ROBOETİK ALANINDA ARAŞTIRMA SORULARI

Year 2017, , 160 - 165, 24.12.2017

Kadir Alpaslan Demir

https://doi.org/10.22531/muglajsci.359648

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Robotlar artık
yaşamımızın bir parçası olmaktalar. İnsansız hava araçları çok çeşitli sivil ve
askeri amaçlar için gökyüzünü doldurmaktadırlar. Robotlar mağazalarda
müşterilere hizmet vermeye başladılar. Otonom araçlar yollarda test
sürüşündeler. Robot oyuncaklar çocuklarımızı eğlendirmekte ve onlara arkadaş
olmaktalar. Robotik cerrahi uygulamaları yaygınlaşmakta ve çeşitli teknoloji
firmaları yaşlılara yardımcı olacak robotlar geliştirmekteler. Bunların haricinde
daha birçok değişik robotik uygulama üzerinde çalışılmaktadır. Bu ve diğer
robotik uygulamalar henüz sayı ve kapsam olarak sınırlı olmasına rağmen,
robotik teknolojilerin gelişme hızına bakarsak, yakın bir gelecekte robotların
yaygın bir şekilde kullanacağını tahmin edebiliriz. Tüm bu robotik uygulamalar
yaşamımızı ve toplumumuzu derinden etkileyecektir. Bu teknoloji birçok fayda
sağlamakla birlikte yeni sorunlara ve problemlere yol açacaktır. Daha önce hiç aklımıza
gelmeyen sorularla karşı karşıya kalacağız. Bu soruların bazıları robotlarla
ilgili etik konularda olacaktır. Robot etiği veya diğer adıyla roboetik,
robotik alanındaki etik konuların çalışıldığı yeni gelişen bir bilim alanıdır.
Bu yeni gelişen bilim alanını şekillendirmek ve ilgili araştırmaları
yönlendirmek için öncelikle iyi araştırma sorularının ortaya konması gerekir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı roboetik alanındaki bazı temel önemli araştırma sorularını
tespit etmek ve tartışmaktır. Bu temel araştırma sorularının cevaplarını
bulmaya çalışmak bizlere daha ilginç ve ileri seviye araştırma sorularına
yöneltecektir. Bu çalışma, roboetik alanında çalışmak isteyen araştırmacılara
bir başlangıç noktası olmasıyla önemlidir.

Keywords

Robotik, Etik, Roboetik, Makine Etiği, Yapay Zeka, Etik Robotlar

RESEARCH QUESTIONS IN ROBOETHICS

Abstract

Robots are becoming a part of our lives. Unmanned aerial vehicles are occupying our skies for both civilian and military purposes. Robots started to serve customers in stores.  Autonomous cars are being tested on streets. Robot toys are entertaining our children and they will become friends with our children. Robotic surgery is expanding. Companies are developing robots to become companions to elderly people. There are many other types of robotic applications. Currently, these applications are limited in number and scale. However, with the current fast pace of the robotic technology research, we can expect a wide-spread use in the near future. All these robotic applications will have significant impacts on our society. While this technology brings great benefits, it will also bring new challenges.  We will be subject to questions never asked before. Some of these challenges and questions will be about ethical issues surrounding robotics. Roboethics is an emerging discipline dealing with ethical issues related to robotics. To shape this emerging discipline and guide related studies, we first need to ask good research questions. In this study, the goal is to identify and discuss various roboethics research questions. Some of the questions discussed in this paper are essential questions and the search for answers to these research questions will lead to many other interesting and advanced research questions. This study serves as a starting point for researchers interested in working roboethics.

Keywords

Robotics, Ethics, Roboethics, Robot Ethics, Machine Ethics, Artificial Intelligence

References

• [1] Lin, P., “Introduction to Robot Ethics”, Lin, P., Abney, K., & Bekey, G. A. (Ed.), Robot Ethics – The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics. Cambridge, MA & London: The MIT Press, pp. 3-17, 2012.
• [2] Sullins, J. P., “Applied Professional Ethics for the Reluctant Roboticist”, Riek, L.D., Hartzog, W., Howard, D., Moon, A., Calo, R. (Ed.), In Proceedings of the 10th ACM/IEEE Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI 2015): The Emerging Policy and Ethics of Human-Robot Interaction Workshop, Portland, OR, USA, 2015.
• [3] Shim, J., and Arkin, R. C., “An intervening ethical governor for a robot mediator in patient-caregiver relationships”, Ferreira, M. I. A., Sequeira, J.S., Tokhi, M. O., Kadar, E. E., Virk, G. S. (ed.) A World with Robots, Springer International Publishing, pp. 77-91, 2017.
• [4] Han, J., Jo, M., Park, S., and Kim, S., “The educational use of home robots for children”, In Proceedings of the ROMAN 2005, IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 2005, pp. 378-383.
• [5] Sharkey, N. E., “The evitability of autonomous robot warfare”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 94, No. 886, pp. 787-799, doi:10.1017/S1816383112000732, 2012.
• [6] Sullins, J. P., “Friends by design: A design philosophy for personal robotics technology”, Vermaas, P.E., Kroes, P., Light, A., Moore, S. (Ed.), Philosophy and Design, Springer Netherlands, pp. 143-157, 2008.
• [7] Crawford, K., and Calo, R., “There is a blind spot in AI research”, Nature, Vol. 538, pp. 311-313, doi: 10.1038/538311a, 2016.
• [8] Demir, K. A., Cicibas, H., and Arica, N., “Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Domain: Areas of Research”, Defence Science Journal, 65(4), pp. 319-329. doi: 10.14429/dsj.65.8631, 2015.
• [9] Cicibas, H., Demir, K. A., and Arica, N., “Comparison of 3D versus 4D Path Planning for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles”, Defence Science Journal, 66(6), pp. 651-664. doi: 10.14429/dsj.66.9575, 2016.
• [10] Cicibas, H., Demir, K. A., Gunal, M. M., and Arica, N., “A simulation model for analysing unmanned aerial vehicle flight paths”, In Proceedings of the 24th European Modeling and Simulation Symposium (EMSS), Vienna, Austria, pp. 19-21, 2012.
• [11] Anki Cozmo, Retrieved from https://anki.com/en-us/cozmo. 2017.
• [12] Breazeal, C. A., Designing sociable robots. Cambridge, MA, USA, MIT Press, 2002.
• [13] Demir, K. A. and Cicibas, H. “Industry 5.0 and A Critique of Industry 4.0”, 4th International Management Information Systems Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, 17-20 October 2017.
• [14] Veruggio, G., “The euron roboethics roadmap”, In Proceedings of the 6th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, pp. 612-617, 2006.
• [15] Veruggio, G., EURON Roboethics Roadmap. Release 1.2. January 2007. Retrieved from http://www.roboethics.org/index_file/Roboethics%20Roadmap%20Rel.1.2.pdf.
• [16] Anderson, S. L., “Asimov’s “three laws of robotics” and machine metaethics”, AI & Society, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 477-493, 2008.
• [17] Arkin, R. C., Governing lethal behavior: embedding ethics in a hybrid deliberative/reactive robot architecture, Technical Report GIT-GVU-07-11. Georgia Institute of Technology. 2007. Retrieved from https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/22715/formalizationv35.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
• [18] Sullins, J. P., “Introduction: Open questions in roboethics”, Philosophy & Technology, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 233-238, doi: 10.1007/s13347-011-0043-6, 2011.
• [19] Bekey, G. A., Autonomous robots: from biological inspiration to implementation and control, Cambridge, MA, USA, MIT Press, 2005.
• [20] Veruggio, G., and Operto, F. “Roboethics: Social and Ethical Implications”, Siciliano, B., Khatib, O., (Ed.) Springer Handbook of Robotics, Springer International Publishing, pp. 1499-1524, 2008.
• [21] Sheridan, T.B. & Verplank, W.L., Human and computer control of undersea teleoperators. Man-Machine Systems Laboratory Report, MIT, Cambridge, USA, 1978. Retrieved from www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA057655.
• [22] Worcester Polytechnic Institute, https://www.wpi.edu/, https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-030410-172744/unrestricted/A_Code_of_Ethics_for_Robotics_Engineers.pdf
• [23] Ingram, B., Jones, D., Lewis, A., Richards, M., Rich, C., & Schachterle, L., “A code of ethics for robotics engineers”, In Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, pp. 103-104, 2010.
• [24] Illinois Institute of Technology, Code of Ethics for Robotics Engineers, Retrieved from http://ethics.iit.edu/ecodes/node/4391.
• [25] Riek, L. D., & Howard, D., “A code of ethics for the human-robot interaction profession”, In Proceedings of WeRobot 2014.
• [26] Mehlman, M., Berg, J.W., & Ray, S., “Robot Law”, Case Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2017-1. January 30, 2017. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2908488.
• [27] Petit, N. Law and Regulation of Artificial Intelligence and Robots-Conceptual Framework and Normative Implications, 9 March 2017. (Working Paper).
• [28] Demir, K. A., Caymaz, E., and Elçi, M., “Issues in Integrating Robots into Organizations“, In Proceedings of the 12th International Scientific Conference on Defense Resources Management in the 21st Century, Brasov, Romania, 9-10 November 2017.
• [29] Demir, K. A., and Caymaz, E., “Robotic Warfare, Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC), and Law of Robotic Armed Conflict (LORAC)“, In Proceedings of the 12th International Scientific Conference on Defense Resources Management in the 21st Century, Brasov, Romania, 9-10 November 2017.
• [30] Softbank Robotics, Robot Pepper, https://www.ald.softbankrobotics.com/en/robots/pepper, 2017.
• [31] https://www.stopkillerrobots.org/
• [32] Open Letter. Autonomous weapons: an open letter from AI & Robotics Researchers. Future of Life Institute. http://futureoflife.org/open-letter-autonomous-weapons/, 2015.
• [33] Open Letter. An Open Letter to the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, https://futureoflife.org/autonomous-weapons-open-letter-2017, 2017.
• [34] The United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG), https://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/8FA3C2562A60FF81C1257CE600393DF6?OpenDocument, 2017.
• [35] Tonkens, R. “The case against robotic warfare: A response to Arkin”, Journal of Military Ethics, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 149-168, 2012.
• [36] Cole, C., Dobbing M, and Hailwood A. “Convenient killing: Armed drones and the ‘PlayStation mentality.’ Fellowship of Reconciliation (FoR) Report”, https://dronewarsuk.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/conv-killing-final.pdf, 2010.
• [37] Quintana, E. “The ethics and legal implications of military unmanned vehicles”, RUSI, Occasional Paper, https://rusi.org/system/files/RUSI_ethics.pdf, 2008.
• [38] Sterio, M. “The United States' use of drones in the War on Terror: the (il) legality of targeted killings under international law”, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol. 45, pp. 197-214, 2012.
• [39] Demir, K. A., “Roboethics: Current Research Questions”, 4th International Management Information Systems Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, 17-20 October 2017.