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Karşılaştırmalı Perspektiften Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Yabancı / Parya Cellatlar

Year 2017, Issue: 15, 92 - 117, 01.04.2017

Abstract

Otorite sisteminin kurumlaştığı toplumsal yapılarda cellat son derece yaygın bir toplumsal figür olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Hem merkezileşmiş kabile toplumlarında hem de daha kompleks bir örgütlenmeye sahip olan büyük devlet yapılarında cellatların Simmel’in yabancı ve Max Weber’in parya konseptleriyle ele aldıkları toplumsal kesimlerin mensupları arasından seçilmesi sıkça görülen bir durumdur. Bu çalışmada Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda cellatların yabancı/parya sınıflandırması ile ele alınabilecek toplumsal kesimlerden seçilmelerine ilişkin kronikler ve seyyahların anlatılarından derlenmiş örnekler paylaşılmakta, çağdaşı ve selefleri gibi Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun da cellat temini pratiklerinde yabancı/parya topluluklara yönelmesini belirleyen dinamikler sosyo-tarihsel arka plan temel alınarak tartışma konusu yapılmaktadır

References

  • “Roumanian Country Life”. New York Book Review and Magazine 1908. New York: The New York Times Company, 1969, s. 104.
  • Adamec, Ludwic W. Historical Dictionary of Islam. 2. Baskı, Toronto: The Scarecrow Press, 2009.
  • Akgündüz, Ahmet. Osmanlı Kanunnameleri ve Hukuki Tahlilleri, Cilt 1, 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Fey Vakfı, 1990.
  • Al-Tabari. The History of Al-Tabari The Abbasid Caliphate in Equilibrium, V. XXX. Çev. C. E. Bosworth. 1. Baskı, New York: State University of New York Press, 1989.
  • Andersen, Hans Cristian. A Poet’s Bazaar. Pictures of Travel in Germany, Italy, Greece, andthe Orient. New York: Hurdand Houghton, 1871.
  • Applbaum, Arthur Isa. “Professional Detachment: The executioner of Paris”. Harvard Law Review, 109, 2, (1995): s. 458-486.
  • Mehmet Paşa, Arif. Mecmu’a-i Tesavir-i Osmaniye.1. Basım, İstanbul: Galatasaray Holding, 1999.
  • Avcı, Mustafa. “Osmanlı İnfaz Hukuku’ndaki Gelişmelere Genel Bir Bakış”.Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 3-4, (2004): s. 87-159.
  • Barth, Fredrik. “Introduction”. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Der. Friedrik Barth. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1969, 9-38.
  • Berker, Maaikevan. Crisis and Continuity at the Abbasid Court. 1. Baskı, Leiden: Brill, 2013.
  • Berland, Joseph C. “Kanjar Social Organization”. The Other Nomads Peripatetic Minorities in Cross Cultural Perspective. Der Aparna Rao.1. Baskı, Köln: Böhlau, 1987, s. 247-266.
  • Berland, Joseph, C., Aparna Rao. “Unveiling the Stranger: A New Look at Peripatetic Peoples”. Custormary Strangers New Perspectives on Peripatetic Peoples in th eMiddle East, Africa, and Asia. Der Joseph, C. Berland, Aparna Rao., 1. Baskı, Westport, Connecticut, London: Praeger, 2004, s. 1-29.
  • Georgescu, Sorina. “Wallachia and Moldovia as Seen by William Wilkinson Late British Consul Resident at Bukorest (1820)”. Linguaculture, 2 (2015): s. 63-77.
  • Gillani, Aftab Hussain ve Mohammad Tahir. “The Administration of Abbasids Caliphate: A Fateful Change in the Muslim History”. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 8, 2 (2014): s. 565-571.
  • Ginio, Eyal. “Neither Muslims nor Zımmis: The Gypsies in the Ottoman State”. Romani Studies 5, 14, 2(2004): s. 117-144.
  • Gordon, Robert, J. “The Kung in the Kalahari Exchange: An Ethno Historical Perspective”. Past and Present in Hunter Gatherer Studies. Der Carmel Schrire.1. Basım, Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press, 2009, s. 195-224.
  • Grellmann, Heinrich Moritz Gottlieb. Dissertation on the Gypsies, 1. Baskı, Londra: William Balintine, 1807.
  • Hasan Bey-zâde Ahmed Paşa. Hasan Bey-zâde Târihi. Cilt III. 1. Baskı, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2004.
  • Hawting, Gerald R. The First Dynasty of Islam The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750.2. Baskı, Londra, New York: Routledge, 2000.
  • Herbert, Frederick William von. The Defence of Plevna.1. Baskı, Smith, Elder Co., 1911.
  • Heyd, Uriel. Studies in Old Ottoman Criminal Law.1. Baskı, Londra: Oxford University Press, 1973.
  • Hill, Aaron. AFull and Just Account of the Present State of the Ottoman Empire. 1. Baskı, John Mayo Stationer and Printer, 1720.
  • Hitti, Philip K.History of Arabs from the Earliest Times to the Present.10. Baskı, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
  • http://siir.sitesi.web.tr, Erişim Tarihi: 3 Ekim, 2017.
  • Hür, Ayşe. “Milli Cellatlar, Cellat Mukallitleri”, Taraf, 3.4.2011, Erişim Tarihi: 1 Ekim 2017,http:// www.duzceyerelhaber.com/Ayse-HUR-Taraf-yazilari/1092-Milli-cellatlar-cellat-mukallitleri.
  • Ibn Haldun. The Muqaddimah. Çev. Franz Rosenthal. 9. Baskı, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.
  • İbn Haldun. Mukaddime. Çev. Süleyman Uludağ. 2. Baskı, İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 1988.
  • İnalcık, Halil .Devlet-i Aliye Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Üzerine Araştırmalar 1 Klasik Dönem (1302- 1606).14. Baskı, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, 2009.
  • İnalcık, Halil. Halil İnalcık’ın Merceğinden Osmanlı.1. Baskı, İstanbul: Profil Kitap, 2017.
  • İpşirli, Mehmet. “Cellat”. İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 7. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Araştırmaları Merkezi, 1993.
  • Kasaba, Reşad. Bir Konargöçer İmparatorluk Osmanlıda Göçebeler, Göçmenler, Sığınmacılar.1. Baskı, İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2012.
  • Kathy, Stuart. Defiled Trades Social Outcasts Honor and Ritual Pollution in Early Modern Germany, 1. Basım, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Keppel, George. Narrative of a Journey across the Balkan. Londra: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1831.
  • Kocatepe, Salih. “Nazım Hikmet Ran’ın Şiirleri ve Zavallı Bir Çingenenin Eli”. Cingeneyiz.org, 11 Haziran 2016,Erişim Tarihi: 1 Ekim 2017,http://www.cingeneyiz.org/2016/06/salih-kocatepe- nazm-hikmet-rann.html.
  • Koçi Bey. Koçi Bey Risaleleri. 1. Basım, İstanbul: Kabalcı, 2008.
  • Koçu, Reşat Ekrem. “Cellâd, Cellâd Ocağı”. İstanbul Ansiklopedisi, Cild 6. İstanbul: İstanbul Ansiklopedisi ve Neşriyat Kolektif Şirketi, 1963.
  • Koçu, Reşat Ekrem. Tarihte İstanbul Esnafı. 1. Basım, İstanbul: Doğan Kitap, 2002.
  • Outsiders in Southwest Asia”. Customary Strangers: New Perspectives on Peripatetic Peoples in the
  • Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Der. Joseph C. Berland, Aparna Rao. Connecticut, Westport, London: Praeger, 2004, s. 269-298.
  • Rao, Aparna. “The Concept of Peripatetics: An Introduction”.The Other Nomads. Der Aparna Rao. 1. Baskı, Köln: Böhlau, 1987, 1-32.
  • Rashid, ArssanMussa.“The Role of the Shurta in EarlyIslam”. Edinburgh Üniversitesi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, 1983.
  • Ray, Pratapa Chandra. The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Anuçasana Parva, Cilt 8. Kalküta: Bharata Press, 1893.
  • Sakaoğlu, Necdet. Osmanlı Tarihi Sözlüğü Kavramlar, Kurumlar, Olaylar.1. Basım,Alfa Tarih, 2017.
  • Satyendra, Kush. Dictionary of Hindu Literature. 1. Baskı, Delhi: Ivy Publishing House, 2000.
  • Schacht, Joseph. “Pre-Islamic Background and Early Development of Jurisprudence”. Law in the Middle East, Origin and Development of Islamic Law, Cilt 1. Der. Majid Khadduri, Herbert J.Liebesny.2. Baskı, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, 2009, s. 28-56.
  • Schact, Joseph. An Introduction to IslamicLaw.1. Baskı, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
  • Seneviratne, Sudarsan. “The Mauryan State”. The Early State. Der. Henry Claessen, Peter Skalnik. 1. Basım, Paris, New York: Mouton Publishers, 1978, s. 381-402.
  • Sezen, Tahir. Osmanlı Yer Adları, 1. Baskı, Ankara, 2006.
  • Shatzmiller, Maya. Labour in Medieval Islamic World.1. Baskı, Leiden, New York, Köln: E. J. Brill, 1994.
  • Shaw, Stanford J. The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. 1. Baskı, Londra: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1991.
  • Simmel, Georg. Bireysellik ve Kültür. 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Metis, 2009.
  • Skene, Henry. “The Albanians”. Journal of the Ethnological Society, 2 (1850) s. 159-181.
  • Spierenburg, Pieter. The Spectacle of Suffering: Executions and the Evolution of Repression from a Pre-Industrial Metropolistothe European Experience. 1. Baskı, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
  • Staffa, Susan Jane. Conquest and Fusion The Social Evolution of Cairo A.D. 642-1850. 1. Baskı, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1977.
  • Stratilesco, Tereza. From Carpatian to Indus: Pictures of Roumenian Country Life. Boston: J. W. Luce, 1907.
  • Strickland, Rennard. Fireand the Spirits: Cherokee Law from Clan to Court. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1975.
  • Sykes, Mark. “The Kurdish Tribes of Ottoman Empire”. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 38 (1908): s. 451-486.
  • Şerifgil, Enver. “XVI. Yüzyılda Rumeli Eyaleti’ndeki Çingeneler”. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, 15 (1981): s. 117-144.
  • Thompson, George. Aiskhylos ve Atina. 1. Basım, İstanbul: Payel, 1990.
  • Trachtenberg, Joushua. The Devil and the Jews. 1. Baskı, Illinois: Varda Books, 2001.
  • Tyan, Emile. “Judicial Organization”. Law in the Middle East, Origin and Development of Islamic Law. Der. Majid Khadduri, Herbert J.Liebesny. Cilt 1,2. Baskı,New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, 2009, s. 236-278.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı. Osmanlı Devletinin Saray Teşkilatı. 4. Baskı, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2014.
  • Walsh, Robert. Narrative of a Journey from Constantinople to England.3. Baskı, London: Frederick Westleyand and A. H. Davis, 1828.
  • Weber, Max. “Class, Status, Party”. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Der. H. H. Gerth, C. Wright Mills.New York: Oxford University Press, 1946, s. 180-195.
  • Wilkinson, William. An Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldova. Londra: Longman.
  • Yılgür, Egemen. “Tarihsel Perspektiften Peripatetik ve Avcı-Toplayıcı Stratejilerin Geçişkenliği”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1, 1(2015): s. 213-233.
  • Yılgür, Egemen. Roman Tütün İşçileri. 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2016.

Stranger / Pariah Executioners in the Ottoman Empire from a Comparative Perspective

Year 2017, Issue: 15, 92 - 117, 01.04.2017

Abstract

Executioners were common social figures in societies of institutionalized power structures. It was a common practice that many of them were recruited from among the members of social groups which were discussed by Simmel and Weber in the context of the stranger and pariah concepts respectively in both centralized tribal communities and more complex state structures. In this study, the samples, collected from chronicles and narratives of travelers, reflecting the fact that executioners were sometimes recruited from among the groups which can be classified as stranger/pariah are presented and the dynamics determining the Ottoman Empire’s intention, like its predecessors and contemporaries, to employ the stranger/pariah communities as its executioners considering socio-historical background are discussed

References

  • “Roumanian Country Life”. New York Book Review and Magazine 1908. New York: The New York Times Company, 1969, s. 104.
  • Adamec, Ludwic W. Historical Dictionary of Islam. 2. Baskı, Toronto: The Scarecrow Press, 2009.
  • Akgündüz, Ahmet. Osmanlı Kanunnameleri ve Hukuki Tahlilleri, Cilt 1, 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Fey Vakfı, 1990.
  • Al-Tabari. The History of Al-Tabari The Abbasid Caliphate in Equilibrium, V. XXX. Çev. C. E. Bosworth. 1. Baskı, New York: State University of New York Press, 1989.
  • Andersen, Hans Cristian. A Poet’s Bazaar. Pictures of Travel in Germany, Italy, Greece, andthe Orient. New York: Hurdand Houghton, 1871.
  • Applbaum, Arthur Isa. “Professional Detachment: The executioner of Paris”. Harvard Law Review, 109, 2, (1995): s. 458-486.
  • Mehmet Paşa, Arif. Mecmu’a-i Tesavir-i Osmaniye.1. Basım, İstanbul: Galatasaray Holding, 1999.
  • Avcı, Mustafa. “Osmanlı İnfaz Hukuku’ndaki Gelişmelere Genel Bir Bakış”.Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 3-4, (2004): s. 87-159.
  • Barth, Fredrik. “Introduction”. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Der. Friedrik Barth. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1969, 9-38.
  • Berker, Maaikevan. Crisis and Continuity at the Abbasid Court. 1. Baskı, Leiden: Brill, 2013.
  • Berland, Joseph C. “Kanjar Social Organization”. The Other Nomads Peripatetic Minorities in Cross Cultural Perspective. Der Aparna Rao.1. Baskı, Köln: Böhlau, 1987, s. 247-266.
  • Berland, Joseph, C., Aparna Rao. “Unveiling the Stranger: A New Look at Peripatetic Peoples”. Custormary Strangers New Perspectives on Peripatetic Peoples in th eMiddle East, Africa, and Asia. Der Joseph, C. Berland, Aparna Rao., 1. Baskı, Westport, Connecticut, London: Praeger, 2004, s. 1-29.
  • Georgescu, Sorina. “Wallachia and Moldovia as Seen by William Wilkinson Late British Consul Resident at Bukorest (1820)”. Linguaculture, 2 (2015): s. 63-77.
  • Gillani, Aftab Hussain ve Mohammad Tahir. “The Administration of Abbasids Caliphate: A Fateful Change in the Muslim History”. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 8, 2 (2014): s. 565-571.
  • Ginio, Eyal. “Neither Muslims nor Zımmis: The Gypsies in the Ottoman State”. Romani Studies 5, 14, 2(2004): s. 117-144.
  • Gordon, Robert, J. “The Kung in the Kalahari Exchange: An Ethno Historical Perspective”. Past and Present in Hunter Gatherer Studies. Der Carmel Schrire.1. Basım, Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press, 2009, s. 195-224.
  • Grellmann, Heinrich Moritz Gottlieb. Dissertation on the Gypsies, 1. Baskı, Londra: William Balintine, 1807.
  • Hasan Bey-zâde Ahmed Paşa. Hasan Bey-zâde Târihi. Cilt III. 1. Baskı, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2004.
  • Hawting, Gerald R. The First Dynasty of Islam The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750.2. Baskı, Londra, New York: Routledge, 2000.
  • Herbert, Frederick William von. The Defence of Plevna.1. Baskı, Smith, Elder Co., 1911.
  • Heyd, Uriel. Studies in Old Ottoman Criminal Law.1. Baskı, Londra: Oxford University Press, 1973.
  • Hill, Aaron. AFull and Just Account of the Present State of the Ottoman Empire. 1. Baskı, John Mayo Stationer and Printer, 1720.
  • Hitti, Philip K.History of Arabs from the Earliest Times to the Present.10. Baskı, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
  • http://siir.sitesi.web.tr, Erişim Tarihi: 3 Ekim, 2017.
  • Hür, Ayşe. “Milli Cellatlar, Cellat Mukallitleri”, Taraf, 3.4.2011, Erişim Tarihi: 1 Ekim 2017,http:// www.duzceyerelhaber.com/Ayse-HUR-Taraf-yazilari/1092-Milli-cellatlar-cellat-mukallitleri.
  • Ibn Haldun. The Muqaddimah. Çev. Franz Rosenthal. 9. Baskı, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.
  • İbn Haldun. Mukaddime. Çev. Süleyman Uludağ. 2. Baskı, İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 1988.
  • İnalcık, Halil .Devlet-i Aliye Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Üzerine Araştırmalar 1 Klasik Dönem (1302- 1606).14. Baskı, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, 2009.
  • İnalcık, Halil. Halil İnalcık’ın Merceğinden Osmanlı.1. Baskı, İstanbul: Profil Kitap, 2017.
  • İpşirli, Mehmet. “Cellat”. İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 7. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Araştırmaları Merkezi, 1993.
  • Kasaba, Reşad. Bir Konargöçer İmparatorluk Osmanlıda Göçebeler, Göçmenler, Sığınmacılar.1. Baskı, İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2012.
  • Kathy, Stuart. Defiled Trades Social Outcasts Honor and Ritual Pollution in Early Modern Germany, 1. Basım, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Keppel, George. Narrative of a Journey across the Balkan. Londra: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1831.
  • Kocatepe, Salih. “Nazım Hikmet Ran’ın Şiirleri ve Zavallı Bir Çingenenin Eli”. Cingeneyiz.org, 11 Haziran 2016,Erişim Tarihi: 1 Ekim 2017,http://www.cingeneyiz.org/2016/06/salih-kocatepe- nazm-hikmet-rann.html.
  • Koçi Bey. Koçi Bey Risaleleri. 1. Basım, İstanbul: Kabalcı, 2008.
  • Koçu, Reşat Ekrem. “Cellâd, Cellâd Ocağı”. İstanbul Ansiklopedisi, Cild 6. İstanbul: İstanbul Ansiklopedisi ve Neşriyat Kolektif Şirketi, 1963.
  • Koçu, Reşat Ekrem. Tarihte İstanbul Esnafı. 1. Basım, İstanbul: Doğan Kitap, 2002.
  • Outsiders in Southwest Asia”. Customary Strangers: New Perspectives on Peripatetic Peoples in the
  • Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Der. Joseph C. Berland, Aparna Rao. Connecticut, Westport, London: Praeger, 2004, s. 269-298.
  • Rao, Aparna. “The Concept of Peripatetics: An Introduction”.The Other Nomads. Der Aparna Rao. 1. Baskı, Köln: Böhlau, 1987, 1-32.
  • Rashid, ArssanMussa.“The Role of the Shurta in EarlyIslam”. Edinburgh Üniversitesi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, 1983.
  • Ray, Pratapa Chandra. The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Anuçasana Parva, Cilt 8. Kalküta: Bharata Press, 1893.
  • Sakaoğlu, Necdet. Osmanlı Tarihi Sözlüğü Kavramlar, Kurumlar, Olaylar.1. Basım,Alfa Tarih, 2017.
  • Satyendra, Kush. Dictionary of Hindu Literature. 1. Baskı, Delhi: Ivy Publishing House, 2000.
  • Schacht, Joseph. “Pre-Islamic Background and Early Development of Jurisprudence”. Law in the Middle East, Origin and Development of Islamic Law, Cilt 1. Der. Majid Khadduri, Herbert J.Liebesny.2. Baskı, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, 2009, s. 28-56.
  • Schact, Joseph. An Introduction to IslamicLaw.1. Baskı, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
  • Seneviratne, Sudarsan. “The Mauryan State”. The Early State. Der. Henry Claessen, Peter Skalnik. 1. Basım, Paris, New York: Mouton Publishers, 1978, s. 381-402.
  • Sezen, Tahir. Osmanlı Yer Adları, 1. Baskı, Ankara, 2006.
  • Shatzmiller, Maya. Labour in Medieval Islamic World.1. Baskı, Leiden, New York, Köln: E. J. Brill, 1994.
  • Shaw, Stanford J. The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. 1. Baskı, Londra: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1991.
  • Simmel, Georg. Bireysellik ve Kültür. 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Metis, 2009.
  • Skene, Henry. “The Albanians”. Journal of the Ethnological Society, 2 (1850) s. 159-181.
  • Spierenburg, Pieter. The Spectacle of Suffering: Executions and the Evolution of Repression from a Pre-Industrial Metropolistothe European Experience. 1. Baskı, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
  • Staffa, Susan Jane. Conquest and Fusion The Social Evolution of Cairo A.D. 642-1850. 1. Baskı, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1977.
  • Stratilesco, Tereza. From Carpatian to Indus: Pictures of Roumenian Country Life. Boston: J. W. Luce, 1907.
  • Strickland, Rennard. Fireand the Spirits: Cherokee Law from Clan to Court. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1975.
  • Sykes, Mark. “The Kurdish Tribes of Ottoman Empire”. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 38 (1908): s. 451-486.
  • Şerifgil, Enver. “XVI. Yüzyılda Rumeli Eyaleti’ndeki Çingeneler”. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, 15 (1981): s. 117-144.
  • Thompson, George. Aiskhylos ve Atina. 1. Basım, İstanbul: Payel, 1990.
  • Trachtenberg, Joushua. The Devil and the Jews. 1. Baskı, Illinois: Varda Books, 2001.
  • Tyan, Emile. “Judicial Organization”. Law in the Middle East, Origin and Development of Islamic Law. Der. Majid Khadduri, Herbert J.Liebesny. Cilt 1,2. Baskı,New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, 2009, s. 236-278.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı. Osmanlı Devletinin Saray Teşkilatı. 4. Baskı, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2014.
  • Walsh, Robert. Narrative of a Journey from Constantinople to England.3. Baskı, London: Frederick Westleyand and A. H. Davis, 1828.
  • Weber, Max. “Class, Status, Party”. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Der. H. H. Gerth, C. Wright Mills.New York: Oxford University Press, 1946, s. 180-195.
  • Wilkinson, William. An Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldova. Londra: Longman.
  • Yılgür, Egemen. “Tarihsel Perspektiften Peripatetik ve Avcı-Toplayıcı Stratejilerin Geçişkenliği”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1, 1(2015): s. 213-233.
  • Yılgür, Egemen. Roman Tütün İşçileri. 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2016.
There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Egemen Yılgür

Publication Date April 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Issue: 15

Cite

APA Yılgür, E. (2017). Karşılaştırmalı Perspektiften Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Yabancı / Parya Cellatlar. MSGSÜ Sosyal Bilimler(15), 92-117.