  • Tavasoli S, Zarnani AH, Vafa M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Pazoki-Toroudi H, Eghtesadi S. The effect of pomegranate extract on survival and peritoneal bacterial load in cecal ligation and perforation model of sepsis in rats. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5:104-109.
  • Yılmaz Savcun G, Ozkan E, Dulundu E, Topaloğlu U, Sehirli AO, Tok OE. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin against hepatorenal oxidative injury in an experimental sepsis model in rats. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2013;19:507-515.
  • Borek C. Antioxidant health effects of aged garlic extract. J Nutr. 2001;131:1010-1015.
  • Goncagul G, Ayaz E. Antimicrobial effect of garlic (Allium sativum).Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2010;5:91-93.
  • Prasad K, Laxdal VA, Yu M, Raney BL. Evaluation of hydroxyl radical- scavenging property of garlic. Mol Cell Biochem. 1996;154:55-63.
  • Ide N, Matsuura H, Itakura Y. Scavenging effect of aged garlic extract and its constituents on active oxygen species. Phytother Res. 1996;10:340-341.
  • Rietz B, Isensee H, Strobach H, Makdessi S, Jacob R. Cardioprotective actions of wild garlic (Allium ursinum) in ischemia and reperfusion. Mol Cell Biochem. 1993;119:143-150.
  • Augusti KT, Sheela CG. Antiperoxide effect of S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide, an insulin secretagogue, in diabetic rats. Experimentia. 1996;52:115-120.
  • Iqbal M, Athar M. Attenuation of iron-nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)- mediated renal oxidative stress, toxicity and hyperproliferative response by the prophylatic treatment of rats with garlic oil. Food Chem Toxicol. 1998;36:485-495.
  • Rabinkov A, Miron T, Konstantinovski L, Wilchek M, Mirelman D, Weiner L. The mode of action of allicin: Trapping of radicals and interaction with thiol containing proteins. Biochem Biophys Acta. 1998;1379:233-244.
  • Geng Z, Lau BHS. Aged garlic extract modulates glutathione redox cycle and superoxide dismutase activity in vascular endothelial cells. Phytother Res. 1997;11:54-56.
  • Wei Z, Lau BHS. Garlic inhibits free radical generation and augments antioxidant enzyme activity in vascular endothelial cells. Nutr Res. 1998;18:61-70.
  • Sener G, Sakarcan A, Yegen BC. Role of garlic in the prevention of ischemia reperfusion injury. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007;51:1345-1352.
  • Lamm DL, Riggs DR. Enhanced immunocompetence by garlic: Role in bladder cancer and other malignancies. J Nutr. 2001;131:1067-1070.
  • Sultan MT, Butt MS, Qayyum MM, Suleria HA. Immunity: Plants as effective mediators. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2014;54:1298-1308.
  • Sener G, Satiroglu H, Ozer Sehirli A, Kaçmaz A. Protective effect of aqueous garlic extract against oxidative organ damage in a rat model of thermal injury. Life Sci. 2003;73:81-91.
  • Batirel HF, Aktan S, Aykut C, Yeğen BC, Coşkun T. The effect of aqueous garlic extract on the levels of arachidonic acid metabolites (leukotriene C4 and prostoglandin E2) in rat forebrain after ischemia- reperfusion injury. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1996;54:289-292.
  • Fujimura N, Sumita S, Aimono M, Masuda Y, Shichinohe Y, Narimatsu E, et al. Effect of free radical scavengers on diaphragmatic contractility in septic peritonitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:2159-2165.
  • Mylroie AA, Collins H, Umbles C, Kyle J. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and other parameters of copper status in rats ingesting lead acetate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1986;82:512-520.
  • Hillegass LM, Griswold DE, Brickson B, Albrightson-Winslow C. Assessment of myeloperoxidase activity in whole rat kidney. J Pharmacol Methods. 1990;24:285-295.
  • Ingram GI, Hills M. Reference method for the one-stage prothrombin time test on human blood. International committee for standardization in hematology. Thromb Haemost. 1976;36:237-238.
  • Beuge JA, Aust SD. Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol. 1978;52:302-310.
  • Beutler E. Reduced glutathione (GSH). In: Beutler E, editor. Red cell metabolism, a manual of biochemical methods. New York: Grune and Straton; 1975:112-114.
  • Agarwal MK, Iqbal M, Athar M. Garlic oil ameliorates ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)-induced damage and tumor promotion: Implications for cancer prevention. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007;45:1634-1640.
  • Kilikdar D, Mukherjee D, Mitra E, Ghosh AK, Basu A, Chandra AM, et al. Protective effect of aqueous garlic extract against lead-induced hepatic injury in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2011;49:498-510.
  • Moriguchi T, Takashina K, Chu PJ, Saito H, Nishiyama N. Prolongation of life span and improved learning in the senescence accelerated mouse produced by aged garlic extract. Bioll Pharm Bull. 1994;17:1589-1594.
  • Iseri SO, Sener G, Saglam B, Gedik N, Ercan F, Yegen BC. Oxytocin protects against sepsis-induced multiple organ damage: Role of neutrophils. J SurgRes. 20051;126:73-81.
  • Vincent JL, Abraham E. The last 100 years of sepsis. Am J Res Crit Care Med. 20061;173:256-263.
  • Angus DC, Crowther MA. Unraveling severe sepsis: Why did OPTIMIST fail and what’s next? JAMA. 2003;290:256-258.
  • Lopes-Bezerra LM, Filler SG. Endothelial cells, tissue factor and infectious diseases. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2003;36:987-991.
  • Vilahur G, Badimon L. Anti platelet properties of natural products. Vascul Pharmacol. 2013;59:67-75.
  • Mousa SA. Antithrombotic effects of naturally derived products on coagulation and platelet function. Methods Mol Biol. 2010;663:229-240.
  • Coskun AK, Yigiter M, Oral A, Odabasoglu F, Halici Z, Mentes O, et al. The effects of montelukast on antioxidant enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines on the heart, liver, lungs, and kidneys in a rat model of cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis. Scientific World Journal. 2011;11:1341-1356.
  • Sener G, Sehirli O, Cetinel S, Ercan F, Yüksel M, Gedik N, et al. Amelioration of sepsis induced hepatic and ileal injury in rats by the leukotriene receptor blocker montelukast. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2005;73:453-462.
  • Wheeler AP, Bernard GR. Treating patients with severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:207-214.
  • Landmann R, Zimmerli W, Sansano S, Link S, Hahn A, Glauser MP, et al. Increased circulating soluble CD14 is associated with high mortality in gram-negative septic shock. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:639-644.
  • Wang H, Bloom O, Zhang M, Vishnubhakat JM, Ombrellino M, Che J, et al. HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice. Science. 1999;285:248-251.
  • Stark G. Functional consequences of oxidative membrane damage. J Membr Biol. 2005;205:1-16.
  • Sener G, Sehirli O, Ipçi Y, Ercan F, Sirvanci S, Gedik N, et al. Aqueous garlic extract alleviates ischaemia reperfusion-induced oxidative hepatic injury in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2005;57:145-150.
  • Kolgazi M, Sener G, Cetinel S, Gedik N, Alican I. Resveratrol reduces renal and lung injury caused by sepsis in rats. J Surg Res. 2006;134:315-321.
  • Johnston RB Jr, Keele BB Jr, Misra HP, Lehmeyer JE, Webb LS, Baehner RL, et al. The role of superoxide anion generation in phagocytic bactericidal activity. Studies with normal and chronic granulomatous disease leukocytes. J Clin Invest. 1975;55:1357-1372.
  • Ross D. Glutathione, free radicals and chemotherapeutic agents. Mechanisms of free radical induced toxicity and glutathione-dependent protection. Pharmacol Ther. 1988;37:231-249.
  • Sener G, Toklu H, Kapucu C, Ercan F, Erkanli G, Kaçmaz A, et al. Melatonin protects against oxidative organ injury in a rat model of sepsis. Surg Today. 2005;35:52-59.
  • Deniz M, Şener G, Ercan F, Yeğen BÇ. Garlic extract ameliorates renal and cardiopulmonary injury in the rats with chronic renal failure. Ren Fail. 2011;33:718-725.
  • Weiss SJ. Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:365-376.
  • Klebanoff SJ. Myeloperoxidase. Proc Assoc Am Physicians. 1999;111:383-389.
  • Kettle AJ, Winterbourn C. Myeloperoxidase: A key regulator of neutrophil oxidant production. Redox Rep. 1997;3:3-15.
  • Omurtag GZ, Güranlioğlu FD, Sehirli O, Arbak S, Uslu B, Gedik N, et al. Protective effect of aqueous garlic extract against naphthalene- induced oxidative stress in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2005;57:623-630.
  • Mackman N. Tissue-specific hemostasis in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:2273-2281.
  • Yarat A, Tunali T, Pisiriciler R, Akyuz S, Ipbuker A, Emekli N. Salivary thromboplastic activity in diabetics and healthy controls. Clin Oral Investig. 2004;8:36-39.
  • Tunali Akbay T, Emiroglu A, Gul N, Yarat A. Effects of sodium bicarbonate induced blood pH change on oxidant status and thromboplastic activity of the kidney and lung. Asian J Chem. 2008;20:3182-3188.

Medical Science and Discovery

Year 2016, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 192 - 9, 15.04.2016

Sevil Ozkan , Tugba Akbay , Selin Sakarcan Emre Gunay Goksel Sener

Abstract

References

  • Goode HF, Webster NR. Free radicals and antioxidants in sepsis. Crit Care Med. 1993;21:1770-1776.
  • Crimi E, Sica V, Slutsky AS, Zhang H, Williams-Ignarro S, Ignarro LJ, et al. Role of oxidative stress in experimental sepsis and multisystem organ dysfunction. Free Radic Res. 2006l;40:665-672.
  • Reiter RJ, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Tan DX, Burkhardt S. Free radical- mediated molecular damage. Mechanisms for the protective actions of melatonin in the central nervous system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;939:200-215.
  • Tavasoli S, Zarnani AH, Vafa M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Pazoki-Toroudi H, Eghtesadi S. The effect of pomegranate extract on survival and peritoneal bacterial load in cecal ligation and perforation model of sepsis in rats. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5:104-109.
  • Yılmaz Savcun G, Ozkan E, Dulundu E, Topaloğlu U, Sehirli AO, Tok OE. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin against hepatorenal oxidative injury in an experimental sepsis model in rats. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2013;19:507-515.
  • Borek C. Antioxidant health effects of aged garlic extract. J Nutr. 2001;131:1010-1015.
  • Goncagul G, Ayaz E. Antimicrobial effect of garlic (Allium sativum).Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2010;5:91-93.
  • Prasad K, Laxdal VA, Yu M, Raney BL. Evaluation of hydroxyl radical- scavenging property of garlic. Mol Cell Biochem. 1996;154:55-63.
  • Ide N, Matsuura H, Itakura Y. Scavenging effect of aged garlic extract and its constituents on active oxygen species. Phytother Res. 1996;10:340-341.
  • Rietz B, Isensee H, Strobach H, Makdessi S, Jacob R. Cardioprotective actions of wild garlic (Allium ursinum) in ischemia and reperfusion. Mol Cell Biochem. 1993;119:143-150.
  • Augusti KT, Sheela CG. Antiperoxide effect of S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide, an insulin secretagogue, in diabetic rats. Experimentia. 1996;52:115-120.
  • Iqbal M, Athar M. Attenuation of iron-nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)- mediated renal oxidative stress, toxicity and hyperproliferative response by the prophylatic treatment of rats with garlic oil. Food Chem Toxicol. 1998;36:485-495.
  • Rabinkov A, Miron T, Konstantinovski L, Wilchek M, Mirelman D, Weiner L. The mode of action of allicin: Trapping of radicals and interaction with thiol containing proteins. Biochem Biophys Acta. 1998;1379:233-244.
  • Geng Z, Lau BHS. Aged garlic extract modulates glutathione redox cycle and superoxide dismutase activity in vascular endothelial cells. Phytother Res. 1997;11:54-56.
  • Wei Z, Lau BHS. Garlic inhibits free radical generation and augments antioxidant enzyme activity in vascular endothelial cells. Nutr Res. 1998;18:61-70.
  • Sener G, Sakarcan A, Yegen BC. Role of garlic in the prevention of ischemia reperfusion injury. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007;51:1345-1352.
  • Lamm DL, Riggs DR. Enhanced immunocompetence by garlic: Role in bladder cancer and other malignancies. J Nutr. 2001;131:1067-1070.
  • Sultan MT, Butt MS, Qayyum MM, Suleria HA. Immunity: Plants as effective mediators. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2014;54:1298-1308.
  • Sener G, Satiroglu H, Ozer Sehirli A, Kaçmaz A. Protective effect of aqueous garlic extract against oxidative organ damage in a rat model of thermal injury. Life Sci. 2003;73:81-91.
  • Batirel HF, Aktan S, Aykut C, Yeğen BC, Coşkun T. The effect of aqueous garlic extract on the levels of arachidonic acid metabolites (leukotriene C4 and prostoglandin E2) in rat forebrain after ischemia- reperfusion injury. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1996;54:289-292.
  • Fujimura N, Sumita S, Aimono M, Masuda Y, Shichinohe Y, Narimatsu E, et al. Effect of free radical scavengers on diaphragmatic contractility in septic peritonitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:2159-2165.
  • Mylroie AA, Collins H, Umbles C, Kyle J. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and other parameters of copper status in rats ingesting lead acetate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1986;82:512-520.
  • Hillegass LM, Griswold DE, Brickson B, Albrightson-Winslow C. Assessment of myeloperoxidase activity in whole rat kidney. J Pharmacol Methods. 1990;24:285-295.
  • Ingram GI, Hills M. Reference method for the one-stage prothrombin time test on human blood. International committee for standardization in hematology. Thromb Haemost. 1976;36:237-238.
  • Beuge JA, Aust SD. Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol. 1978;52:302-310.
  • Beutler E. Reduced glutathione (GSH). In: Beutler E, editor. Red cell metabolism, a manual of biochemical methods. New York: Grune and Straton; 1975:112-114.
  • Agarwal MK, Iqbal M, Athar M. Garlic oil ameliorates ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)-induced damage and tumor promotion: Implications for cancer prevention. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007;45:1634-1640.
  • Kilikdar D, Mukherjee D, Mitra E, Ghosh AK, Basu A, Chandra AM, et al. Protective effect of aqueous garlic extract against lead-induced hepatic injury in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2011;49:498-510.
  • Moriguchi T, Takashina K, Chu PJ, Saito H, Nishiyama N. Prolongation of life span and improved learning in the senescence accelerated mouse produced by aged garlic extract. Bioll Pharm Bull. 1994;17:1589-1594.
  • Iseri SO, Sener G, Saglam B, Gedik N, Ercan F, Yegen BC. Oxytocin protects against sepsis-induced multiple organ damage: Role of neutrophils. J SurgRes. 20051;126:73-81.
  • Vincent JL, Abraham E. The last 100 years of sepsis. Am J Res Crit Care Med. 20061;173:256-263.
  • Angus DC, Crowther MA. Unraveling severe sepsis: Why did OPTIMIST fail and what’s next? JAMA. 2003;290:256-258.
  • Lopes-Bezerra LM, Filler SG. Endothelial cells, tissue factor and infectious diseases. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2003;36:987-991.
  • Vilahur G, Badimon L. Anti platelet properties of natural products. Vascul Pharmacol. 2013;59:67-75.
  • Mousa SA. Antithrombotic effects of naturally derived products on coagulation and platelet function. Methods Mol Biol. 2010;663:229-240.
  • Coskun AK, Yigiter M, Oral A, Odabasoglu F, Halici Z, Mentes O, et al. The effects of montelukast on antioxidant enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines on the heart, liver, lungs, and kidneys in a rat model of cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis. Scientific World Journal. 2011;11:1341-1356.
  • Sener G, Sehirli O, Cetinel S, Ercan F, Yüksel M, Gedik N, et al. Amelioration of sepsis induced hepatic and ileal injury in rats by the leukotriene receptor blocker montelukast. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2005;73:453-462.
  • Wheeler AP, Bernard GR. Treating patients with severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:207-214.
  • Landmann R, Zimmerli W, Sansano S, Link S, Hahn A, Glauser MP, et al. Increased circulating soluble CD14 is associated with high mortality in gram-negative septic shock. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:639-644.
  • Wang H, Bloom O, Zhang M, Vishnubhakat JM, Ombrellino M, Che J, et al. HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice. Science. 1999;285:248-251.
  • Stark G. Functional consequences of oxidative membrane damage. J Membr Biol. 2005;205:1-16.
  • Sener G, Sehirli O, Ipçi Y, Ercan F, Sirvanci S, Gedik N, et al. Aqueous garlic extract alleviates ischaemia reperfusion-induced oxidative hepatic injury in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2005;57:145-150.
  • Kolgazi M, Sener G, Cetinel S, Gedik N, Alican I. Resveratrol reduces renal and lung injury caused by sepsis in rats. J Surg Res. 2006;134:315-321.
  • Johnston RB Jr, Keele BB Jr, Misra HP, Lehmeyer JE, Webb LS, Baehner RL, et al. The role of superoxide anion generation in phagocytic bactericidal activity. Studies with normal and chronic granulomatous disease leukocytes. J Clin Invest. 1975;55:1357-1372.
  • Ross D. Glutathione, free radicals and chemotherapeutic agents. Mechanisms of free radical induced toxicity and glutathione-dependent protection. Pharmacol Ther. 1988;37:231-249.
  • Sener G, Toklu H, Kapucu C, Ercan F, Erkanli G, Kaçmaz A, et al. Melatonin protects against oxidative organ injury in a rat model of sepsis. Surg Today. 2005;35:52-59.
  • Deniz M, Şener G, Ercan F, Yeğen BÇ. Garlic extract ameliorates renal and cardiopulmonary injury in the rats with chronic renal failure. Ren Fail. 2011;33:718-725.
  • Weiss SJ. Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:365-376.
  • Klebanoff SJ. Myeloperoxidase. Proc Assoc Am Physicians. 1999;111:383-389.
  • Kettle AJ, Winterbourn C. Myeloperoxidase: A key regulator of neutrophil oxidant production. Redox Rep. 1997;3:3-15.
  • Omurtag GZ, Güranlioğlu FD, Sehirli O, Arbak S, Uslu B, Gedik N, et al. Protective effect of aqueous garlic extract against naphthalene- induced oxidative stress in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2005;57:623-630.
  • Mackman N. Tissue-specific hemostasis in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:2273-2281.
  • Yarat A, Tunali T, Pisiriciler R, Akyuz S, Ipbuker A, Emekli N. Salivary thromboplastic activity in diabetics and healthy controls. Clin Oral Investig. 2004;8:36-39.
  • Tunali Akbay T, Emiroglu A, Gul N, Yarat A. Effects of sodium bicarbonate induced blood pH change on oxidant status and thromboplastic activity of the kidney and lung. Asian J Chem. 2008;20:3182-3188.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sevil Ozkan

Tugba Akbay

Selin Sakarcan This is me

Emre Gunay This is me

Goksel Sener

Publication Date April 15, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 3 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Ozkan, S., Akbay, T., Sakarcan, S., Gunay, E., et al. (2016). Aqueous garlic extract protects against sepsis induced toxicity in pulmonary and ileal tissues. Medical Science and Discovery, 3(4), 192-9. https://doi.org/10.17546/msd.69902
AMA Ozkan S, Akbay T, Sakarcan S, Gunay E, Sener G. Aqueous garlic extract protects against sepsis induced toxicity in pulmonary and ileal tissues. Med Sci Discov. April 2016;3(4):192-9. doi:10.17546/msd.69902
Chicago Ozkan, Sevil, Tugba Akbay, Selin Sakarcan, Emre Gunay, and Goksel Sener. “Aqueous Garlic Extract Protects Against Sepsis Induced Toxicity in Pulmonary and Ileal Tissues”. Medical Science and Discovery 3, no. 4 (April 2016): 192-9. https://doi.org/10.17546/msd.69902.
EndNote Ozkan S, Akbay T, Sakarcan S, Gunay E, Sener G (April 1, 2016) Aqueous garlic extract protects against sepsis induced toxicity in pulmonary and ileal tissues. Medical Science and Discovery 3 4 192–9.
IEEE S. Ozkan, T. Akbay, S. Sakarcan, E. Gunay, and G. Sener, “Aqueous garlic extract protects against sepsis induced toxicity in pulmonary and ileal tissues”, Med Sci Discov, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 192–9, 2016, doi: 10.17546/msd.69902.
ISNAD Ozkan, Sevil et al. “Aqueous Garlic Extract Protects Against Sepsis Induced Toxicity in Pulmonary and Ileal Tissues”. Medical Science and Discovery 3/4 (April 2016), 192-9. https://doi.org/10.17546/msd.69902.
JAMA Ozkan S, Akbay T, Sakarcan S, Gunay E, Sener G. Aqueous garlic extract protects against sepsis induced toxicity in pulmonary and ileal tissues. Med Sci Discov. 2016;3:192–9.
MLA Ozkan, Sevil et al. “Aqueous Garlic Extract Protects Against Sepsis Induced Toxicity in Pulmonary and Ileal Tissues”. Medical Science and Discovery, vol. 3, no. 4, 2016, pp. 192-9, doi:10.17546/msd.69902.
Vancouver Ozkan S, Akbay T, Sakarcan S, Gunay E, Sener G. Aqueous garlic extract protects against sepsis induced toxicity in pulmonary and ileal tissues. Med Sci Discov. 2016;3(4):192-9.
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