HIRİSTİYANLAŞTIRMADAN MEDENİLEŞTİRMEYE BATILI KOZMOPOLİTANİZMİN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 21-22, 9 - 40, 15.09.2020

Bederi Gencer

Öz

Makalenin konusu, Batı’da sekülerleşme sürecinde din-içi ve din-dışı kimliklere bağlı olarak kozmopolitanizmin nasıl dönüştüğüdür. Batı’da Rönesans ile başlayan sekülerleşme sürecinde Hıristiyanlığın sürüncemeli krizinden dolayı kimliğin kaynağı olarak din, medeniyete dönüştü. Kimlik kaynağı öğreti olarak dinin medeniyete dönüştürülmesi sürecine paralel olarak ötekileştirme sayesinde özdeşleştirme için medeniyet de ayırıma tabi tutuldu; medeniyetsel ötekileştirmenin disiplini olarak oryantalizm sayesinde geleneksel “hak/batıl din” ayırımı, “Batı/Doğu medeniyetleri” ayırımına çevrildi. Bu süreçte geleneksel Hıristiyanlık-içi ötekileştirme de karmaşık bir dönüşümden geçti. Sekülerleşme sürecinde Katoliklik ile Protestanlık arasındaki geleneksel fırka bölünmesinin medeniyet/kültür bölünmesine dönüşümü, kozmopolise yönelik Avrupalı ötekileştirme ve aynılaştırma tarzlarını kritik olarak etkiledi. Fransız Devrimi’nden sonra ise sekülerleşmiş Batılı kozmopolitanizmin öncüsü Napoléon, kozmopolis yolunda geleneksel Hıristiyanlaştırma misyonu yerine medenileştirme misyonunu benimsedi. Bu süreç, şehir (din vasıtasıyla barışın hakim olduğu topraklar > medenileşme (civilization) >oryantalizm (orientalism)> medenileştirme (civilizing) kavramlarıyla özetlenebilirdi.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kosmopolitanizm, Din, Transformasyon, Orientalizm, Sivilleşme

Kaynakça

• Amend, Victor E.-Hendrick, Leo T. (eds.) (1970) Readings from Left to Right. New York: Free Press.
• Anderson, Benedict (1991) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
• Arnason, Johann Pall (2003) Civilizations in Dispute: Historical Questions and Theoretical Traditions. Leiden: Brill.
• ________, S. N. Eisenstadt, Björn Wittrock (eds.) (2005) Axial Civilizations and World History. Leiden: Brill.
• Aurelius, Marcus (1964). Meditations. Maxwell Staniforth (trs.). Harmondsworth: Penguin.
• Baldry, Harold Caparne (1965) The Unity of Mankind in Greek Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
• Beck, Ulrich-Sznaider, Natan (2006) “A Literature on Cosmopolitanism: An Over-view,” The British Journal of Sociology 57/1 (March): 153-164.
• Benn, Alfred W. (1902) “The Ethical Value of Hellenism,” International Journal of Ethics 12/3 (April): 273-300.
• Benveniste, Emile (1971) Problems of General Linguistics. Mary Elizabeth Meek (trs.). Coral Gables: University of Miami Press.
• Boas, George (1928) “Types of Internationalism in Early Nineteenth-Century France,” International Journal of Ethics 38/2 (January): 141-152.
• Boer, Pim den (2005) “Civilization: Comparing Concepts and Identities,” Contributions to the History of Concepts 1/1 (March): 51-62.
• Boys-Stones George (1998) “Eros in Government: Zeno and the Virtuous City,” The Classical Quarterly New Series 48/1: 168-174.
• Braudel, Fernand (1995) A History of Civilizations. Richard Mayne (trs.). New York: Penguin.
• Briggs, Charles Augustus (1903) “Catholic: The Name and the Thing,” American Jour-nal of Theology 7/3 (July): 417-442.
• Brown, Leon Carl (ed.) (1996) Imperial Legacy: The Ottoman Imprint on the Balkans and the Middle East. New York: Columbia UP.
• Bryson, Anna (2004) From Courtesy to Civility: Changing Codes of Conduct in Early Eng-land. Oxford: OUP.
• Buell, Denise Kimber (2002) “Race and Universalism in Early Christianity,” Journal of Early Christian Studies 10/4: 429-68.
• Calhoun, Craig (1997) Nationalism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Canivez, Patrice (2004) “Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Concept of People,” Philosophy and Social Criticism 30/4: 393-412.
• Comte, Auguste (2000) The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte. Harriet Martineau (trs.) I-III Vols. Kitchener: Batoche.
• Connolly, Joy (2007) The State of Speech: Rhetoric and Political Thought in Ancient Rome. Princeton: Princeton UP.
• Djait, Hichem (1985) Europe and Islam: Cultures and Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• el-‘Aclûnî, İsmail b. Muhammed (2006) Keşfü’l-Hafâ ve Müzîlü’l-Elbâs ‘ammâ İştehere mi-ne’l-Ahâdîs ‘alâ Elsineti’n-Nâs. Abdülhamid Hindâvî (ed.), I-II, Beyrût: el-Mektebetü’l-‘Asriyye.
• Eliade, Mircea (1974) The Myth of the Eternal Return or Cosmos and History. Princeton: Princeton UP.
• Fabian, Johannes (1983) Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object. New York: Columbia UP.
• ________, (1990) “Religious and Secular Colonization: Common Ground,” History and Anthropology 4/2: 339-55.
• Gabrieli, Francesco-Borselli, Augusto (1958) “Frederick II and the Moslem Culture,” Diogenes 6/24 (Winter): 1-16.
• Göçek, Fatma Müge (1996) Rise of the Bourgoisie Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westerniza-tion and Social Change. New York: Oxford UP.
• Grunebaum, Gustave E. von (1970) “The Convergence of Cultural Traditions in the Mediterranean Area,” Diogenes 18/71 (September): 1-17.
• Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume (1997) The History of Civilization in Europe [1828]. William Hazlitt (trs.)-Larrry Siedentop (ed.) London: Penguin.
• Hart, William D. (2000) Edward Said and the Religious Effects of Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
• Harvey, David (2000) “Cosmopolitanism and the Banality of Geographical Evils,” Public Culture 12/2: 529-64.
• Hentsch, Thierry (1992) Imagining the Middle East. Fred A. Red (trs.). Montreal: Black Rose.
• Hodgson, Marshall G. S. (1996) Rethinking World History: Essays on Europe, Islam and World History. New York: Cambridge UP.
• Huntington, Samuel (1996) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster.
• Isin, Engin (2002) Being Political: Genealogies of Citizenship. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• İbni Haldun (t.y.) Mukaddimetü İbni Khaldun. Ahmed ez-Za’bî (ed.). Beyrut: Dâru Erkâm.
• Jackson, Patrick Thaddeus (2006) Civilizing the Enemy: German Reconstruction and the Invention of the West. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
• Kalberg, Stephen (1994) “Max Weber’s Analysis of the Rise of Monotheism: A Recon-struction,” The British Journal of Sociology 45/4 (December): 563-583.
• Kaplan, Mordecai M. (1967) Judaism as a Civilization: Toward Reconstruction of American-Jewish Life. New York: Schocken.
• Kelly, Joseph F. (2002) The Problem of Evil in the Western Tradition: From the Book of Job to Modern Genetics. Collegeville: The Liturgical Press.
• Lepenies, Wolf (2006) The Seduction of Culture in German History. Princeton: Princeton UP.
• Levin, Harry (1969) The Myth of the Golden Age in the Renaissance. Bloomington: Indiana UP.
• Lewis, Bernard (1994) The Muslim Discovery of Europe. London: Phoenix.
• Mandalios, John (1999) Civilization and the Human Subject. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield.
• ________, (2000) “Being and Cultural Difference: (Mis)understanding Otherness in Early Modernity,” Thesis Eleven 62: 91-108.
• Muthu, Sankar (2003) Enlightenment against Empire. Princeton: Princeton UP.
• Napoléon (1961) The Mind of Napoléon: A Selection from His Written and Spoken Words. J. Christopher Herold (ed. and trs.), New York: Columbia UP.
• Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1992) Science and Civilization in Islam. New York: Barnes & Noble.
• Nisbet, Robert (1980) History of the Idea of Progress. New York: Basic Books.
• O'Brien, Karen (1997) Narratives of Enlightenment: Cosmopolitan History from Voltaire to Gibbon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Papadopoulos, Renos K. (2002) “The other Other: When the Exotic Other Subjugates the Familiar,” Journal of Analytical Psychology 47/2: 163-188.
• Purcell, Michael (1999) “Leashing God with Levinas: Tracing a Trinity with Levinas,” Heythrop Journal 40: 301-318.
• Redpath, Peter A. (1998) Masquerade of the Dream Walkers: Prophetic Theology from the Cartesians to Hegel. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
• Said, Edward (1978) Orientalism. Andover: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Sartori, Andrew (2005) “The Resonance of Culture: Framing a Problem in Global Con-cept-History,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 47/4: 676-99.
• Schlereth, Thomas J. (1977) The Cosmopolitan Ideal in Enlightenment Thought: Its Form and Function in the Ideas of Franklin, Hume, and Voltaire, 1694-1790. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
• Schmitt, Carl (1988) [1922] Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. George Schwab (trs.). 2nd edition. Cambridge: MIT Press.
• Schor, Naomi (2001) “The Crisis of French Universalism,” Yale French Studies 100: 43-64.
• Skeat, Walter W. (1974) An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Oxford: Clarendon.
• Stark, Rodney (2003) One True God: Historical Consequences of Monotheism. Princeton: Princeton UP.
• Starobinski, Jean (1993) Blessings in Disguise; or The Morality of Evil. Arthur Goldhammer (trs.). Cambridge: Harvard UP.
• Steenbrink, Karel (2004) “Christianity and Islam: Civilizations or Religions? Contem-porary Indonesian Discussions,” Exchange 33/3: 223-243.
• Swenson, James (1997) “A Small Change in Terminology or a Great Leap Forward? Culture and Civilization in Revolution,” MLN 112/3 (April): 322-48.
• Teske, Raymond H. C., Jr.-Nelson, Bardin H. (1974) “Acculturation and Assimilation: A Clarification,” American Ethnologist I/2 (May): 351-367.
• Tolan, John Victor (ed.) (2000) Medieval Christian Perceptions of Islam. London: Routledge.
• Toulmin, Stephen (1992) Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1962) Civilization on Trial. New York: Oxford UP.
• Troeltsch, Ernst (1958) Protestantism and Progress: A Historical Study of the Relation of Protestantism to the Modern World. Boston: Beacon.
• Tuan, Yi-Fu (1988) “The City as a Moral Universe,” Geographical Review 78/ 3 (July): 316-324.
• Voltaire, F. M. A. (1965) The Philosophy of History. New York: Philosophical Library.
• Wescott, Roger W. (1970)”The Enumeration of Civilizations,” History and Theory 9/1: 59-85.
• Wolff, Larry (1994) Inventing Eastern Europe. The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment. Stanford, California: Stanford UP.