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İstanbullu Yahudilerin Kolektif Travmatik Bellekteki Ses(sizlik)leri

Year 2018, Issue: 17, 148 - 163, 01.04.2018

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Cumhuriyetin inşası ile birlikte kendi kentlerinde azınlık-eşit vatandaş olma ikileminde kimliklerini yeniden inşa etmek zorunda kalan İstanbullu Yahudilerin kolektif travmatik belleğindeki travmalar, bu travmatik bellekte hangi anıların neden bastırıldığı, dilin neden sessizleştirildiği, kuşaklar arasında hangi anıların nasıl dillendirildiği, aktarıldığı ele alınacaktır. Bu çalışma İstanbul’da yaşayan farklı sosyal sınıftan, kuşaktan ve cinsiyetten 60 Yahudi ile yapılan sözlü tarih ve derinlemesine mülakat anlatılarını içeren geniş ölçekli bir saha çalışmasına dayanmaktadır. İlgili literatürdeki kolektif bellek, bellek-sonrası (postmemory), belleğin kuşaklar arası aktarımı, gibi kavramsallaştırmalar sahadan elde edilen niteliksel verileri analiz etmede birer analitik araç olarak kullanılacaktır

References

  • Aktar, A. (2012). Varlık Vergisi ve Türkleştirme Politikaları. 11. Bs. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Assman, J. (2010). Communicative and Cultural Memory. In J. Assman (Ed.), A Companion to
  • Cultural Memory Studies (pp.280-295). Germany: De Gruyter. Askénazi, L. (2005). L’identité d’un peuple. In L. Askénazi & M. Goldman (Eds.), La parole et l’écrit. Vol. 2: Penser la vie juive aujourd’hui (pp.141- 149). Paris: Albin Michel.
  • Aslanoğlu, A. M., Benlisoy, F., Rigas H. (2012). İstanbul Rumları Bugün ve Yarın. İstanbul: İstos.
  • Assan, V. (2017). The Transmission of the Jewish Past in France Through the Prism of Commu- nity Organizations. Springer Link, July 2017, Volume 37, No.2, 245-256.
  • Baer, M.D. (2010). The Dönme, Jewish Converts, Muslim Revolutionaries and Secular Turks. Ca- lifornia: Stanford University Press.
  • Bali, N. R. (2012). Varlık Vergisi Hatıralar-Tanıklıklar. İstanbul: Libra Yayınları.
  • Bali, N. R. (2005). Cumhuriyet Yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri: Bir Türkleştirme Serüveni (1923- ). 7. Bs. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Benbassa, E., Rodrigue A. (2010). Türkiye ve Balkan Yahudileri Tarihi (Çev. Ayşe Atasoy). 3. Bs.
  • İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Bergen, D. (2013). What Do Studies of Women, Gender, and Sexuality Contribute to Unders- tanding the Holocaust? In Goldenberg, M., Shapiro, A.H. (Ed.), Different Horrors, Same Hell: Gen- der and the Holocaust, (pp.30-31). USA: University of Washington Press
  • Bilal, Melissa (2014). Türkiyeli Ermenileri Hatırlamak. Bir Zamanlar Ermeniler Vardı (Der. Ab- dullah Onay). 4. Bs. İstanbul: Birikim Yayınları.
  • Bilal, Melissa (2004). Direnişin Şarkısı: Ondokuzuncu Yüzyılda Ermeni Ninileri, The Lost Lul- laby and Being an Armenian in Turkey. (Basılmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sos- yal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul).
  • Boyarin D., Boyarin, J. (1995). Diaspora and Jewish identity. In K. Appiah & H. Gates (Eds.)
  • Identities (pp. 305-337). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Brandes, S. (2004). Religion, ethnic identity, and the sense of belonging. Proceedings from Ins- titute for Advanced Studies 2004. Dynamic Jewish Belonging: Shifting Jewish Identities and Collec- tive Involvements in Comparative Perspective. Jerusalem: Hebrew University.
  • Brink-Danan, M. (2014). Yirmi Birinci Yüzyılda Türkiye’de Yahudiler, Hoşgörünün Öteki Yüzü
  • (Çev. Barış Cezar). İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları. Cohen, S.K. (2017). “Remembering For Us”: The Transgenerational Transmission of Holocaust
  • Memory and Commemoration. Holocaust Studies A Journal of Culture and History, Volume 13, No.2-3, 109-128. Cohen, E.H. (2009). The Jews of France at the turn of the third millennium: A sociological and cultural analysis. Jerusalem: Rappaport Center.
  • Corning, A., Schuman, H. (2015). Generations and Collective Memory. Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Demirel, I. (2010). Çanakkale Yahudi Cemaati ile Gayrimüslim Politikalarının İzinde (Yayımlan- mamış yüksek lisans tezi, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul).
  • Halbwachs, M. (1992). On Collective Memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Ekmekçioğlu, Lerna (2016). Recovering Armenia, The Limits of Belonging in Post-Genocide Tur- key. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Fass, P. (2011). Inheriting the Holocaust: A Second Generation Memoir. New Brunswick, NJ
  • Rutgers University Press. Hirsch, M. (2012). The Generation of Postmemory: Writing and Visual Culture After the Holoca- ust. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Kahen-Nissembaum, M. C. (2011). Exploring Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma in
  • Third Generation Holocaust Survivors. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania). Kaymak, Ö. (2017). İstanbul’da Az(ınlık) Olmak: Gündelik Hayatta Rumlar, Yahudiler, Ermeni- ler. İstanbul: Libra Yayınları.
  • Kaymak, Ö. (2016). İstanbul’da Rum, Yahudi ve Ermeni Cemaatlerinin Sosyo-Mekansal İnşası
  • (Yayınlanmış doktora tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Kamu Yönetimi ve Siyaset Bilimi, İstanbul). Kaymak, Ö., Beylunioğlu, A.M. (2017). An Analysis of National and Minority Identity Relati- onality: The Case of Antiochian Eastern Orthodox Community in Istanbul, Poligrafi, Islam and Democracy, Volume 85-86, No.22, 65-87.
  • Kopelowitz, E., Revivi, M. (Eds.). (2008). Building Jewish peoplehood: Challenges and possibi- lities. Brighton: Academic Studies Press.
  • Kunt, G. (2017). Mapping the Intergenerational Memory of the Holocaust in Hungarian
  • Bystander Families: The Case of Sacha Batthyány’s Identity Novel, Und was hat das mit mir zu tun? [‘And What Does That Have to Do With Me?’]. Hungarian Cultural Studies. e-Journal of the American Hungarian Educators Association, Volume 10 (2017) DOI: 10.5195/ahea.2017.279.
  • Levi, A. (2010). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde Yahudiler. 3. Bs. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Lev-Wiesel, R. (2007). Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma in Three Generations: A Pre- liminary Study. Qualitative Social Work Sage, Volume 6, Issue 1, 75-94.
  • Maksudyan, Nazan (2015). Üç kuşak üç katliam: 1894’den 1915’e Ermeni çocuklar ve yetimler.
  • Toplum ve Bilim, Sayı 132. Manoogian, M. M., Walker, A. J., Richards, L. N. (2007). Gender, Genocide and Ethnicity, The Legacies of Older Armenian American Mothers. Sage Journal of Family Issues, 28, no. 4, 567-589.
  • Marques, J., Paez D., Serra, A. F. (2008). Social Sharing, Emotional Climate, and the Trans- generational Transmission of Memories. In James W. Pennebaker & Dario Paez & Bernard Rime
  • (Eds.), Collective Memory of Political Events, Social Psychological Perspectives (pp.253-277). Ger- many: De Gruyter. Meseri, R., Kuryel A. (2017). Türkiye’de Yahudi Olmak Bir Deneyim Sözlüğü. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Mills, A. (2014). Hafızanın Sokakları İstanbul’da Peyzaj, Hoşgörü ve Ulusal Kimlik (Çev. Cem Soydemir). İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Neyzi, L. (2013). “Ben Kimim?” Türkiye’de Sözlü Tarih, Kimlik ve Öznellik. 5. Bs. İstanbul: İleti- şim Yayınları.
  • Neyzi, L. (2005). Strong as Steel Fragile As a Rose: A Turkish Jewish Witness to the Twentieth
  • Century. Jewish Social Studies 12, no.1, 167-189. Neyzi, L. (1999). İstanbul’da Hatırlamak ve Unutmak: birey, bellek ve aidiyet. İstanbul: Tarih
  • Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. Olick, J.K., Robbins, J. (1998). Social Memory Studies: From “Collective Memory” to the Histo- rical Sociology of Mnemonic Practices. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 105-140.
  • Özdoğan, G. G., Füsun Ü., Karin K., Ferhat K. (2009). Türkiye’de Ermeniler: Cemaat-Birey-Yurt- taş. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Prince, R.M. (1985). Second generation effects of historical trauma. Psychoanalytic Review, (1), 9-29.
  • Pennebaker, J. W., Banasik, B. L. (2008). On the Creation and Maintenance of Collective Me- mories: History as Social Psychology. In J. W. Pennebaker & D. Paez & B. Rime (Eds.), Collective
  • Memory of Political Events (pp. 17-25). New York, London: Psychology Press. Pickering, M., Keightly, E. (2012). Communities of Memory and the Problem of Transmission.
  • European Journal of Cultural Studies Sage, 16 (1), 115-131. Rittner, C., John K. R. (1993). Different Voices Women and the Holocaust. Minnesota: Paragon House.
  • Rosen, S. (1995). Jewish identity and identity development. New York: American Jewish Com- mittee.
  • Salzman, G., Salzman, A. L. (2011). Travels in Search of Turkey’s Jews. İstanbul: Libra Yayınla- rı.
  • Schachter, E., & Ventura, J. (2008). Identity agents: Parents as active and reactive participants in their children’s identity formation, Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18(3), 449-476.
  • Schuman, H., Scott, J. (1989). Generations and Collective Memories. American Sociological Review, 54, no. 3, 359-381.
  • Seeberg, M.L., Levin, I., Lenz, C. (2013). The Holocaust in the Active Memory, The Past in the Present. London, New York: Routledge.
  • Stone, C. B., Van Der Haegen, A., Luminet, O., Hirst, W. (2014). Personally relevant vs. natio- nally relevant memories: An intergenerational examination of World War 2 memories across and within Belgian French-speaking families. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 3, Issue 4, 280-286.
  • Sucuyan, T. (2015). Dört Nesil: Kurtarılamayan Son. Toplum ve Bilim, Sayı 132, 132-150.
  • Türker, N. (2015). Vatanım Yok Memleketim Var, İstanbul Rumları: Mekan-Bellek-Ritüel. İstan- bul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Waxman, C. (2008). Jewish identity and identification of America’s young Jews. In R. Tal & B.
  • Geltman (Eds.), Facing Tomorrow: The Israeli Presidential Conference, (pp. 173-178). Jerusalem: Jewish People Policy Planning Institute. Yumul, A. (2006). Azınlık mı Vatandaş mı? A. Kaya, T. Tarhanlı (Ed.), Türkiye’de Çoğunluk ve Azınlık Politikaları içinde (s.103-112). İstanbul: TESEV.

Voices-Silence of Istanbul Jews in The Col- lective Traumatic Memory

Year 2018, Issue: 17, 148 - 163, 01.04.2018

Abstract

This study explores the intergenerational transmission of traumatic collective memory among Istanbul Jews and examines why certain memories are suppressed or silenced, and analyzes the strategies used in the intergenerational transmission of this collective memory. It is based on 60 in-depth oral historical interviews with members of the Istanbul Jewish community from different generations, socio-economic profiles and gender. Relevant literature, on collective memory, postmemory, intergenerational transmission of memory have been utilized as analytical tools to analyze the qualitative data

References

  • Aktar, A. (2012). Varlık Vergisi ve Türkleştirme Politikaları. 11. Bs. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Assman, J. (2010). Communicative and Cultural Memory. In J. Assman (Ed.), A Companion to
  • Cultural Memory Studies (pp.280-295). Germany: De Gruyter. Askénazi, L. (2005). L’identité d’un peuple. In L. Askénazi & M. Goldman (Eds.), La parole et l’écrit. Vol. 2: Penser la vie juive aujourd’hui (pp.141- 149). Paris: Albin Michel.
  • Aslanoğlu, A. M., Benlisoy, F., Rigas H. (2012). İstanbul Rumları Bugün ve Yarın. İstanbul: İstos.
  • Assan, V. (2017). The Transmission of the Jewish Past in France Through the Prism of Commu- nity Organizations. Springer Link, July 2017, Volume 37, No.2, 245-256.
  • Baer, M.D. (2010). The Dönme, Jewish Converts, Muslim Revolutionaries and Secular Turks. Ca- lifornia: Stanford University Press.
  • Bali, N. R. (2012). Varlık Vergisi Hatıralar-Tanıklıklar. İstanbul: Libra Yayınları.
  • Bali, N. R. (2005). Cumhuriyet Yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri: Bir Türkleştirme Serüveni (1923- ). 7. Bs. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Benbassa, E., Rodrigue A. (2010). Türkiye ve Balkan Yahudileri Tarihi (Çev. Ayşe Atasoy). 3. Bs.
  • İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Bergen, D. (2013). What Do Studies of Women, Gender, and Sexuality Contribute to Unders- tanding the Holocaust? In Goldenberg, M., Shapiro, A.H. (Ed.), Different Horrors, Same Hell: Gen- der and the Holocaust, (pp.30-31). USA: University of Washington Press
  • Bilal, Melissa (2014). Türkiyeli Ermenileri Hatırlamak. Bir Zamanlar Ermeniler Vardı (Der. Ab- dullah Onay). 4. Bs. İstanbul: Birikim Yayınları.
  • Bilal, Melissa (2004). Direnişin Şarkısı: Ondokuzuncu Yüzyılda Ermeni Ninileri, The Lost Lul- laby and Being an Armenian in Turkey. (Basılmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sos- yal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul).
  • Boyarin D., Boyarin, J. (1995). Diaspora and Jewish identity. In K. Appiah & H. Gates (Eds.)
  • Identities (pp. 305-337). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Brandes, S. (2004). Religion, ethnic identity, and the sense of belonging. Proceedings from Ins- titute for Advanced Studies 2004. Dynamic Jewish Belonging: Shifting Jewish Identities and Collec- tive Involvements in Comparative Perspective. Jerusalem: Hebrew University.
  • Brink-Danan, M. (2014). Yirmi Birinci Yüzyılda Türkiye’de Yahudiler, Hoşgörünün Öteki Yüzü
  • (Çev. Barış Cezar). İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları. Cohen, S.K. (2017). “Remembering For Us”: The Transgenerational Transmission of Holocaust
  • Memory and Commemoration. Holocaust Studies A Journal of Culture and History, Volume 13, No.2-3, 109-128. Cohen, E.H. (2009). The Jews of France at the turn of the third millennium: A sociological and cultural analysis. Jerusalem: Rappaport Center.
  • Corning, A., Schuman, H. (2015). Generations and Collective Memory. Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Demirel, I. (2010). Çanakkale Yahudi Cemaati ile Gayrimüslim Politikalarının İzinde (Yayımlan- mamış yüksek lisans tezi, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul).
  • Halbwachs, M. (1992). On Collective Memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Ekmekçioğlu, Lerna (2016). Recovering Armenia, The Limits of Belonging in Post-Genocide Tur- key. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Fass, P. (2011). Inheriting the Holocaust: A Second Generation Memoir. New Brunswick, NJ
  • Rutgers University Press. Hirsch, M. (2012). The Generation of Postmemory: Writing and Visual Culture After the Holoca- ust. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Kahen-Nissembaum, M. C. (2011). Exploring Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma in
  • Third Generation Holocaust Survivors. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania). Kaymak, Ö. (2017). İstanbul’da Az(ınlık) Olmak: Gündelik Hayatta Rumlar, Yahudiler, Ermeni- ler. İstanbul: Libra Yayınları.
  • Kaymak, Ö. (2016). İstanbul’da Rum, Yahudi ve Ermeni Cemaatlerinin Sosyo-Mekansal İnşası
  • (Yayınlanmış doktora tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Kamu Yönetimi ve Siyaset Bilimi, İstanbul). Kaymak, Ö., Beylunioğlu, A.M. (2017). An Analysis of National and Minority Identity Relati- onality: The Case of Antiochian Eastern Orthodox Community in Istanbul, Poligrafi, Islam and Democracy, Volume 85-86, No.22, 65-87.
  • Kopelowitz, E., Revivi, M. (Eds.). (2008). Building Jewish peoplehood: Challenges and possibi- lities. Brighton: Academic Studies Press.
  • Kunt, G. (2017). Mapping the Intergenerational Memory of the Holocaust in Hungarian
  • Bystander Families: The Case of Sacha Batthyány’s Identity Novel, Und was hat das mit mir zu tun? [‘And What Does That Have to Do With Me?’]. Hungarian Cultural Studies. e-Journal of the American Hungarian Educators Association, Volume 10 (2017) DOI: 10.5195/ahea.2017.279.
  • Levi, A. (2010). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde Yahudiler. 3. Bs. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Lev-Wiesel, R. (2007). Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma in Three Generations: A Pre- liminary Study. Qualitative Social Work Sage, Volume 6, Issue 1, 75-94.
  • Maksudyan, Nazan (2015). Üç kuşak üç katliam: 1894’den 1915’e Ermeni çocuklar ve yetimler.
  • Toplum ve Bilim, Sayı 132. Manoogian, M. M., Walker, A. J., Richards, L. N. (2007). Gender, Genocide and Ethnicity, The Legacies of Older Armenian American Mothers. Sage Journal of Family Issues, 28, no. 4, 567-589.
  • Marques, J., Paez D., Serra, A. F. (2008). Social Sharing, Emotional Climate, and the Trans- generational Transmission of Memories. In James W. Pennebaker & Dario Paez & Bernard Rime
  • (Eds.), Collective Memory of Political Events, Social Psychological Perspectives (pp.253-277). Ger- many: De Gruyter. Meseri, R., Kuryel A. (2017). Türkiye’de Yahudi Olmak Bir Deneyim Sözlüğü. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Mills, A. (2014). Hafızanın Sokakları İstanbul’da Peyzaj, Hoşgörü ve Ulusal Kimlik (Çev. Cem Soydemir). İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Neyzi, L. (2013). “Ben Kimim?” Türkiye’de Sözlü Tarih, Kimlik ve Öznellik. 5. Bs. İstanbul: İleti- şim Yayınları.
  • Neyzi, L. (2005). Strong as Steel Fragile As a Rose: A Turkish Jewish Witness to the Twentieth
  • Century. Jewish Social Studies 12, no.1, 167-189. Neyzi, L. (1999). İstanbul’da Hatırlamak ve Unutmak: birey, bellek ve aidiyet. İstanbul: Tarih
  • Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. Olick, J.K., Robbins, J. (1998). Social Memory Studies: From “Collective Memory” to the Histo- rical Sociology of Mnemonic Practices. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 105-140.
  • Özdoğan, G. G., Füsun Ü., Karin K., Ferhat K. (2009). Türkiye’de Ermeniler: Cemaat-Birey-Yurt- taş. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Prince, R.M. (1985). Second generation effects of historical trauma. Psychoanalytic Review, (1), 9-29.
  • Pennebaker, J. W., Banasik, B. L. (2008). On the Creation and Maintenance of Collective Me- mories: History as Social Psychology. In J. W. Pennebaker & D. Paez & B. Rime (Eds.), Collective
  • Memory of Political Events (pp. 17-25). New York, London: Psychology Press. Pickering, M., Keightly, E. (2012). Communities of Memory and the Problem of Transmission.
  • European Journal of Cultural Studies Sage, 16 (1), 115-131. Rittner, C., John K. R. (1993). Different Voices Women and the Holocaust. Minnesota: Paragon House.
  • Rosen, S. (1995). Jewish identity and identity development. New York: American Jewish Com- mittee.
  • Salzman, G., Salzman, A. L. (2011). Travels in Search of Turkey’s Jews. İstanbul: Libra Yayınla- rı.
  • Schachter, E., & Ventura, J. (2008). Identity agents: Parents as active and reactive participants in their children’s identity formation, Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18(3), 449-476.
  • Schuman, H., Scott, J. (1989). Generations and Collective Memories. American Sociological Review, 54, no. 3, 359-381.
  • Seeberg, M.L., Levin, I., Lenz, C. (2013). The Holocaust in the Active Memory, The Past in the Present. London, New York: Routledge.
  • Stone, C. B., Van Der Haegen, A., Luminet, O., Hirst, W. (2014). Personally relevant vs. natio- nally relevant memories: An intergenerational examination of World War 2 memories across and within Belgian French-speaking families. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 3, Issue 4, 280-286.
  • Sucuyan, T. (2015). Dört Nesil: Kurtarılamayan Son. Toplum ve Bilim, Sayı 132, 132-150.
  • Türker, N. (2015). Vatanım Yok Memleketim Var, İstanbul Rumları: Mekan-Bellek-Ritüel. İstan- bul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Waxman, C. (2008). Jewish identity and identification of America’s young Jews. In R. Tal & B.
  • Geltman (Eds.), Facing Tomorrow: The Israeli Presidential Conference, (pp. 173-178). Jerusalem: Jewish People Policy Planning Institute. Yumul, A. (2006). Azınlık mı Vatandaş mı? A. Kaya, T. Tarhanlı (Ed.), Türkiye’de Çoğunluk ve Azınlık Politikaları içinde (s.103-112). İstanbul: TESEV.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Özgür Kaymak

Publication Date April 1, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Issue: 17

Cite

APA Kaymak, Ö. (2018). İstanbullu Yahudilerin Kolektif Travmatik Bellekteki Ses(sizlik)leri. MSGSÜ Sosyal Bilimler(17), 148-163.