Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik, Yabancı Dil Kaygısı ve Bunların Dil Öğrenimine Etkileri

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, öğrenilmiş çaresizliğin ve yabancı dil kaygısının dil öğrenmeye etkisini ilgili alanyazını gözden geçirerek araştırmaktır. Öğrenme sürecinin herkes için aynı olmadığı gerçeği göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, birçok değişkenin her birey için farklı öğrenme süreçlerine yol açtığını değerlendirmek şaşırtıcı olmayacaktır. Dilbilim ve eğitim psikolojisi üzerine yapılan kapsamlı araştırmalar, öğrenmede duyuşsal faktörlerin etkisinin gittikçe artan bir şekilde vurgulandığını göstermektedir. Öğrenmenin doğasına paralel olarak, dil öğrenimi de araştırmacıların ilgisini çekmiş ve dil edinimi uzun yıllar boyunca çeşitli çalışmaların ana ilgi alanlarından ve amaçlarından biri olmuştur. Duyuşsal alanda akademik başarıyı etkileyen faktörler arasında, önceki öğrenme deneyimlerinde yaşanılan başarısızlığın sonraki öğrenme deneyimlerinde de devam etmesi şeklinde tanımlanan öğrenilmiş çaresizlik ve genelleme sonucunda bilinmeyen korku olarak ifade edilen kaygı konusu özellikle dikkat çekmektedir.

Keywords

• Öğrenilmiş çaresizlik
• yabancı dil kaygısı
• dil öğrenimi

Learned Helplessness, Foreign Language Anxiety and Their Impacts on Language Learning

Abstract

The aim of this study is to explore the influence of learned helplessness and foreign language anxiety on language learning by reviewing the related literature. Considering that learning process is not the same for everyone, it would not be surprising to see that many variables lead to different processes for each individual. Extensive studies on linguistics and educational psychology demonstrate an increasing emphasis on the influence of affective factors in learning. In line with the nature of learning, the realm of language learning has also attracted the attention of researchers and language acquisition has been one of the main concerns of several studies for years. Among the factors in the affective domain influencing academic achievement, learned helplessness, defined as the failure in previous learning experiences will continue in the following learning experiences, and anxiety, the fear of unknown cause as a result of generalization draw attention to remark.

Keywords

• Learned Helplessness
• foreign language anxiety
• language learning

References

1. Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 37(1), pp. 49-74.
2. Aghajani, M., & Amanzadeh, H. (2017). The effect of anxiety on speaking ability: An experimental study on EFL learners. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 4(7), pp. 154-164.
3. Akpur, U. (2017). Predictive and explanatory relationship model between procrastination, motivation, anxiety and academic achievement. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 69, 221-240. https://doi:10.14689/ejer.2017.69.12
4. Ali, T. T., & Fei, W. F. (2017). Foreign language classroom anxiety among Iraqi students and its relation with gender and achievement. Int. J. Appl. Lingu. Engl. Lit., 6(1), pp. 305–310. https://doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.1p.305
5. Alrabai, F. (2015). The influence of teachers’ anxiety-reducing strategies on learners’ foreign language anxiety. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 9(2), pp. 163–190.
6. Alaylıoğlu, R., & Oğuzkan, F. (1976). Ansiklopedik eğitim sözlüğü. İstanbul: İnkılap ve Aka Kitabevi.
7. Albalawi, F. H. E. (2017). L2 Demotivation among Saudi Learners of English: The role of the language learning mindsets. (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). University of Nottingham, Nothingham.
8. Arnold, J. (2000). Seeing through listening comprehension exam anxiety. TESOL Quarterly, 34,pp. 777–786.

9. Aydoğan, H. (2016). The relations of learned helplessness, locus of control, and attitudes toward English with academic success. Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 17(3), pp. 177-183. https://doi:10.17679/inuefd.17391488
10. Bailey, P., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Daley, C.E. (2000). The validation of three scales measuring anxiety at different stages of the foreign language learning process: The input anxiety scale, the processing anxiety scale and the output anxiety scale. Language Learning, 50(1), pp. 87-118.
11. Bekleyen, D. (2004). Foreign language anxiety. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(2), pp. 27-40.
12. Cambridge Dictionary (2020). Anxiety. In Cambridge dictionary. Retrieved January, 10, 2020, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/anxiety
13. Carroll, J. B. (1962). The prediction of success in intensive foreign language training. In R. Glazer (Ed.), Training research and education (pp. 87-136). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh.
14. Cherry, K. (2017). The cycle of poverty can lead to learned helplessness. In Heitkamp, K. L. (Ed.) Learned helplessness, welfare, and the poverty cycle. (pp. 118-122). Greenhaven Publishing. New York.
15. Dağgöl, G.D. (2018). An examination of Turkish college-level students learned helplessness states in EFL context. Journal of Higher Education and Science, 8(1), pp. 145-161. https://doi:10.5961/jhes.2018.257
16. Demircan, Ö. (1990). Yabancı dil öğretim yöntemleri. İstanbul: Can Ofset Yayınları.
17. Dewaele, J. M., Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2008). Effects of trait emotional intelligence and sociobiographical variables on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety among adult multilinguals: A review and empirical investigation. Language Learning, 58(4), pp.911-960.
18. Djigunović, J. M. (2006). Role of affective factors in the development of productive skills. In M.
19. Nikolov & J. Horváth (Eds.), UPRT 2006: Empirical studies in English applied linguistics (pp. 9-23). Pécs: Lingua Franca Csoport.
20. Filippello, P., Buzzai, C., Costa, S., Orecchio, S., & Sorrenti, L. (2020). Teaching style and academic achievement: The mediating role of learned helplessness and mastery orientation. Psychology in the Schools, 57(1), pp. 5-16. https://doi:10.1002/pits.22315
21. Firmin, M., Hwang, C., Copella, M., & Clark, S. (2004). Learned helplessness: The effect of failure on test-taking. Education, 124(4), pp. 688-694.
22. Geuken, F., Maes, M., Spithoven, A., Pouwels, J. L., Daneel, S., Cillessen, A. H. N., van den Berg, Y. H. M., & Goossens, L. (2020). Changes in adolescent loneliness and concomitant changes in fear of negative evaluation and self-esteem. International Journal of Behavioral Development. (Special Issue), September 2020. https://doi:10.1177/0165025420958194
23. Gardner, R. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (1993). On the measurement of affective variables in second language learning. Language Learning, 43(2), pp. 157-194.
24. Gordon, R., & Gordon, M. (2006). The turned-off child: Learned helplessness and school failure. Salt Lake City, Utah: American Book Pub.
25. Gömleksiz, M., & Kan, A. Ü. (2012). Eğitimde duyuşsal boyut ve duyuşsal öğrenme. Turkish Studies-International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 7(1), pp. 159-1177.
26. Greer, J. G., & Wethered, C. E. (1984). Learned helplessness: A piece of the burnout puzzle. Exceptional Children, 50(6), pp. 524–530.
27. Ghasemi, F. (2021). A motivational response to the inefficiency of teachers’ practices towards students with learned helplessness. Learning and Motivation, 73, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2020.101705
28. Halder, U. K. (2018). English language anxiety and academic achievement. North Asian International Research Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 4(3), pp. 138-147.
29. Handayani, Y. R., & Ngadiman, A. (2018). EFL learners’ speaking anxiety and English speaking ability. Journal of English Teaching Adi Buana, 3(1), pp. 55-65.
30. Hasibuan, A. R., & Irzawati, I. (2019). Students’ speaking anxiety on their speaking performance: A study of EFL learners. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 394. 3rd International Conference on Innovative Research across Disciplines (ICIRAD 2019), pp. 101-106.
31. He, D. (2017). How to cope with foreign language speaking anxiety effectively? The case of university students in China. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 14(2), pp. 159-174.
32. Henter, R. (2014). Affective factors involved in learning a foreign language. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 127, pp. 373-378.
33. Hiroto, D. S. (1974). Locus of control and learned helplessness. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, pp. 187-193.
34. Horwitz, K. E., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. Modern Language Journal, 70(2), pp. 125-132.
35. Huang, Q. (2012). Study on correlation of foreign language anxiety and English reading anxiety. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 10(7), pp. 1520-1525. https://doi:10.4304/tpls.2.7.1520-1525
36. Illyin, Hanifah, G. N., & Yunianti, S. (2019). The affective factors influencing students’ speaking ability. The 5th UAD TEFL International Conference (5th UTIC), Yogyakarta - Indonesia 2019, 146-151. https://doi:10.12928/utic.v2.5749.2019
37. Jackson, J. (2002). Reticence in second language case discussions: Anxiety and aspirations. System, 30, pp. 65-84.
38. Kim, J. H. (2000). Foreign language listening anxiety: A study of Korean students learning English. (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). University of Texas, Texas.
39. Kolber, M. (2020). Learned helplessness during a high school English lesson. Forum Oświatowe, 32(2), pp. 87-97. https://doi:10.34862/fo.2020.2.4
40. Kralova, Z., & Soradova, D. (2015). Foreign Language earning anxiety. Straková, Z., Šimonová, I. & Žovinec, E.(Eds.) In Teaching Foreign Languages to Learners with Special Educational Needs (pp. 91-100). Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovakia.
41. Krashen, S. D. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon.
42. Krejtz, I., & Nezlek, J. B. (2016) It’s Greek to me: Domain specific relationships between intellectual helplessness and academic performance. The Journal of Social Psychology, 156(6), pp. 664-668, https://doi:10.1080/00224545.2016.1152219
43. Kusuma, I. P. I. (2019). How to cope the students' foreign language anxiety in speaking course. 1st ICIRAD Conference, January, 2019, pp. 1-4.
44. Lestari, D. E., Loeneto, B., Ihsan, D. (2019). The correlation among English learning anxiety, speaking and writing achievements of senior high school students. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 4(2), pp. 135-150.
45. Lucas, J. (1984). Communication apprehension in the ESL classroom: Getting our students to talk. Foreign Language Annals, 17, pp. 593-598.
46. Liu, M., & Jackson, J. (2008). An exploration of Chinese EFL learners' unwillingness to communicate and foreign language anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 92(1), pp. 71-86.
47. MacIntyre, D. P., & Gardner, C. R. (1991). Language anxiety: Its relation to other anxieties and to processing in native and second languages. Language Learning, 41, pp. 513-534.
48. MacIntyre, D. P., & Gardner, C. R. (1994). The subtle effects of language anxiety on cognitive processing in the second language. Language Learning, 44(2), pp. 283-305. https://doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01103.x
49. Mahmoodzadeh, M. (2013). Investigating foreign language anxiety in Iranian classrooms: The effect of gender. International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning, 2(1), pp. 61-70.
50. Martinko, M. J., & Gardner, W. L. (1982). Learned helplessness: An alternative explanation for performance deficits. The Academy of Management Review, 7(2), pp. 195-204.
51. Mills, J. S., & Blankstein, K. R. (2000). Perfectionism, intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation, and motivated strategies for learning: A multidimensional analysis of university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, pp. 1191–1204. https://doi:10.1016/S0191-869(00)00003-9.
52. Minghe, G., & Wang, Y. (2013). Affective Factors in oral English teaching and learning. Higher Education of Social Science, 5(3), pp. 57-61. https://doi:10.3968/j.hess.1927024020130503.2956
53. Nakata, Y. (2006). Motivation and experience in foreign language learning. Oxford: Peter Lang.
54. Namaziandost, E., Hafezian, M., & Shafiee, S. (2018). Exploring the association among working memory, anxiety and Iranian EFL learners’ listening comprehension. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 3(20), pp. 2-17. https://doi:10.1186/s40862-018-0061-3
55. Ni, H. (2012). The effects of affective factors in SLA and pedagogical implications. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(7), pp. 1508-1513. https://doi:10.4304/tpls.2.7.1508-1513
56. Oflaz, A. (2019). The effects of anxiety, shyness and language learning strategies on speaking skills and academic achievement. European Journal of Educational Research, 8(4), pp. 999-1011. https://doi:10.12973/eu-jer.8.4.999
57. Olivares-Cuhat, G. (2010). Relative importance of learning variables on L2 performance. Linguistik Online, 43(3), pp. 99-116.
58. Onwuegbuzie, A., Bailey, P., & Daley, C. E. (1999). Factors associated with foreign language anxiety. Applied Psycholinguistics, 20, pp. 217–239.
59. Oteir, I. N., & Al-Otaibi, A. N. (2019). Foreign language anxiety: A systematic review. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 10(3), pp. 309-317. https://doi:10.24093/awej/vol10no3.21
60. Overmier, J. B., & Seligman, M. E. (1967). Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance responding. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 63(1), pp. 28-33.
61. Pan, V. L., & Akay, C. (2015). Eğitim fakültesinde yabancı dil dersi alan öğrencilerin yabancı dil dersine yönelik tutumlarının ve sınıf kaygılarının incelenmesi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(55), pp. 79-97.
62. Peterson, C., Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1993). Learned helplessness: A theory for the age of personal control. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
63. Rabadi, R., & Rabadi, D. A. (2020). Do medical students experience writing anxiety while learning English as a foreign language? Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, pp. 883-893. https://doi:10.2147/PRBM.S276448
64. Raines, D. M. (2014). The impact of learned helplessness on retention in postsecondary institutions. (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation), University of Phonenix, Phonenix.
65. Raufelder, D., Regner, N., & Wood, M. A. (2018). Test anxiety and learned helplessness is moderated by student perceptions of teacher motivational support. Educational Psychology, 38(1), pp. 54-74, https://doi:10.1080/01443410.2017.1304532
66. Razak, N. A., Yassin, A. A., & Maasum, T. N. R. T. M. (2017). Effect of foreign language anxiety on gender and academic achievement among Yemeni University EFL students. English Language Teaching, 10(2), pp. 73-85. https://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n2p73
67. Satursyah, C. (2017). An analysis of student’s speaking anxiety and its effect on speaking performance. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 1(2), pp. 143-152.
68. Scovel, T. (2000). Learning new languages: A guide to second language acquisition. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
69. Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Learned helplessness: Depression, development and death. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
70. Seligman, M. E. P. (1974). Depression and learned helplessness. In R. J. Friedman & M. M. Katz (Eds.), The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research. New York: Wiley.
71. Seligman, M. E., & Maier, S. F. (1967). Failure to escape traumatic shock. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74(1), pp. 1-9
72. Seligman, M., Maier, S., & Geer, J. H. (1968). Alleviation of Learned Helplessness in the Dog. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 73(3), pp. 256-262.
73. Spielberger, C. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI-Form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
74. Sorrenti, L., Filippello, P., Orecchio, S., & Buzzai, C. (2016). Learned Helplessness and Learning Goals: Role played in School Refusal. A Study on Italian Students. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(2), pp. 1-17. https://doi:10.6092/2282-1619/2016.4.1235
75. Taeko,O., Manalo, E., & Greenwood, J. (2004). The influence of personality on the oral performance of Japanese speakers of English. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18, pp. 841-855.
76. Tayfur, O. (2012). The antecedents and consequences of learned helplessness in work life. Information Management and Business Review, 4(7), pp. 417-427.
77. Tayşi, E. K. (2019). The effect of listening attitude and listening anxiety on listening comprehension: A regression model. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(2), pp. 356-364. https://doi:10.13189/ujer.2019.070207
78. Teimouri, Y., Goetze, J., & Plonsky, L. (2019). Second language anxiety and achievement: A meta-analysis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 41, pp. 363-387. https://doi:10.1017/ S0272263118000311
79. Teodorescu, K., & Erev, I. (2014). Learned helplessness and learned prevalence: exploring the causal relations among perceived controllability, reward prevalence, and exploration. Psychological Science, 25(10), pp. 1-9. https://doi: 10.1177/0956797614543022.
80. Ülgen, G. (1997). Eğitim psikolojisi. İstanbul: Alkım Yayınları
81. Wayne K. H., & Cecil G. M. (1982). Educational administration. New York: Ramdom House Inc.
82. Woolfolk, A. E. (1995). Educational psychology. Boston: Allyn ve Bacon Press.
83. Wu, Z. (2020). Exploration on the causes and solutions of cognitive errors in college English learning. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 416. 4th International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2020), pp. 695-699.
84. Vanstone, D. M., & Hicks, R. E. (2019). Transitioning to university: Coping styles as mediators between adaptive maladaptive perfectionism and test anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 141, pp. 68-75. https://doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.12.026
85. Yaman, Ş., Esen, G., & Derkuş, S. (2011). A study on the liaison between learned helplessness and academic language achievement. Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(2), pp. 457-470.
86. Yihui, H., & Shiyong, L. (2019). A study on the correlation between listening anxiety and listening performance in SLA. 2019 International Conference on Humanities, Cultures, Arts and
87. Design (ICHCAD 2019). pp. 449-453. https://doi:10.25236/ICHCAD.2019.091
88. Young, D. J. (1991). Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment: What does language Anxiety Research Suggest? The Modern Language Journal, 75(4), pp. 426–437