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Gut microbiata: underestimated or exaggerated?

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 30 - 35, 31.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.33204/mucosa.476149

Abstract

Human gastrointestinal
tract contains a large diversity of commensal microorganisms, which is many
times more than the human living cells. In the last decade, we had enormous
number of research on the association with diseases and gut microbiota
composition. There is a clear increase in the number of pathological conditions
associated with dysbiosis in time. Also, the range of diseases are increased
and distributed to many disciplines, non-gastrointestinal diseases are also
increasingly reported.  Gut microbiota
has multiple functions and new applications for diagnosis and therapeutics of
diseases. Probiotics are widely used in health and disease states. Probably
further high quality scientific research will determine the exact place of
microbiota and probiotics in human health in the future.

References

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  • 2. Tanaka S, Kobayashi T, Songjinda P, Tateyama A, Tsubouchi M, Kiyohara C, Shirakawa T, Sonomoto K, Nakayama J. Influence of antibiotic exposure in the early postnatal period on the development of intestinal microbiota. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2009;56:80–7.
  • 3. Salminen S, Gibson GR, McCartney AL, Isolauri E. Influence of mode of delivery on gut microbiota composition in seven year old children. Gut. 2004;53:1388–9.
  • 4. Makino H, Kushiro A, Ishikawa E, Kubota H, Gawad A, Sakai T, Oishi K, Martin R, Ben-Amor K, Knol J, Tanaka R. Mother-to-infant transmission of intestinal bifidobacterial strains has an impact on the early development of vaginally delivered infant’s microbiota. PLoS One 2013;8:e78331.
  • 5. Munyaka PM, Khafipour E, Ghia JE. External influence of early childhood establishment of gut microbiota and subsequent health implications. Front Pediatr 2014;2:109.
  • 6. Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Revised Estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS Biol 2016; 14: 8: e1002533.
  • 7. Flint HJ, Scott KP, Louis P, Duncan SH. The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;9:577–589.
  • 8. Oleskin AV, Shenderov BA . Neuromodulatory effects and targets of the SCFAs and gasotransmitters produced by the human symbiotic microbiota. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2016; 27:30971.
  • 9. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization. Evaluation of health and nutritional properties of powder milk and live lactic acid bacteria. Geneva, Switz: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization Expert Consultation Report; 2001. [cited 2005 September 13].
  • 10. Guarner F, Khan AG, Garisch J, Eliakim R, Gangl A, Thomson A, Krabshuis J, Lemair T, Kaufmann P, de Paula JA, Fedorak R, Shanahan F, Sanders ME, Szajewska H, Ramakrishna BS, Karakan T, Kim N; World Gastroenterology Organization. World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines: probiotics and prebiotics October 2011. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 Jul;46:468-81.
  • 11. Grossi E, Buresta R, Abbiati R, Cerutti R, Pro-DIA study group. Clinical trial on the efficacy of a new symbiotic formulation, Flortec, in patients with acute diarrhea: a multicenter, randomized study in primary care. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010 Sep;44 Suppl 1:S35–41.
  • 12. Allen SJ, Martinez EG, Gregorio GV, Dans LF. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(11):CD003048.
  • 13. Höchter W, Hagenhoff G. (Saccharomyces boulardii in acute adult diarrhea: efficacy and tolerability of treatment.). Munch Med Wochenschr. 1990;(132):188–192.
  • 14. Hempel S, Newberry SJ, Maher AR, Wang Z, Miles JNV, Shanman R, et al. Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta- analysis. JAMA. 2012 May 9;307(18):1959–69.
  • 15. Szajewska H, Kołodziej M. Systematic review with meta-analysis: Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Oct;42(7):793–801.
  • 16. Cimperman L, Bayless G, Best K, Diligente A, Mordarski B, Oster M, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized adults. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 Oct;45(9):785–9.
  • 17. Ouwehand AC, DongLian C, Weijian X, Stewart M, Ni J, Stewart T, et al. Probiotics reduce symptoms of antibiotic use in a hospital setting: a randomized dose response study. Vaccine. 2014 Jan 16;32(4):458–63.
  • 18. Koning CJM, Jonkers DMAE, Stobberingh EE, Mulder L, Rombouts FM, Stockbrügger RW. The effect of a multispecies probiotic on the intestinal microbiota and bowel movements in healthy volunteers taking the antibiotic amoxycillin. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jan;103(1):178–89.
  • 19. Johnson S, Maziade P-J, McFarland LV, Trick W, Donskey C, Currie B, et al. Is primary prevention of Clostridium difficile infection possible with specific probiotics? Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 2012 Nov;16(11):e786-792.
  • 20. Goldenberg JZ, Ma SSY, Saxton JD, Martzen MR, Vandvik PO, Thorlund K, et al. Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;5:CD006095.
  • 21. Lahtinen SJ, Forssten S, Aakko J, Granlund L, Rautonen N, Salminen S, et al. Probiotic cheese containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM® modifies subpopulations of fecal lactobacilli and Clostridium difficile in the elderly. Age Dordr Neth. 2012 Feb;34(1):133–43.
  • 22. Plummer S, Weaver MA, Harris JC, Dee P, Hunter J. Clostridium difficile pilot study: effects of probiotic supplementation on the incidence of C. difficile diarrhoea. Int Microbiol Off J Span Soc Microbiol. 2004 Mar;7(1):59–62.
  • 23. Lewis S, Burmeister S, Brazier J. Effect of the prebiotic oligofructose on relapse of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a randomized, controlled study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc. 2005 May;3(5):442–8.
  • 24. Hauser G, Salkic N, Vukelic K, JajacKnez A, Stimac D. Probiotics for standard triple Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 May;94(17):e685.
  • 25. Ojetti V, Bruno G, Ainora ME, Gigante G, Rizzo G, Roccarina D, et al. Impact of Lactobacillus reuteri Supplementation on Anti-Helicobacter pylori Levofloxacin-Based Second-Line Therapy. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2012;2012:740381.
  • 26. Manfredi M, Bizzarri B, Sacchero RI, Maccari S, Calabrese L, Fabbian F, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in clinical practice: probiotics and a combination of probiotics + lactoferrin improve compliance, but not eradication, in sequential therapy. Helicobacter. 2012 Aug;17(4):254–63.
  • 27. Du Y-Q, Su T, Fan J-G, Lu Y-X, Zheng P, Li X-H, et al. Adjuvant probiotics improve the eradication effect of triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Nov 21;18(43):6302–7.
  • 28. Bekar O, Yilmaz Y, Gulten M. Kefir improves the efficacy and tolerability of triple therapy in eradicating Helicobacter pylori. J Med Food. 2011 Apr;14(4):344–7.
  • 29. Tong JL, Ran ZH, Shen J, Zhang CX, Xiao SD. Meta-analysis: the effect of supplementation with probiotics on eradication rates and adverse events during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Jan 15;25(2):155–68.
  • 30. Francavilla R, Polimeno L, Demichina A, Maurogiovanni G, Principi B, Scaccianoce G, et al. Lactobacillus reuteri strain combination in Helicobacter pylori infection: a randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun;48(5):407–13.
  • 31. Emara MH, Mohamed SY, Abdel-Aziz HR. Lactobacillus reuteri in management of Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic patients: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Ther Adv Gastroenterol. 2014 Jan;7(1):4–13.
  • 32. Gluud LL, Vilstrup H, Morgan MY. Non-absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 6;5:CD003044.
  • 33. Lunia MK, Sharma BC, Sharma P, Sachdeva S, Srivastava S. Probiotics prevent hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc. 2014 Jun;12(6):1003–1008.e1.
  • 34. Agrawal A, Sharma BC, Sharma P, Sarin SK. Secondary prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis: an open-label, randomized controlled trial of lactulose, probiotics, and no therapy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 Jul;107(7):1043–50.
  • 35. Zhao L-N, Yu T, Lan S-Y, Hou J-T, Zhang Z-Z, Wang S-S, et al. Probiotics can improve the clinical outcomes of hepatic encephalopathy: An update meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2015 Dec;39(6):674–82.
  • 36. Shukla S, Shukla A, Mehboob S, Guha S. Meta-analysis: the effects of gut flora modulation using prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics on minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Mar;33(6):662–71.
  • 37. Nabavi S, Rafraf M, Somi MH, Homayouni-Rad A, Asghari-Jafarabadi M. Effects of probiotic yogurt consumption on metabolic factors in individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Dairy Sci. 2014 Dec;97(12):7386–93.
  • 38. Eslamparast T, Poustchi H, Zamani F, Sharafkhah M, Malekzadeh R, Hekmatdoost A. Synbiotic supplementation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled pilot study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Mar;99(3):535–42.
  • 39. Shavakhi A, Minakari M, Firouzian H, Assali R, Hekmatdoost A, Ferns G. Effect of a Probiotic and Metformin on Liver Aminotransferases in Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Prev Med. 2013 May;4(5):531–7.
  • 40. Aller R, De Luis DA, Izaola O, Conde R, Gonzalez Sagrado M, Primo D, et al. Effect of a probiotic on liver aminotransferases in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients: a double blind randomized clinical trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2011 Sep;15(9):1090–5.
  • 41. Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Antic T, Giordano M, Chisari G, Acquaviva R, et al. Bifidobacterium longum with fructo-oligosaccharides in patients with non alcoholic steatohepatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2012 Feb;57(2):545–53.h fructo-oligosaccharides in patients with non alcoholic steatohepatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2012 Feb;57(2):545–53.
  • 42. Guglielmetti S, Mora D, Gschwender M, Popp K. Randomised clinical trial: Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb75 significantly alleviates irritable bowel syndrome and improves quality of life-- a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 May;33(10):1123–32.
  • 43. Ducrotté P, Sawant P, Jayanthi V. Clinical trial: Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (DSM 9843) improves symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Aug 14;18(30):4012–8.
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  • 53. Sinn DH, Song JH, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Son HJ, Chang DK, et al. Therapeutic effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus-SDC 2012, 2013 in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 2008 Oct;53(10):2714–8.
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Bağırsak mikrobiyotası: küçümsenmiş mi, abartılı mı?

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 30 - 35, 31.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.33204/mucosa.476149

Abstract

İnsan gastrointestinal
sistemi, tüm insan hücrelerinee göre çok daha fazla sayıda ve büyük bir
çeşitlilikteki komensal mikroorganizmaları içerir. Son on yılda, bağırsak
mikrobiyotasının içeriği ve hastalıkların ilişkisi üzerine çok fazla sayıda araştırma
yaptık. Zaman içinde disbiyoz ile ilişkili patolojik durumların sayısında
belirgin bir artış olmuştur. Ayrıca, bu hastalıkların yelpazesi daha da
genişlemiş ve birçok disipline dağılmıştır. Gastrointestinal hastalıklar
dışındakiler giderek daha fazla rapor edilir olmuştur. Bağırsak mikrobiyatası
birçok fonksiyona sahip olmanın yanında hastalıkların tanı ve tedavisi için da
birçok yeni uygulamaya sahiptir. Probiyotikler, hastalık ve sağlıkta yaygın
olarak kullanılmaktadır. Yüksek kaliteli bilimsel araştırmalar, gelecekte,
mikrobiyota ve probiyotiklerin insan sağlığı üzerindeki gerçek yerini
belirleyecektir.

References

  • 1. Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Fierer N, Knight R. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:11971–5.
  • 2. Tanaka S, Kobayashi T, Songjinda P, Tateyama A, Tsubouchi M, Kiyohara C, Shirakawa T, Sonomoto K, Nakayama J. Influence of antibiotic exposure in the early postnatal period on the development of intestinal microbiota. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2009;56:80–7.
  • 3. Salminen S, Gibson GR, McCartney AL, Isolauri E. Influence of mode of delivery on gut microbiota composition in seven year old children. Gut. 2004;53:1388–9.
  • 4. Makino H, Kushiro A, Ishikawa E, Kubota H, Gawad A, Sakai T, Oishi K, Martin R, Ben-Amor K, Knol J, Tanaka R. Mother-to-infant transmission of intestinal bifidobacterial strains has an impact on the early development of vaginally delivered infant’s microbiota. PLoS One 2013;8:e78331.
  • 5. Munyaka PM, Khafipour E, Ghia JE. External influence of early childhood establishment of gut microbiota and subsequent health implications. Front Pediatr 2014;2:109.
  • 6. Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Revised Estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS Biol 2016; 14: 8: e1002533.
  • 7. Flint HJ, Scott KP, Louis P, Duncan SH. The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;9:577–589.
  • 8. Oleskin AV, Shenderov BA . Neuromodulatory effects and targets of the SCFAs and gasotransmitters produced by the human symbiotic microbiota. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2016; 27:30971.
  • 9. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization. Evaluation of health and nutritional properties of powder milk and live lactic acid bacteria. Geneva, Switz: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization Expert Consultation Report; 2001. [cited 2005 September 13].
  • 10. Guarner F, Khan AG, Garisch J, Eliakim R, Gangl A, Thomson A, Krabshuis J, Lemair T, Kaufmann P, de Paula JA, Fedorak R, Shanahan F, Sanders ME, Szajewska H, Ramakrishna BS, Karakan T, Kim N; World Gastroenterology Organization. World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines: probiotics and prebiotics October 2011. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 Jul;46:468-81.
  • 11. Grossi E, Buresta R, Abbiati R, Cerutti R, Pro-DIA study group. Clinical trial on the efficacy of a new symbiotic formulation, Flortec, in patients with acute diarrhea: a multicenter, randomized study in primary care. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010 Sep;44 Suppl 1:S35–41.
  • 12. Allen SJ, Martinez EG, Gregorio GV, Dans LF. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(11):CD003048.
  • 13. Höchter W, Hagenhoff G. (Saccharomyces boulardii in acute adult diarrhea: efficacy and tolerability of treatment.). Munch Med Wochenschr. 1990;(132):188–192.
  • 14. Hempel S, Newberry SJ, Maher AR, Wang Z, Miles JNV, Shanman R, et al. Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta- analysis. JAMA. 2012 May 9;307(18):1959–69.
  • 15. Szajewska H, Kołodziej M. Systematic review with meta-analysis: Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Oct;42(7):793–801.
  • 16. Cimperman L, Bayless G, Best K, Diligente A, Mordarski B, Oster M, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized adults. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 Oct;45(9):785–9.
  • 17. Ouwehand AC, DongLian C, Weijian X, Stewart M, Ni J, Stewart T, et al. Probiotics reduce symptoms of antibiotic use in a hospital setting: a randomized dose response study. Vaccine. 2014 Jan 16;32(4):458–63.
  • 18. Koning CJM, Jonkers DMAE, Stobberingh EE, Mulder L, Rombouts FM, Stockbrügger RW. The effect of a multispecies probiotic on the intestinal microbiota and bowel movements in healthy volunteers taking the antibiotic amoxycillin. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jan;103(1):178–89.
  • 19. Johnson S, Maziade P-J, McFarland LV, Trick W, Donskey C, Currie B, et al. Is primary prevention of Clostridium difficile infection possible with specific probiotics? Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 2012 Nov;16(11):e786-792.
  • 20. Goldenberg JZ, Ma SSY, Saxton JD, Martzen MR, Vandvik PO, Thorlund K, et al. Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;5:CD006095.
  • 21. Lahtinen SJ, Forssten S, Aakko J, Granlund L, Rautonen N, Salminen S, et al. Probiotic cheese containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM® modifies subpopulations of fecal lactobacilli and Clostridium difficile in the elderly. Age Dordr Neth. 2012 Feb;34(1):133–43.
  • 22. Plummer S, Weaver MA, Harris JC, Dee P, Hunter J. Clostridium difficile pilot study: effects of probiotic supplementation on the incidence of C. difficile diarrhoea. Int Microbiol Off J Span Soc Microbiol. 2004 Mar;7(1):59–62.
  • 23. Lewis S, Burmeister S, Brazier J. Effect of the prebiotic oligofructose on relapse of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a randomized, controlled study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc. 2005 May;3(5):442–8.
  • 24. Hauser G, Salkic N, Vukelic K, JajacKnez A, Stimac D. Probiotics for standard triple Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 May;94(17):e685.
  • 25. Ojetti V, Bruno G, Ainora ME, Gigante G, Rizzo G, Roccarina D, et al. Impact of Lactobacillus reuteri Supplementation on Anti-Helicobacter pylori Levofloxacin-Based Second-Line Therapy. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2012;2012:740381.
  • 26. Manfredi M, Bizzarri B, Sacchero RI, Maccari S, Calabrese L, Fabbian F, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in clinical practice: probiotics and a combination of probiotics + lactoferrin improve compliance, but not eradication, in sequential therapy. Helicobacter. 2012 Aug;17(4):254–63.
  • 27. Du Y-Q, Su T, Fan J-G, Lu Y-X, Zheng P, Li X-H, et al. Adjuvant probiotics improve the eradication effect of triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Nov 21;18(43):6302–7.
  • 28. Bekar O, Yilmaz Y, Gulten M. Kefir improves the efficacy and tolerability of triple therapy in eradicating Helicobacter pylori. J Med Food. 2011 Apr;14(4):344–7.
  • 29. Tong JL, Ran ZH, Shen J, Zhang CX, Xiao SD. Meta-analysis: the effect of supplementation with probiotics on eradication rates and adverse events during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Jan 15;25(2):155–68.
  • 30. Francavilla R, Polimeno L, Demichina A, Maurogiovanni G, Principi B, Scaccianoce G, et al. Lactobacillus reuteri strain combination in Helicobacter pylori infection: a randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun;48(5):407–13.
  • 31. Emara MH, Mohamed SY, Abdel-Aziz HR. Lactobacillus reuteri in management of Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic patients: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Ther Adv Gastroenterol. 2014 Jan;7(1):4–13.
  • 32. Gluud LL, Vilstrup H, Morgan MY. Non-absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 6;5:CD003044.
  • 33. Lunia MK, Sharma BC, Sharma P, Sachdeva S, Srivastava S. Probiotics prevent hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc. 2014 Jun;12(6):1003–1008.e1.
  • 34. Agrawal A, Sharma BC, Sharma P, Sarin SK. Secondary prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis: an open-label, randomized controlled trial of lactulose, probiotics, and no therapy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 Jul;107(7):1043–50.
  • 35. Zhao L-N, Yu T, Lan S-Y, Hou J-T, Zhang Z-Z, Wang S-S, et al. Probiotics can improve the clinical outcomes of hepatic encephalopathy: An update meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2015 Dec;39(6):674–82.
  • 36. Shukla S, Shukla A, Mehboob S, Guha S. Meta-analysis: the effects of gut flora modulation using prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics on minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Mar;33(6):662–71.
  • 37. Nabavi S, Rafraf M, Somi MH, Homayouni-Rad A, Asghari-Jafarabadi M. Effects of probiotic yogurt consumption on metabolic factors in individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Dairy Sci. 2014 Dec;97(12):7386–93.
  • 38. Eslamparast T, Poustchi H, Zamani F, Sharafkhah M, Malekzadeh R, Hekmatdoost A. Synbiotic supplementation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled pilot study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Mar;99(3):535–42.
  • 39. Shavakhi A, Minakari M, Firouzian H, Assali R, Hekmatdoost A, Ferns G. Effect of a Probiotic and Metformin on Liver Aminotransferases in Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Prev Med. 2013 May;4(5):531–7.
  • 40. Aller R, De Luis DA, Izaola O, Conde R, Gonzalez Sagrado M, Primo D, et al. Effect of a probiotic on liver aminotransferases in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients: a double blind randomized clinical trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2011 Sep;15(9):1090–5.
  • 41. Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Antic T, Giordano M, Chisari G, Acquaviva R, et al. Bifidobacterium longum with fructo-oligosaccharides in patients with non alcoholic steatohepatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2012 Feb;57(2):545–53.h fructo-oligosaccharides in patients with non alcoholic steatohepatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2012 Feb;57(2):545–53.
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There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Tarkan Karakan

Publication Date October 31, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Karakan T. Gut microbiata: underestimated or exaggerated?. Mucosa. 2018;1(2):30-5.