KARIŞIK HALOJENLİ PEROVSKİT FİLMLERİN TERMAL EŞ-BUHARLAŞTIRMA YÖNTEMİ İLE ÜRETİLMESİ

Year 2019, , 68 - 72, 11.12.2019

Onur Yılmaz Selçuk Yerci

https://doi.org/10.22531/muglajsci.556597

Abstract

Perovskit tabakalarının termal eş-buharlaştırma yöntemi ile üretilmeleri güneş hücrelerinde kullanılmak üzere geniş alana sahip, delik kusuru bulunmayan ve homojen filmlerin üretilmesini sağlayan önemli bir tekniktir. Bu çalışmada, tüm aralığı kapsayan (0≤x≤3) farklı Br/I oranına dolayısı ile farklı bant aralıklarına sahip MAPbI_3-xBr_x perovskit tabakalar eş-buharlaştırma yöntemi ile ilk kez üretilmişlerdir. Geliştirilen filmlerin optik ve yapısal analizleri fotolüminesans, UV-Vis spektrometresi, X-ışını kırınımı ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu ile yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma termal eş-buharlaştırma tekniği ile farklı bant genişliğine sahip homojen perovskit tabakaların elde edilmesinin mümkün olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada geliştirilen Stokes kaymasına sahip olmadığı gözlemlenen MAPbI₂Br perovskit filmi, özellikle yüksek verimli perovskit/silisyum çok eklemli güneş hücrelerinin elde edilebilmesi için önemlidir.

Keywords

Bant aralığı ayarlanabilirliği, termal eş-buharlaştırma, perovskit

FABRICATION OF MIXED HALIDE PEROVSKITE FILMS BY THERMAL CO-EVAPORATION

Abstract

Thermal co-evaporation is a versatile method to fabricate highly uniform, large area and pin-hole free perovskite films for solar cells. In this study, perovskite films (MAPbI_3-xBr_x) were fabricated entirely by thermal co-evaporation in the full range (0≤x≤3) with different Br/I ratio for the first time. Films were characterized optically and structurally using photoluminescence and UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. This work presents capability of thermal co-evaporation to fabricate highly-uniform perovskite films at the desired band gaps. MAPbI₂Br film, developed in this study, exhibits no Stokes shift, and therefore is particularly suitable in achieving high efficiency perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.

Keywords

Band gap tuning, thermal co-evaporation, perovskite

References

• Kojima, A., Teshima, K., Shirai, Y. and Miyasaka, T., "Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(17), 6050-6051, 2009.
• https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html
• Kim, H.S., Lee, C.R., Im, J.H., Lee, K.B., Moehl, T., Marchioro, A., Moon, S.J., Humphry-Baker, R., Yum, J.H., Moser, J.E. Grätzel, M. and Park, N.G., “Lead Iodide Perovskite Sentisized All-Solid-State Submicron Thin Film Mesoscopic Solar Cell with Efficiency Exceeding 9%”, Scientific Reports, 2(591), 1–7, 2012.
• Chen, W., Wu, Y., Yue, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, W., Yang, X., Chen, H., Bi, E., Ashraful, I., Grätzel, M. and Han, L., “Efficient and Stable Large-Area Solar Cells with Inorganic Charge Extraction Layers”, Science, 350, 944–948, 2015.
• Shi, D., Adinolfi, V., Comin, R., Yuan, M., Alarousu, E., Buin, A., Chen, Y., Hoogland, S., Rothenberger, A., Katsiev, K., Losovyj, Y., Zhang, X., Dowben, P., Mohammed, O., Sargent E. and Bakr O., “Low Trap-State Density and Long Carrier Diffusion in Organolead Trihalide Perovskite Single Crystals”, Science, 347, 519–522, 2015.
• Cao, K., Li, H., Liu, S.S., Cui, J., Shen Y. and Wang, M., “MAPbI3−xBrx Mixed Halide Perovskites for Fully Printable Mesoscopic Solar Cells with Enhanced Efficiency and Less Hysteresis”, Nanoscale, 8, 8839-8846, 2016.
• Sahli, F., Werner, J., Kamino, B.A., Brauninger, M., Monnard, R., Paviet-Salomon, B., Barraud, L., Ding, L., Leon, J.J.D., Sacchetto, D., Cattaneo, G., Despeisse, M., Boccard, M., Nicolay, S., Jeangros, Q., Niesen, B. and Ballif, C. “Fully Textured Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells with 25.2% Power Conversion Efficiency”, Nature Materials, 17, 820–826, 2018.
• Noh, J.H., Im, S.H., Heo, J.H., Mandal, T.N. and Seok, S.I., “Chemical Management for Colorful, Efficient, and Stable Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Nanostructured Solar Cells”, Nano Letters, 13, 1764−1769, 2013.
• Sadhanala, A., Deschler, F., Thomas, T.H., Dutton, S.E., Goedel, K.C., Hanusch, F.C., Lai, M.L. Steiner, U., Bein, T. Docampo, P., Cahen, D. and Friend, R.H., “Preparation of Single-Phase Films of CH3NH3Pb(I1–xBrx)3 with Sharp Optical Band Edges”, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 5, 2501−2505, 2014.
• Kulkarni, S.A., Baikie, T., Boix, P.P., Yantara, N., Mathews N. and Mhaisalkar, S., “Band-Gap Tuning of Lead Halide Perovskites Using a Sequential Deposition Process”, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2, 9221–9225, 2014.
• Liang G., Lan H., Fan, P., Lan, C., Zheng, Z., Peng, H. and Luo, J., “Highly Uniform Large-Area (100 cm2) Perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 Thin-Films Prepared by Single-Source Thermal Evaporation”, Coatings, 8, 256(1-11), 2018.
• Liu, M., Johnston, M.B. and Snaith, H.J., “Efficient Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells by Vapour Deposition”, Nature, 501, 395−398, 2013.
• McMeekin, D.P., Sadoughi, G., Rehman, W., Eperon, G.E., Saliba, M., Hörantner, M.T., Haghighirad, A., Sakai, N., Korte, L., Rech, B., Johnston, M.B., Herz, L.M. and Snaith, H.J., “A Mixed-Cation Lead Mixed-Halide Perovskite Absorber for Tandem Solar Cells”, Science, 351, 151−155, 2016.
• Eperon, G. E., Leijtens, T., Bush, K.A., Prasanna, R., Green, T., Wang, J.T.-W., McMeekin, D.P., Volonakis, G., Milot, R.L., May, R., Palmstrom, A., Slotcavage, D.J, Belisle, R.A., Patel, J.B., Parrott, E.S., Sutton, R.J., Ma, W., Moghadam, F., Conings, B., Babayigit, A., Boyen, H.-G., Bent, S., Giustino, F., Herz, L.M., Johnston, M.B., McGehee, M.D. and Snaith, H.J., “Perovskite-Perovskite Tandem Photovoltaics with Optimized Band Gaps”, Science, 354, 861−865, 2016.
• Zhou, X., Ye, W., Li, X., Zheng, W., Lin, R., Huang, F. and Zhong, D., “Band Alignment of MAPb(I1–xBrx)3 Thin Films by Vacuum Deposition”, Applied Physics Letters, 109, 233906(1-4), 2016.
• Im, J.-H., Lee, C.-R., Lee, J.-W, Park, S.-W. and Park, N.-G. “6.5% Efficient Perovskite Quantum-Dot-Sensitized Solar Cell”, Nanoscale, 3, 4088–4093, 2011.
• Baikie, T., Fang, Y., Kadro, J.M., Schreyer, M., Wei, F., Mhaisalkar, S.G., Gratzel, M. and White, T.J., “Synthesis and Crystal Chemistry of the Hybrid Perovskite (CH3NH3)PbI3 for Solid-State Sensitised Solar Cell Applications”, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 1, 5628–5641, 2013.
• Hu, Y., Schlipf, J., Wussler, M., Petrus, M.L., Jaegermann, W., Bein, T. Müller-Buschbaum, P. and Docampo, P., “Hybrid Perovskite/Perovskite Heterojunction Solar Cells” ACS Nano, 10, 5999−6007, 2016.
• Patterson, A.L., “The Scherrer Formula for X-Ray Particle Size Determination”, Physical Review, 56, 978-982, 1939.
• Wang, K., Lin, Z., Ma, J., Liu, Z., Zhou, L., Du, J., Chen, D., Zhang, C., Chang, J. and Hao, Y., “High-Performance Simple-Structured Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells Achieved by Precursor Optimization”, ACS Omega, 2, 6250−6258, 2017.