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Orta Doğu Muhasebe Tarihinin Aşamaları

Year 2024, Issue: 26, 1 - 22, 29.01.2024

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Ortadoğu'da muhasebe uygulamalarının tarihsel gelişimini belirgin aşamalara ayırarak incelemektedir. Çalışma, eski Mısır'da MÖ 3050’den MÖ 30’a kadar uzanan erken tarımsal envanter kayıtlarıyla başlamaktadır. İkinci aşamada, Mezopotamya'daki Asurlular ile Anadolu'daki Hititler arasındaki ticari etkileşimleri belgeleyen, kil tabletlere işlenmiş çivi yazılı ilk muhasebe kayıtları, MÖ 2000 ile MÖ 1700 arasında ele alınmaktadır. Sonraki aşama, Abbasi Halifeliği (MS 750 – MS 1258), İlhanlı Devleti (MS 1256 – MS 1353) ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu (MS 1299 – MS 1922) dönemini kapsamaktadır. 1850'lerde, Batı Avrupa’nın muhasebe düşüncesinin Osmanlı üzerinde etkileri ve çift taraflı defter tutma sisteminin benimsenmesiyle dikkate değer bir değişim yaşanmıştır. Araştırma, Akdeniz ve İpek Yolu ticaret ağlarının, Batı etkileşimleriyle birleşerek Ortadoğu muhasebe kültürünün şekillenmesinde belirleyici bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir. Ancak, MS 750 sonrası İslam'ın etkisi ve devletçi bir bakış açısı, bu dış etkileri birkaç yüzyıl boyunca dengelemiştir.

References

  • Prime Ministry of Turkey, Ottoman Archives, Duit 37-/7-2/6; Duit 37-2/7-2/2 and 37/-2/7-2/4.
  • Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives, MAD 22249. p. 249-256
  • Alp, S. (2011). Hititler Çağında Anadolu [Anatolia during the age of the Hittites] (pp. 45-46). Ankara.
  • Bilgiç, E., Sever, H., Günbattı, C., & Bayram, S. (1990). Ankara Kültepe Tabletleri [Ankara Kültepe Tablets]. Ankara: Turkish History Foundation Publications.
  • Borchardt, L. (1987). Ein Rechnungsbuck das Königlichen Hofes Ausdem alten Reich Aegytaca Fest Schrift Für George Ebers zum. Leipzig. (by Yaroslav Sokolov, St. Petersburg University)
  • Davison, R. (1960). Where is the Middle East. Foreign Affairs, 667-667.
  • Elitaş, C., Güvemli, O., Aydemir, O., Erkan, M., Özcan, U., & Oğuz, M. (2008). Accounting Method Used by Ottoman for 500 Years: Stairs (Merdiban) Method. Ankara: Turkish Republic Ministry of Finance Strategy Development Unit.
  • Ergin, O. (1977). Türkiye Maarif Tarihi [Turkish Education History] (pp. 1131-1140). Istanbul.
  • Gruffith, F. (1891). The Account Papyrus. (by Yaroslav Sokolov, St. Petersburg University).
  • Güvemli B. (2015). “Initial Stage of the Merdiban Method: Renewed Examination of an Early Practice”, Accounting and Financial History Research Journal, 158-178, No.8, January.
  • Güvemli, B. (2011). Development of the Merdiban Method in the Ilkhanate State (1251 – 1353 AD) and its Transition to the Ottoman State Accountancy. De Computis: Spanish Journal of Accounting History, (14), 79-98.
  • Güvemli, B., & Güvemli, O. (2013). “Türk Muhasebe Düşüncesinde Klasik Dönem ve Çağdaşlaşma Dönemi” (Classical and Modernization Periods of Turkish Accounting Thought), Türk Muhasebe ve Denetim Düşüncesinin Son 150 Yılı 1850 – 2012 (The Last 150 Years of Turkish Accounting and Auditing Thought), Editor: Oktay Güvemli. 375-394. İstanbul.
  • Güvemli, O. (2000). Türk Devletleri Muhasebe Tarihi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğuna Kadar [Accounting History of Turkish States, Until the Ottoman Empire] (2nd ed., pp. 110-119). Istanbul.
  • Güvemli, O., & Güvemli, B. (2015). “Türk Ticaret Kanunları’nın Türk Muhasebe Düşüncesinin Gelişmesindeki Etkileri” (Affects of Turkish Commercial Codes in the Development of Turkish Accounting Thought), Accounting and Financial History Research Journal, 26-50, No.8, January.
  • Güvemli, O., Toraman, C. and Güvemli, B. (2015). State Accounting in the Ottoman Empire: Anatolian Accounting Culture. (pp. 21-215, 217-349). Ankara.
  • Kaya, M. (2014). Türkiye Tarihi ve Uygarlıkları [Turkish History and Civilizations] (4th ed., pp. 78-82). Izmir.
  • Nezihi, H. (1932). Elli Yıllık Oda Hayatı 1882-1932 (Fifty Years of Chamber Life 1882-1932) (p.21). Istanbul.
  • Sakin, S., & Deveci, C. (2011). An Analysis on the Term Middle East and its Boundaries. History Studies, Relationships of the USA and the Great Middle East, Special Issue.
  • Turkish Religion Foundation Islam Encyclopedia. (2000). Sild Road. (p.22). Istanbul.
  • Yükçü, S., & Gönen, S. (2014). Grade and Composition of the First Money in Anatolia. Accounting and Financial History Research Journal, (7).
  • https:/tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/akad – accessed: 15.09.2022
  • https:/tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asurlular – accessed 22.09.2022
  • http://www.hermetics.org/hititler - accessed 03.05.2022
  • https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persler - accessed 12.10.2022

Stages of Accounting History in the Middle East

Year 2024, Issue: 26, 1 - 22, 29.01.2024

Abstract

This paper aims to examine the development of accounting in the Middle East by dividing it into stages. These stages begin with the examination of the inventory records of agricultural products in ancient Egypt (3050 BC – 30 BC). Other earliest extant accounting records are the cuneiform scripts on clay tablets belonging to the settlement system of the trade relations between the Assyrians in Mesopotamia and the Hittites in Anatolia between 2000 BC and 1700 BC. The third stage is experienced within the Abbasids (750 AD – 1258 AD), the Ilkhanate (1256 AD – 1353 AD) and within the accounting records of the Ottomans (1299 AD – 1922 AD). The fourth stage started to be experienced with the influence of Western European accounting culture and the practice of the double entry bookkeeping system in 1850s. Findings indicate that the Mediterranean and Silk Road trade routes, the relations with western countries had a westward effect in the development of Middle Eastern accounting culture. However, the statist understanding and the influence of Islam after 750 AD, limited the effects of these interactions for centuries.

References

  • Prime Ministry of Turkey, Ottoman Archives, Duit 37-/7-2/6; Duit 37-2/7-2/2 and 37/-2/7-2/4.
  • Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives, MAD 22249. p. 249-256
  • Alp, S. (2011). Hititler Çağında Anadolu [Anatolia during the age of the Hittites] (pp. 45-46). Ankara.
  • Bilgiç, E., Sever, H., Günbattı, C., & Bayram, S. (1990). Ankara Kültepe Tabletleri [Ankara Kültepe Tablets]. Ankara: Turkish History Foundation Publications.
  • Borchardt, L. (1987). Ein Rechnungsbuck das Königlichen Hofes Ausdem alten Reich Aegytaca Fest Schrift Für George Ebers zum. Leipzig. (by Yaroslav Sokolov, St. Petersburg University)
  • Davison, R. (1960). Where is the Middle East. Foreign Affairs, 667-667.
  • Elitaş, C., Güvemli, O., Aydemir, O., Erkan, M., Özcan, U., & Oğuz, M. (2008). Accounting Method Used by Ottoman for 500 Years: Stairs (Merdiban) Method. Ankara: Turkish Republic Ministry of Finance Strategy Development Unit.
  • Ergin, O. (1977). Türkiye Maarif Tarihi [Turkish Education History] (pp. 1131-1140). Istanbul.
  • Gruffith, F. (1891). The Account Papyrus. (by Yaroslav Sokolov, St. Petersburg University).
  • Güvemli B. (2015). “Initial Stage of the Merdiban Method: Renewed Examination of an Early Practice”, Accounting and Financial History Research Journal, 158-178, No.8, January.
  • Güvemli, B. (2011). Development of the Merdiban Method in the Ilkhanate State (1251 – 1353 AD) and its Transition to the Ottoman State Accountancy. De Computis: Spanish Journal of Accounting History, (14), 79-98.
  • Güvemli, B., & Güvemli, O. (2013). “Türk Muhasebe Düşüncesinde Klasik Dönem ve Çağdaşlaşma Dönemi” (Classical and Modernization Periods of Turkish Accounting Thought), Türk Muhasebe ve Denetim Düşüncesinin Son 150 Yılı 1850 – 2012 (The Last 150 Years of Turkish Accounting and Auditing Thought), Editor: Oktay Güvemli. 375-394. İstanbul.
  • Güvemli, O. (2000). Türk Devletleri Muhasebe Tarihi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğuna Kadar [Accounting History of Turkish States, Until the Ottoman Empire] (2nd ed., pp. 110-119). Istanbul.
  • Güvemli, O., & Güvemli, B. (2015). “Türk Ticaret Kanunları’nın Türk Muhasebe Düşüncesinin Gelişmesindeki Etkileri” (Affects of Turkish Commercial Codes in the Development of Turkish Accounting Thought), Accounting and Financial History Research Journal, 26-50, No.8, January.
  • Güvemli, O., Toraman, C. and Güvemli, B. (2015). State Accounting in the Ottoman Empire: Anatolian Accounting Culture. (pp. 21-215, 217-349). Ankara.
  • Kaya, M. (2014). Türkiye Tarihi ve Uygarlıkları [Turkish History and Civilizations] (4th ed., pp. 78-82). Izmir.
  • Nezihi, H. (1932). Elli Yıllık Oda Hayatı 1882-1932 (Fifty Years of Chamber Life 1882-1932) (p.21). Istanbul.
  • Sakin, S., & Deveci, C. (2011). An Analysis on the Term Middle East and its Boundaries. History Studies, Relationships of the USA and the Great Middle East, Special Issue.
  • Turkish Religion Foundation Islam Encyclopedia. (2000). Sild Road. (p.22). Istanbul.
  • Yükçü, S., & Gönen, S. (2014). Grade and Composition of the First Money in Anatolia. Accounting and Financial History Research Journal, (7).
  • https:/tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/akad – accessed: 15.09.2022
  • https:/tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asurlular – accessed 22.09.2022
  • http://www.hermetics.org/hititler - accessed 03.05.2022
  • https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persler - accessed 12.10.2022
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Emrah Aygül 0000-0002-0700-4157

Early Pub Date January 29, 2024
Publication Date January 29, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 26

Cite

APA Aygül, E. (2024). Stages of Accounting History in the Middle East. Accounting and Financial History Research Journal(26), 1-22.