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Investigating the Religion-Based Solidarity Shown by the Turkish Community to the Syrian Forced Immigrants During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Year 2022, , 409 - 420, 28.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.56074/msgsusbd.1178976

Abstract

Although the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the quality of life for all humans all over the world, it was reported that the pandemic succeeded in bringing people closer to each other by activating mechanical solidarity and a sense of acknowledgment. On the other hand, the forced immigrants were more affected during the pandemic compared to other groups, but there is no evidence that the pandemic made the hosts get closer to the forced immigrants. Looking from the religion-based solidarity point of view, this paper tries to investigate if the Turkish community became closer to the Syrians during the pandemic. Using an original data set, the result of the Mann-Whitney U test shows that there is moderate evidence of the role of religion in bringing the hosts closer to the forced immigrants in Turkey, anticipating that there is a small role of religion-based solidarity in Turkey during and after the pandemic.

References

  • Agustín, Ó., & Jørgensen, M. (2018). Solidarity and the ‘Refugee Crisis’ in Europe. London: Palgrave.
  • Alahmad, Z., & Aoyama, H. (2022, 08 15). Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler, On Yıl ve Daha Fazla Birlikte Yaşama: Gaziantep, Bir Vaka Çalışması (CMEPS-J Report No. 64). Retrieved from CMEPS-J: https://cmeps-j.net/publications/cmeps-j_report_64
  • Alwan, A. (n.d.). Social Solidarity in islam (Translated from Arabic). Cairo: Darussalam.
  • Anadolu agency. (2020, 04 01). Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı yardım kampanyası başlattı. Retrieved from AA: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/koronavirus/turkiye-diyanet-vakfi-yardim-kampanyasi-baslatti/1787800
  • ASAM. (2020). COVID-19 Salgınının Türkiye’de Mülteciler Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Sektörel Analizi. Ankara: ASAM.
  • Bauder, H., & Juffs, L. (2019). ‘Solidarity’ in the migration and refugee literature: analysis of a concept. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2019.1627862.
  • Bernát, A., Kertész, A., & Tóth, F. (2016). Solidarity reloaded: Volunteer and civilian organizations during the migration crisis in Hungary. Szociológiai Szemle, 26(4), 29–52.
  • Bradley-Levine, J., & Carr , K. (2015). Critical Theory and Catholic Social Teaching: A Research Framework for Catholic Schools. Journal of Catholic Education, 18 (2). http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/joce.1802032015.
  • Brechenmacher, S., Carothers, S., & Youngs, R. (2022, 08 28). Civil Society and the Coronavirus: Dynamism Despite Disruption. Retrieved from Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/04/21/civil-society-and-coronavirus-dynamism-despite-disruption-pub-81592
  • Butler, J., Habermas, J., Taylor, C., & West, C. (2011). The power of religion in the public sphere. Columbia University Pres.
  • Carlsen, H., Toubøl , J., & Brincker, B. (2020). On solidarity and volunteering during the COVID-19 crisis in Denmark: the impact of social networks and social media groups on the distribution of support. European Societies, 23(S1), S122–S140. https://doi.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Routledge Academic.
  • Collins, R. (2004). Rituals of Solidarity and Security in the Wake of Terrorist Attack. Sociological Theory, 22(1):53 - 87.
  • Cumhuriyet. (2021, 8 12). Altındağ'da gerilim büyüyor; Suriyelilere ait ev ve işyerlerine saldırı. Retrieved from Cumhuriyet: https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/altindagda-gerilim-buyuyor-suriyelilere-ait-ev-ve-isyerleri-taslandi-1859838
  • De Beer, P., & Koster, F. (2009). Solidarity in an Era of Individualization and Globalization. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Della Porta, D. (2018). Solidarity mobilizations in the ‘refugee crisis’ : contentious moves moves. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • DGMM. (2022, 8 18). Temporary Protection. Retrieved from DGMM: https://en.goc.gov.tr/temporary-protection27
  • DİTİB. (2021, 3 30). DİTİB, Kilis'te ihtiyaç sahibi yetim ve yoksul 600 aileye ramazan paketi dağıttı. Retrieved from DİTİB: https://www.ditib.de/detail2.php?id=1307&lang=en
  • Durkheim, E. (1933). The Division of Labor in society. George simpson (trans.). New York: Free Press.
  • Durkheim, E. (1984). The Division of Labour in society (introduction by lewis Coser,translated by W.D. Halls 1893) . Houndmills : Macmillan .
  • Erdoğan, M. (2015). Türkiye'deki Suriyeliler toplumsal kabul ve uyum. Ankara: Hacettepe University.
  • Erdoğan, M. (2020). Syrians Barometer 2019. Ankara: Orion Kitabevi.
  • Evans, A., & Evans, A. (1977). An examination of the concept "social solidarity. . Mid-American Review of Sociology, 29–46.
  • Freier, L., & Vera Espinoza, M. (2021). COVID-19 and Immigrants’ Increased Exclusion: The Politics of Immigrant Integration in Chile and Peru. Front. Hum. Dyn , 3:606871. doi: 10.3389/fhumd.2021.606871.
  • Ganesh, S., & Cave, V. (2018). P-values, p-values everywhere! New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 66:2, 55-56, DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2018.1415604.
  • Gaztambide-Fernández, R. (2012). Decolonization and the Pedagogy of Solidarity. Decolonization: Indigeneity. Education & Society, 1 (1): 41–67.
  • Grajczjár, I., Nagy, Z., & Örkény, A. (2019). Different types of solidarity in times of crises. Intersections, 5(1), 118–142. https://doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v5i1.475 .
  • Haber7. (2022, 8 25). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Bizler Ensar sizler muhacir. Retrieved from Haber7: https://www.haber7.com/ic-politika/haber/1208342-cumhurbaskani-erdogan-bizler-ensar-sizler-muhacir
  • Hameed, K. (2016). The Implications of Social Solidarity in Islam. Journal of the College of Education for Girls, 118 - 125.
  • HASUDER. (2020, 04 15). Pandemi Sürecinde Göçmenler ve Mültecilerle İlgili Durum. Retrieved from HASUDER: https://korona.hasuder.org.tr/pandemi-surecinde-gocmenler-ve-multecilerle-ilgili-durum/
  • Hjelm, T. (2014). Understanding the New Visibility of Religion: Religion as Problem and Utility. Journal of Religion in Europe, 7(3–4), 203–222. https://doi.org/10.1163/18748929-00704002.
  • Jancewicz, B. (2021). Syrians in Turkey: Experiences of migration and integration. RESPOND D 7.3.
  • Kapeller, J., & Wolkenstein, F. (2013). The Grounds of Solidarity: From Liberty to Loyalty. European Journal of Social Theory, 16 (4): 476–491.
  • Karaman, A., & Vesek, S. (2021). Covid-19’un Suriyeliler üzerindeki ekonomik ve toplumsal etkilerine yönelik nitel bir araştırma. Nitel Sosyal Bilimler, 3(1), 30-71.
  • Liszowska, D. (2020). Migration Crisis and Its Impact on the Internal Situation in Turkey. Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs, 24 (3) https://doi.org/10.33067/SE.3.2020.4.
  • Mishra, C., & Rath, N. (2020). Social solidarity during a pandemic: Through and beyond Durkheimian Lens. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 1-7 doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100079.
  • MUDEM. (2020). Covid-19 Krizi Sürecinde Türkiye’deki Mültecilerin Urum Analizi Raporu . MUDEM.
  • Muslim, S. (n.d.). The Book of Virtue. Enjoining Good Manners, and Joining of the Ties of Kinship, (4/ 1999) (2586).
  • Oosterlynck, S., Loopmans, M., Schuermans, N., Vandenabeele, J., & Zemni, S. (2016). Putting flesh to the bone: looking for solidarity in diversity, here and now. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(5): 764-782.
  • Paskov, M., & Dewilde, C. (2012). Income inequality and solidarity in Europe. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 30(4), 415–432.
  • Pekal, V. (2021, 12 20). Ali El Hemdan Cinayetinin Goruntuleri Ortaya cikti. Retrieved from Evrensel: https://www.evrensel.net/haber/450702/ali-el-hemdan-cinayetinin-goruntuleri-ortaya-cikti
  • Portes, A. (1998). Social Capital: Its Origins and Implications in Modern Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24: 1–24.
  • Portes, A., & Sensenbrenner, J. (1993). Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on Social Determinants of Economic Action. American Journal of Sociology, 98: 1320–50.
  • Reichlin, M. (2011). The role of solidarity in social responsibility for health. Medicine, Healthcare & Philosophy, 14(4), 365–370.
  • Ritzer, G. (2010). Sociological theory (8 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Rosenthal, R. (1994). Parametric measures of effect size. In H. Cooper, & L. Hedges, The handbook of research synthesis (pp. pp. 231-244). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Rygiel, K. (2011). Bordering solidarities: migrant activism and the politics of movement and camps at Calais. Citizenship Studies, 1-19 doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2011.534911.
  • Stjernø, S. (2004). Solidarity in Europe: The history of an idea. Cambridge: Cambridge Press.
  • UNHCR. (2022, 3 15). Eleven years on, mounting challenges push many displaced Syrians to the brink. Retrieved from UNHCR: https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/briefing/2022/3/623055174/eleven-years-mounting-challenges-push-displaced-syrians-brink.html
  • Vancsó, A., & Zoltán, K. (2021). Dominant Christian narratives of solidarity during the COVID pandemic in Hungary. Intersections. East European Journal Of Society And Politics, 7(3): 101–119. DOI: 10.17356/ieejsp.v7i3.804.
  • Voicu, B., Bartolome Peral, E., Rusu, H., Rosta, G., Comșa, M., Vasile, O., . . . Tufis, C. (2020). COVID-19 and orientations towards solidarity: the cases of Spain, Hungary, and Romania. European Societies, 23(S1), S887–S904. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1852439.
  • Wallaschek, S. (2019). Solidarity in Europe in times of crisis. Journal of European Integration, 41(2), 257–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2019.1546980.
  • Yanklowitz, S. (2018). Beyond Particularism: The Jewish Case for Human Solidarity. Conversations, the journal of the Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals, (31) 45-53.
  • Yusupova, G., & Ponarin, E. (2018). Social Remittances in Religion: Muslim Migrants in Russia and Transformation of Islamic Practices. Problems of Post-Communism, 65:3, 188-200, DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2016.1224552.

COVID-19 Pandemisi Sırasında Din Temelli Dayanışma ve Zorunlu Göçmen-Ev Sahibi İlişkisi: Türkiye'den Kanıt

Year 2022, , 409 - 420, 28.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.56074/msgsusbd.1178976

Abstract

COVID-19 pandemisi dünyanın her köşesinde insanların yaşam kalitesini etkilemiş olsa da, pandeminin dayanışma ve kabullenme duygusunu harekete geçirerek insanları birbirine yakınlaştırmayı başardığı bildirildi. Öte yandan, zorunlu göçmenler pandemi sırasında diğer gruplara göre daha fazla etkilendi, ancak pandeminin ev sahiplerini zorunlu göçmenlere yaklaştırdığına dair bir kanıt yok. Din temelli dayanışma açısından bakıldığında, bu makale pandemi döneminde Türk toplumunun Suriyelilere yakınlaşıp yakınlaşmadığını incelemeye çalışmaktadır. Orijinal bir veri seti kullanarak, Mann-Whitney U testinin sonucu, din temelli dayanışmanın küçük bir rolü olduğunu tahmin ederek, Türkiye'deki ev sahiplerini zorunlu göçmenlere yaklaştırmada dinin rolüne dair orta düzeyde kanıt olduğunu göstermektedir.

References

  • Agustín, Ó., & Jørgensen, M. (2018). Solidarity and the ‘Refugee Crisis’ in Europe. London: Palgrave.
  • Alahmad, Z., & Aoyama, H. (2022, 08 15). Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler, On Yıl ve Daha Fazla Birlikte Yaşama: Gaziantep, Bir Vaka Çalışması (CMEPS-J Report No. 64). Retrieved from CMEPS-J: https://cmeps-j.net/publications/cmeps-j_report_64
  • Alwan, A. (n.d.). Social Solidarity in islam (Translated from Arabic). Cairo: Darussalam.
  • Anadolu agency. (2020, 04 01). Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı yardım kampanyası başlattı. Retrieved from AA: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/koronavirus/turkiye-diyanet-vakfi-yardim-kampanyasi-baslatti/1787800
  • ASAM. (2020). COVID-19 Salgınının Türkiye’de Mülteciler Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Sektörel Analizi. Ankara: ASAM.
  • Bauder, H., & Juffs, L. (2019). ‘Solidarity’ in the migration and refugee literature: analysis of a concept. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2019.1627862.
  • Bernát, A., Kertész, A., & Tóth, F. (2016). Solidarity reloaded: Volunteer and civilian organizations during the migration crisis in Hungary. Szociológiai Szemle, 26(4), 29–52.
  • Bradley-Levine, J., & Carr , K. (2015). Critical Theory and Catholic Social Teaching: A Research Framework for Catholic Schools. Journal of Catholic Education, 18 (2). http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/joce.1802032015.
  • Brechenmacher, S., Carothers, S., & Youngs, R. (2022, 08 28). Civil Society and the Coronavirus: Dynamism Despite Disruption. Retrieved from Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/04/21/civil-society-and-coronavirus-dynamism-despite-disruption-pub-81592
  • Butler, J., Habermas, J., Taylor, C., & West, C. (2011). The power of religion in the public sphere. Columbia University Pres.
  • Carlsen, H., Toubøl , J., & Brincker, B. (2020). On solidarity and volunteering during the COVID-19 crisis in Denmark: the impact of social networks and social media groups on the distribution of support. European Societies, 23(S1), S122–S140. https://doi.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Routledge Academic.
  • Collins, R. (2004). Rituals of Solidarity and Security in the Wake of Terrorist Attack. Sociological Theory, 22(1):53 - 87.
  • Cumhuriyet. (2021, 8 12). Altındağ'da gerilim büyüyor; Suriyelilere ait ev ve işyerlerine saldırı. Retrieved from Cumhuriyet: https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/altindagda-gerilim-buyuyor-suriyelilere-ait-ev-ve-isyerleri-taslandi-1859838
  • De Beer, P., & Koster, F. (2009). Solidarity in an Era of Individualization and Globalization. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Della Porta, D. (2018). Solidarity mobilizations in the ‘refugee crisis’ : contentious moves moves. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • DGMM. (2022, 8 18). Temporary Protection. Retrieved from DGMM: https://en.goc.gov.tr/temporary-protection27
  • DİTİB. (2021, 3 30). DİTİB, Kilis'te ihtiyaç sahibi yetim ve yoksul 600 aileye ramazan paketi dağıttı. Retrieved from DİTİB: https://www.ditib.de/detail2.php?id=1307&lang=en
  • Durkheim, E. (1933). The Division of Labor in society. George simpson (trans.). New York: Free Press.
  • Durkheim, E. (1984). The Division of Labour in society (introduction by lewis Coser,translated by W.D. Halls 1893) . Houndmills : Macmillan .
  • Erdoğan, M. (2015). Türkiye'deki Suriyeliler toplumsal kabul ve uyum. Ankara: Hacettepe University.
  • Erdoğan, M. (2020). Syrians Barometer 2019. Ankara: Orion Kitabevi.
  • Evans, A., & Evans, A. (1977). An examination of the concept "social solidarity. . Mid-American Review of Sociology, 29–46.
  • Freier, L., & Vera Espinoza, M. (2021). COVID-19 and Immigrants’ Increased Exclusion: The Politics of Immigrant Integration in Chile and Peru. Front. Hum. Dyn , 3:606871. doi: 10.3389/fhumd.2021.606871.
  • Ganesh, S., & Cave, V. (2018). P-values, p-values everywhere! New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 66:2, 55-56, DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2018.1415604.
  • Gaztambide-Fernández, R. (2012). Decolonization and the Pedagogy of Solidarity. Decolonization: Indigeneity. Education & Society, 1 (1): 41–67.
  • Grajczjár, I., Nagy, Z., & Örkény, A. (2019). Different types of solidarity in times of crises. Intersections, 5(1), 118–142. https://doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v5i1.475 .
  • Haber7. (2022, 8 25). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Bizler Ensar sizler muhacir. Retrieved from Haber7: https://www.haber7.com/ic-politika/haber/1208342-cumhurbaskani-erdogan-bizler-ensar-sizler-muhacir
  • Hameed, K. (2016). The Implications of Social Solidarity in Islam. Journal of the College of Education for Girls, 118 - 125.
  • HASUDER. (2020, 04 15). Pandemi Sürecinde Göçmenler ve Mültecilerle İlgili Durum. Retrieved from HASUDER: https://korona.hasuder.org.tr/pandemi-surecinde-gocmenler-ve-multecilerle-ilgili-durum/
  • Hjelm, T. (2014). Understanding the New Visibility of Religion: Religion as Problem and Utility. Journal of Religion in Europe, 7(3–4), 203–222. https://doi.org/10.1163/18748929-00704002.
  • Jancewicz, B. (2021). Syrians in Turkey: Experiences of migration and integration. RESPOND D 7.3.
  • Kapeller, J., & Wolkenstein, F. (2013). The Grounds of Solidarity: From Liberty to Loyalty. European Journal of Social Theory, 16 (4): 476–491.
  • Karaman, A., & Vesek, S. (2021). Covid-19’un Suriyeliler üzerindeki ekonomik ve toplumsal etkilerine yönelik nitel bir araştırma. Nitel Sosyal Bilimler, 3(1), 30-71.
  • Liszowska, D. (2020). Migration Crisis and Its Impact on the Internal Situation in Turkey. Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs, 24 (3) https://doi.org/10.33067/SE.3.2020.4.
  • Mishra, C., & Rath, N. (2020). Social solidarity during a pandemic: Through and beyond Durkheimian Lens. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 1-7 doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100079.
  • MUDEM. (2020). Covid-19 Krizi Sürecinde Türkiye’deki Mültecilerin Urum Analizi Raporu . MUDEM.
  • Muslim, S. (n.d.). The Book of Virtue. Enjoining Good Manners, and Joining of the Ties of Kinship, (4/ 1999) (2586).
  • Oosterlynck, S., Loopmans, M., Schuermans, N., Vandenabeele, J., & Zemni, S. (2016). Putting flesh to the bone: looking for solidarity in diversity, here and now. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(5): 764-782.
  • Paskov, M., & Dewilde, C. (2012). Income inequality and solidarity in Europe. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 30(4), 415–432.
  • Pekal, V. (2021, 12 20). Ali El Hemdan Cinayetinin Goruntuleri Ortaya cikti. Retrieved from Evrensel: https://www.evrensel.net/haber/450702/ali-el-hemdan-cinayetinin-goruntuleri-ortaya-cikti
  • Portes, A. (1998). Social Capital: Its Origins and Implications in Modern Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24: 1–24.
  • Portes, A., & Sensenbrenner, J. (1993). Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on Social Determinants of Economic Action. American Journal of Sociology, 98: 1320–50.
  • Reichlin, M. (2011). The role of solidarity in social responsibility for health. Medicine, Healthcare & Philosophy, 14(4), 365–370.
  • Ritzer, G. (2010). Sociological theory (8 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Rosenthal, R. (1994). Parametric measures of effect size. In H. Cooper, & L. Hedges, The handbook of research synthesis (pp. pp. 231-244). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Rygiel, K. (2011). Bordering solidarities: migrant activism and the politics of movement and camps at Calais. Citizenship Studies, 1-19 doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2011.534911.
  • Stjernø, S. (2004). Solidarity in Europe: The history of an idea. Cambridge: Cambridge Press.
  • UNHCR. (2022, 3 15). Eleven years on, mounting challenges push many displaced Syrians to the brink. Retrieved from UNHCR: https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/briefing/2022/3/623055174/eleven-years-mounting-challenges-push-displaced-syrians-brink.html
  • Vancsó, A., & Zoltán, K. (2021). Dominant Christian narratives of solidarity during the COVID pandemic in Hungary. Intersections. East European Journal Of Society And Politics, 7(3): 101–119. DOI: 10.17356/ieejsp.v7i3.804.
  • Voicu, B., Bartolome Peral, E., Rusu, H., Rosta, G., Comșa, M., Vasile, O., . . . Tufis, C. (2020). COVID-19 and orientations towards solidarity: the cases of Spain, Hungary, and Romania. European Societies, 23(S1), S887–S904. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1852439.
  • Wallaschek, S. (2019). Solidarity in Europe in times of crisis. Journal of European Integration, 41(2), 257–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2019.1546980.
  • Yanklowitz, S. (2018). Beyond Particularism: The Jewish Case for Human Solidarity. Conversations, the journal of the Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals, (31) 45-53.
  • Yusupova, G., & Ponarin, E. (2018). Social Remittances in Religion: Muslim Migrants in Russia and Transformation of Islamic Practices. Problems of Post-Communism, 65:3, 188-200, DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2016.1224552.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ziad Alahmad 0000-0002-4030-4370

Publication Date November 28, 2022
Submission Date September 22, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Alahmad, Z. (2022). Investigating the Religion-Based Solidarity Shown by the Turkish Community to the Syrian Forced Immigrants During the COVID-19 Pandemic. MSGSÜ Sosyal Bilimler, 2(26), 409-420. https://doi.org/10.56074/msgsusbd.1178976