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AVRUPA’DA “AŞIRI SAĞ”IN DİNÎ-İDEOLOJİK VE TARİHÎ TEMELLERİ-KÖKENLERİ

Year 2018, Volume: 14 Issue: 53, 15 - 46, 03.04.2018

Abstract

Genelde Batı’da özelde ise Avrupa’da son yıllarda yükseliş trendinde olup neredeyse “Avrupa-Batı’nın yeni normali” haline gelen ve “aşırı
(extrem) sağ”, “radikal sağ”, “popülist sağ” veya
“yeni sağ” gibi nitelemelerle anılan “aşırı sağ”ın
dinî-ideolojik ve tarihî temelleri-kökenlerini bilmek, günümüz aşırı sağcı söylem-eylem ve
politikaları anlamada son derece önemlidir. Aşırı
sağın popülist, göçmenfobik-islamofobik-İslâm
karşıtı ve ırkçı bir yöne evirildiği özellikle 11 Eylül
hadisesi sonrasında bu temelleri analiz etmek
çok daha önem kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmamızda
biz, öncelikle aşırı sağın temel karakteristiklerini, gelişim seyrini, özellikle Avrupa ülkelerindeki
başlıca aşırı sağ grup-partileri ele alacağız. Daha
sonra ise aşırı sağın dinî-tarihî-ideolojik kökenlerini “fobiler (zenofobi, göçmenfobi, İslamofobi-Türkofobi)”, “nasyonal sosyalizm (Nazizm)-ırkçılık” ve Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’in radikal yorumların
aşırı sağcı Yahudi-Hıristiyan-protestan-evanjelik
gruplarca kullanımı başlıkları altında ele aldık

References

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  • AKKERMAN, T. (2005). “Anti-Immigration Parties and the Defense of Liberal Values: The Exceptional Case of the List Pim Fortuyn”, Journal of Political Ideologies, 10/3.
  • ALIETTI, A., PADOVAN, D. (2013). “Religious Racism. Islamophobia and Antisemitism in Italian Society”, Religions, 4, 584-602.
  • ALLPORT, G. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley.
  • BALIBAR, E., WALLERSTEIN, I. (2007). Irk, Ulus, Sınıf: Belirsiz Kimlikler, çev. Nazlı Ökten, İstanbul.
  • Bar-On, “What is left of the New Left? Perhaps the New Right”, s. 61.
  • BARKER M. (1981). The New Racism: Conservatives and the Ideology of the Tribe, Maryland.
  • BETZ, H., GEORG, C. J. (2004). “Against the current- stemming the tide: The nostalgic ideology of the contemporary radical populist right”, Journal of Political Ideologies 9/3, 2004, s. 311-327.
  • BOBOCEL, D. R., HING, L. S., DAVEY, L. M., STANLEY, D. J., ZANNA, M. P. (1998). “Justice-based opposition to social policies: Is it genuine?”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75/3, 653-669.
  • CARLISLE, R. P. (2005). The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, II, CaliforniaLondon-New Delhi.
  • CASTLES, S., MILLER, M. J. (2008). Göçler Çağı: Modern Dünyada Uluslararası Göç Hareketleri, çev., Bülent Uğur Bal–İbrahim Akbulut, İstanbul, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • CHADWICK, O. (1990). The Reformation, London.
  • CHAUÁN, E. (2005). “An East-West Dichotomy Islamophobia”, Islamophobia and Anti-Islamism (Schenker-Zayyad). Princeton.
  • COLLETTA, M. L. (2016). Carrying the Torch: The Continuation of Facist Legasies in the European New Rights, Colorado –master tezi.
  • CROMARTIE, M., LACONTE, J. (2007). “Modern Kamusal Alanda Din ve Dini Kurumlar”, Avrupa Birliği Sürecinde Dini Kurumlar ve Din Eğitimi, İstanbul.
  • DANIEL, N. (1992). Islam and the West –The Making of an Image, Edinburg, IX. Bölüm.
  • DANIELSON, T. J. (2016). Migration, Nationalism, and The Welfare State, Arizona Üniversitesi –Doktora teziDOVIDIO, J.F., Gaertner, S. (1986). “Reducing prejudice: Combating intergroup biases”, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 101-105.
  • EATWELL, R. (2004). “The New Extreme Right Challenge”, Western Democracies and the New Extreme Right Challenge içinde, Londra-New York, 1-16.
  • EBERHARDT, J. L., Golf, P. A., Purdie, V. J., Davies, P. G. (2004). “Seeing Black race, crime, and visual processing”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87/6, 876-893.
  • EDWARD, S. (1991). Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient, Londra.
  • FRASER, N. (2000). Voice of Modern Hatred: Encounters with Europe’s New Right, Londra.
  • GOLDER, M. (2016) “Far Right Parties in Europe”, s. 3.
  • GRISLIS, E. (1974). “Luther and the Turks”, The Muslim World, LXIV.
  • GUENON, R. (2005). Hıristiyan Mistik Düşüncesi, çev. İsmail Taşpınar, İstanbul.
  • HEWSTONE, M., Judd, C. M. (1993). “Models of crossed categorization and intergroup relations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64/5, 779-93.
  • HIDIR, Ö., “11 Eylül Sonrasında Avrupa’da (Müslüman) Göçmenler ve ‘İslamofobi-Göçmenfobi”, Disiplinlerarası Göç ve Göç Politikaları Sempozyumu –Tebliğler Kitabı-, İZÜ, 271-83.
  • HIDIR, Ö. (2018). Yahudi Kültürü ve Hadisler, İstanbul.
  • HIDIR, Ö. (2017a). Hıristiyan Kültürü ve Hadisler, İstanbul.
  • HIDIR, Ö. (2017b). “İslamofobi-Irkçılık-Kültürel Irkçılık İlişkisi”, Ombudsman Akademik Dergisi, 23-49.
  • HIDIR, Ö. (2012a). Avrupa’da Müslüman Olmak, İstanbul.
  • HIDIR, Ö. (2012b). Hollanda’da Türkler. Kurumlar, Başarılar, Perspektifler, Rotterdam.
  • HIDIR, Ö. (2018). “Theo van Gogh’un Öldürülmesi Sonrasında Hollanda’da Müslümanlar”, Islam Verwoord in Nederland, -Hollandaca/yayım aşamasında- IUR Press.
  • HIDIR, Ö. (2007). “Silahsız Haçlı Savaşı: Oryantalizm”, EskiYeni, Ankara.
  • HOEKMAN, J., Zonen van Ismaël, De Banier 2012.
  • JOHNSON, G. (2000). “Muhammad and Ideology in Medieval Christian Literature,” Islam and Chrisitan-Muslim Relations, XI/3.
  • KALIN, İ. (2017). Ben, Öteki ve Ötesi, (3. Özel Baskı).
  • MITTS, T. (2017). Terrorism, Islamophobia, and Radicalization, -Doktora tezi- Columbia Üniversitesisi.
  • MORENO, L. (2010). “Fearing the Future: Islamophobia in Central Europe.” Genocide and Oppossion/TNP.
  • MUDDE, C. (1996). “The war of words defining the extreme right party family”, West European Politics, 19/2, 225-248.
  • MUDDE, C. (2000). “Extreme Right Parties in Eastern Europe”, Patterns of Prejudice, 34/1, 5-17.
  • MUDDE, C., MARCH, L. (2005). “What’s Left of the Radical Left”, Comparative European Politics, 3, s. 23.
  • MUDDE, C. (2011). “Who’s Afraid of the European Radical Right?”, Dissent, 58/4, 7-11.
  • MUDDE, C. (2014). “The far right and the European elections”, Current History, 113, 98-103.
  • MUDDE, C., KALTWASER, C. R. (2013). “Exclusionary vs. inclusionary populism: Comparing contemporary Europe and Latin America”, Government and Opposition, 48/2, 147-174;
  • PETTIGREW, T. F., MEERTENS, R. W. (1995). “Subtle and Blatant Prejudice in Western Europe”, European Journal of Social Psychology 25.
  • RAPPAPORT, R. (2017). The New Right in Europe: Supply, Demand, and Electoral Performance A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of New Right Parties, 2000-2016, New York State Üniversitesi, -Doktora tezi-.
  • REEVES, F. (1983). British Racial Discourse: A Study of British Political Discourse About Race and Race-related Matters, Cambridge.
  • ROODUIJN, M., WOUTER, B., DE LANGE, S. (2016). “Expressing or fuelling discontent? The relationship between popülist voting and political discontent”, Elsevier Electoral Studies, 43, 32-40.
  • SARAH DE LANGE, L. (2012). “New alliances: Why mainstream parties govern with radical rightwing populist parties”, Political Studies, 60/4, 899-918.
  • SEIDAL, G. (1986). Culture, nation and race in the British and French New Right in R. Levitas. The Ideology of the New Right, Oxford
  • SLOMP, J., “Luther en de Wortels van het anti-Islamisme”, Begrip, 2015.
  • STRABAC, Z., Listhaug, O. (2008). “Anti-Muslim Prejudice in Europe: A Multilevel Analysis of survey data from 30 countries”, Social Science Research, 37, 268-86.
  • ŞENTÜRK, R., CANATAN, K., “Irkçılık”, DİA, XIX.
  • TALSHIR, G. (2005). “Knowing the Right from the Left: The Politics of Identity between the Radical Left and the Far Right”, Journal of Political Ideologies 10/3 (2005). The Runnymede Trust (1997). Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, Londra.
  • THEODORATOS, J. P. (2012). TransnationaNationalism: Collective identity and the shifting of the European Far-Right, -Master tezi-, Metropolitan State Universitesi, Denver.
  • VAN DER VALK, I.(2012). Islamophobia in the Netherlands, Amsterdam.
  • VON BEYME, K. (1988). “Right-wing extremism in post-war Europe”, West European Politics 11/2, 1-18.
  • WEINER, M. F. (2014). “The Ideologically Colonized Metropole: Dutch Racism and Racist Denial”, Sociology Compass 8, 731-44.
  • WIKTOROWICZ, Q. (2005). Radical Islam Rising: Muslim Extremism in the West, RowmanLittlefield Publishers.
  • WITTENBRINK, B., Judd, C. M., Park, B (1997). “Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures”, Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 72, 262-274.
  • WOSHINSKY, O. H. (2008). Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior, New York.
  • YÜKSEL, M. (2014). “İslamofobinin Tarihsel Temellerine Bir Bakış: Oryantalizm Ya Da Batı ve Öteki”, İÜHFM, LXXII.
Year 2018, Volume: 14 Issue: 53, 15 - 46, 03.04.2018

Abstract

References

  • ABDULJALİL, S. (2005). “Islamophobia: A New Word for an Old Fear”, Palestine–Israel Journal, 12/2-3.
  • AKKERMAN, T. (2005). “Anti-Immigration Parties and the Defense of Liberal Values: The Exceptional Case of the List Pim Fortuyn”, Journal of Political Ideologies, 10/3.
  • ALIETTI, A., PADOVAN, D. (2013). “Religious Racism. Islamophobia and Antisemitism in Italian Society”, Religions, 4, 584-602.
  • ALLPORT, G. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley.
  • BALIBAR, E., WALLERSTEIN, I. (2007). Irk, Ulus, Sınıf: Belirsiz Kimlikler, çev. Nazlı Ökten, İstanbul.
  • Bar-On, “What is left of the New Left? Perhaps the New Right”, s. 61.
  • BARKER M. (1981). The New Racism: Conservatives and the Ideology of the Tribe, Maryland.
  • BETZ, H., GEORG, C. J. (2004). “Against the current- stemming the tide: The nostalgic ideology of the contemporary radical populist right”, Journal of Political Ideologies 9/3, 2004, s. 311-327.
  • BOBOCEL, D. R., HING, L. S., DAVEY, L. M., STANLEY, D. J., ZANNA, M. P. (1998). “Justice-based opposition to social policies: Is it genuine?”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75/3, 653-669.
  • CARLISLE, R. P. (2005). The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, II, CaliforniaLondon-New Delhi.
  • CASTLES, S., MILLER, M. J. (2008). Göçler Çağı: Modern Dünyada Uluslararası Göç Hareketleri, çev., Bülent Uğur Bal–İbrahim Akbulut, İstanbul, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • CHADWICK, O. (1990). The Reformation, London.
  • CHAUÁN, E. (2005). “An East-West Dichotomy Islamophobia”, Islamophobia and Anti-Islamism (Schenker-Zayyad). Princeton.
  • COLLETTA, M. L. (2016). Carrying the Torch: The Continuation of Facist Legasies in the European New Rights, Colorado –master tezi.
  • CROMARTIE, M., LACONTE, J. (2007). “Modern Kamusal Alanda Din ve Dini Kurumlar”, Avrupa Birliği Sürecinde Dini Kurumlar ve Din Eğitimi, İstanbul.
  • DANIEL, N. (1992). Islam and the West –The Making of an Image, Edinburg, IX. Bölüm.
  • DANIELSON, T. J. (2016). Migration, Nationalism, and The Welfare State, Arizona Üniversitesi –Doktora teziDOVIDIO, J.F., Gaertner, S. (1986). “Reducing prejudice: Combating intergroup biases”, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 101-105.
  • EATWELL, R. (2004). “The New Extreme Right Challenge”, Western Democracies and the New Extreme Right Challenge içinde, Londra-New York, 1-16.
  • EBERHARDT, J. L., Golf, P. A., Purdie, V. J., Davies, P. G. (2004). “Seeing Black race, crime, and visual processing”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87/6, 876-893.
  • EDWARD, S. (1991). Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient, Londra.
  • FRASER, N. (2000). Voice of Modern Hatred: Encounters with Europe’s New Right, Londra.
  • GOLDER, M. (2016) “Far Right Parties in Europe”, s. 3.
  • GRISLIS, E. (1974). “Luther and the Turks”, The Muslim World, LXIV.
  • GUENON, R. (2005). Hıristiyan Mistik Düşüncesi, çev. İsmail Taşpınar, İstanbul.
  • HEWSTONE, M., Judd, C. M. (1993). “Models of crossed categorization and intergroup relations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64/5, 779-93.
  • HIDIR, Ö., “11 Eylül Sonrasında Avrupa’da (Müslüman) Göçmenler ve ‘İslamofobi-Göçmenfobi”, Disiplinlerarası Göç ve Göç Politikaları Sempozyumu –Tebliğler Kitabı-, İZÜ, 271-83.
  • HIDIR, Ö. (2018). Yahudi Kültürü ve Hadisler, İstanbul.
  • HIDIR, Ö. (2017a). Hıristiyan Kültürü ve Hadisler, İstanbul.
  • HIDIR, Ö. (2017b). “İslamofobi-Irkçılık-Kültürel Irkçılık İlişkisi”, Ombudsman Akademik Dergisi, 23-49.
  • HIDIR, Ö. (2012a). Avrupa’da Müslüman Olmak, İstanbul.
  • HIDIR, Ö. (2012b). Hollanda’da Türkler. Kurumlar, Başarılar, Perspektifler, Rotterdam.
  • HIDIR, Ö. (2018). “Theo van Gogh’un Öldürülmesi Sonrasında Hollanda’da Müslümanlar”, Islam Verwoord in Nederland, -Hollandaca/yayım aşamasında- IUR Press.
  • HIDIR, Ö. (2007). “Silahsız Haçlı Savaşı: Oryantalizm”, EskiYeni, Ankara.
  • HOEKMAN, J., Zonen van Ismaël, De Banier 2012.
  • JOHNSON, G. (2000). “Muhammad and Ideology in Medieval Christian Literature,” Islam and Chrisitan-Muslim Relations, XI/3.
  • KALIN, İ. (2017). Ben, Öteki ve Ötesi, (3. Özel Baskı).
  • MITTS, T. (2017). Terrorism, Islamophobia, and Radicalization, -Doktora tezi- Columbia Üniversitesisi.
  • MORENO, L. (2010). “Fearing the Future: Islamophobia in Central Europe.” Genocide and Oppossion/TNP.
  • MUDDE, C. (1996). “The war of words defining the extreme right party family”, West European Politics, 19/2, 225-248.
  • MUDDE, C. (2000). “Extreme Right Parties in Eastern Europe”, Patterns of Prejudice, 34/1, 5-17.
  • MUDDE, C., MARCH, L. (2005). “What’s Left of the Radical Left”, Comparative European Politics, 3, s. 23.
  • MUDDE, C. (2011). “Who’s Afraid of the European Radical Right?”, Dissent, 58/4, 7-11.
  • MUDDE, C. (2014). “The far right and the European elections”, Current History, 113, 98-103.
  • MUDDE, C., KALTWASER, C. R. (2013). “Exclusionary vs. inclusionary populism: Comparing contemporary Europe and Latin America”, Government and Opposition, 48/2, 147-174;
  • PETTIGREW, T. F., MEERTENS, R. W. (1995). “Subtle and Blatant Prejudice in Western Europe”, European Journal of Social Psychology 25.
  • RAPPAPORT, R. (2017). The New Right in Europe: Supply, Demand, and Electoral Performance A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of New Right Parties, 2000-2016, New York State Üniversitesi, -Doktora tezi-.
  • REEVES, F. (1983). British Racial Discourse: A Study of British Political Discourse About Race and Race-related Matters, Cambridge.
  • ROODUIJN, M., WOUTER, B., DE LANGE, S. (2016). “Expressing or fuelling discontent? The relationship between popülist voting and political discontent”, Elsevier Electoral Studies, 43, 32-40.
  • SARAH DE LANGE, L. (2012). “New alliances: Why mainstream parties govern with radical rightwing populist parties”, Political Studies, 60/4, 899-918.
  • SEIDAL, G. (1986). Culture, nation and race in the British and French New Right in R. Levitas. The Ideology of the New Right, Oxford
  • SLOMP, J., “Luther en de Wortels van het anti-Islamisme”, Begrip, 2015.
  • STRABAC, Z., Listhaug, O. (2008). “Anti-Muslim Prejudice in Europe: A Multilevel Analysis of survey data from 30 countries”, Social Science Research, 37, 268-86.
  • ŞENTÜRK, R., CANATAN, K., “Irkçılık”, DİA, XIX.
  • TALSHIR, G. (2005). “Knowing the Right from the Left: The Politics of Identity between the Radical Left and the Far Right”, Journal of Political Ideologies 10/3 (2005). The Runnymede Trust (1997). Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, Londra.
  • THEODORATOS, J. P. (2012). TransnationaNationalism: Collective identity and the shifting of the European Far-Right, -Master tezi-, Metropolitan State Universitesi, Denver.
  • VAN DER VALK, I.(2012). Islamophobia in the Netherlands, Amsterdam.
  • VON BEYME, K. (1988). “Right-wing extremism in post-war Europe”, West European Politics 11/2, 1-18.
  • WEINER, M. F. (2014). “The Ideologically Colonized Metropole: Dutch Racism and Racist Denial”, Sociology Compass 8, 731-44.
  • WIKTOROWICZ, Q. (2005). Radical Islam Rising: Muslim Extremism in the West, RowmanLittlefield Publishers.
  • WITTENBRINK, B., Judd, C. M., Park, B (1997). “Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures”, Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 72, 262-274.
  • WOSHINSKY, O. H. (2008). Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior, New York.
  • YÜKSEL, M. (2014). “İslamofobinin Tarihsel Temellerine Bir Bakış: Oryantalizm Ya Da Batı ve Öteki”, İÜHFM, LXXII.
There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Özcan Hıdır This is me

Publication Date April 3, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 14 Issue: 53

Cite

APA Hıdır, Ö. (2018). AVRUPA’DA “AŞIRI SAĞ”IN DİNÎ-İDEOLOJİK VE TARİHÎ TEMELLERİ-KÖKENLERİ. Muhafazakar Düşünce Dergisi, 14(53), 15-46.

Muhafazakar Düşünce Dergisi