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KÜLTÜR, DEMOKRASİ VE MODERNİTE: GELENEKSEL FORMÜLLER VE YÜKSELEN ELEŞTİRİLER

Year 2005, Volume: 2 Issue: 5, 81 - 103, 15.06.2005

Abstract

Son yirmi yılın içinde gelişen sosyal ve siyasal teori tartışmaları millî devletin ve liberal demokrasinin geleceği hakkındaki şüpheleri yoğunlaştırmıştır. Liberal modernitenin sonunu ilan eden (yeni) muhafazakâr ve/veya postmodern cereyanlara göre son iki yüz yıla damgasını vuran modernleşme projesi küreselleşmenin yarattığı yeni sosyal, siyasal ve ekonomik sorunları çözmekte etkisiz kalmakta ve millî devlet, kapitalizm ve demokrasi arasında son iki asır içinde kurulan ilişki çözülmektedir. Daniel Bell’in "ideolojilerin sonu" teziyle başlayan eleştiri 1990'lı yılların başında Francis Fukuyama'nın “tarihin sonu" teziyle birleşince, ilerlemeci-refah kapitalizminin sonunu ilan eden muhafazakar tezler daha da popülerleşmeye başlamıştır. İlerlemeci-refah kapitalizminin siyasal topografyasını şekillendiren sol-sağ çatışmasının sona erdiğini ima eden bu anlayış takip edildiğinde yeni dönem radikalizminin sınırlarının kültür/kimlik siyasetini konu alan mücadeleler içinde şekillendiği sonucuna varılmaktadır (Giddens, 1994). Kültür/kimlik siyasetini son yirmi yılın içinde canlandıran postmodern hassasiyetlerin çevrelediği yeni kültürel, siyasal ve ekonomik alanlarda ortaya çıkan sosyal ve siyasal hareketlerin baskısıyla sadece modernitenin yerleşik kurumlarının değil, liberalizm, sosyalizm ve milliyetçilik gibi kurucu ideolojik cereyanlarının da köklü bir dönüşüm yaşadıkları ileri sürülmektedir. Bu çalışmada kapitalist modernitenin maddî yapıları içinde gelişen eski milliyetçi cereyanların demokratik bir bütünleşme siyasetine yaptıkları katkılar ele alınacak ve postmodern düşünürlerce desteklenen kültürcü kimlik tezlerinden kaynaklanan yeni çoğulcu demokrasinin bazı temel nitelikleri tasvir edilecektir.

References

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  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (1992). Nations and Nationalism since 1780. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Huntington, Samuel, (1957). "Conservatism as an Ideology," American Political Science Review, 51 : 454-473.
  • Jarvis, Darryl, S.L., (1998, Mart). “Postmodernism: A Critical Typology," Politics and Society, 26, 1:95-142.
  • King A.D. (Der.) (1991). Culture, Globalization and the World-System. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
  • Krober, A.L ve Clyde Kluckhorn, (1952). Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Lash, Scott, (1990). The Sociology of Postmodernisin. London: Routledge.
  • Lechner, Norbert, (1993, Sonbahar). "A Disenchantment Called Postmodernism," Boundary 2, Cilt 20. No.3: 123-139.
  • Llobera, Josep R., (1994). The God of Modernity. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
  • Mansfield, Bruce E., (1968). “Erasmus in the Nineteenth Century,” Studies in the Renaissance, 15 : 193-219.
  • Merriam, Charles, B., (1938, Eylül). “The Assumptions of Democracy,” Political Science Quarterly, 53, 3: 328-349.
  • Nairn, Tom, (1977). The Break-up of Britain. London. Verso.
  • OʻKane, John, (2001). “Class, Liberal Pluralism and Counterhegemony," Cultural Studies, 15 (2):295-325.
  • Öğün, Süleyman Seyfi, (2000). Mukayeseli Sosyal Teori ve Tarih Bağlamında Milliyetçilik. İstanbul: Alfa Yayım Dağıtım Ltd. Şti.
  • Özkırımlı Umut, (1999). Milliyetçilik Kuramları: Eleştirel Bir Bakış. İstanbul: Sarmal Yayınevi.
  • Turner, B.S. (Der.), (1990). Theories of Modernity and Postmodernity. London: Sage.
  • Robertson, Ronald, (1990). “After Nostalgia? Wilful Nostalgia and the Phases of Globalization," B.S. Turner, (Der.), Theories of Modernity and Postmodernity. London: Sage.
  • Rejai, Mustafa, (1967, Nisan). “The Metamorphosis of Democratic Theory," Ethics, 77, 3:202-208.
  • Shanahan, Suzanne, (1997). "Different Standards and Standard Differences: Contemporary Citizenship and Immigration Debates," Theory and Society, 26: 421-448.
  • Smith, Anthony, (1986). The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Smith, Anthony D., (1998). Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Tlieories of Nations and Nationalism. London: Routledge.
  • Spektorowski, Alberto, (2003). "The New Right: Ethno-Regionalism, Ethno Pluralism and the Emergence of a Neo-Fascist 'Third Way'," Journal of Political Ideologies, 8 (1): 111-130.
  • Strum, Arthur, (2000, Kış). "What Enlightenment Is," New German Critique, 79: 106-136.
  • Taylor, Charles, (1992). Multiculturalism and The Politics of Recognition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Tribe, Keith, (Der.), (1989). Reading Weber. London: Routledge.
  • Tushnet, Mark, (1998, Sonbahar). “Postmodernism and Democracy,” American Literary History, 7, (3): 582-590.
  • Young, Iris (1990). Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press
  • Wagner, Peter, (2001). “Modernity, Capitalism and Critique,” Thesis Eleven, 66 :1-31.
  • Walby, Sylvia, (2003). “The Myth of the Nation-State: Theorizing Society and Polities in a Global Era,” Sociology, 37, 3:529-546.
  • Ward, Robert E., (1963, Temmuz). "Political Modernization and Political Culture in Japan." World Politics XV : 569-596.
Year 2005, Volume: 2 Issue: 5, 81 - 103, 15.06.2005

Abstract

References

  • Axtmann, Roland, (2004). “The State of the State: The Model of the Modern State and Its Contemporary Transformation," International Political Science Review, 25, 3 : 259-279. Aranowitz, Stanley, (1987-1988, Kış). “Postmodernism and Politics,” Social Text, 18:99-115.
  • Bauman, Zygmunt, (1992). "Soil, Blood, Identity," Sociological Review, 40: 675-701.
  • Bauman, Zygmunt, (1993). The Postmodern Ethics. London: Routledge.
  • Berezin, Mabel, (1999). "Introduction: Democracy and Its Others in a Global Polity," International Sociology, 14 (3): 227-243.
  • Birnbaum, Pierre, (1996, Şubat). “From Multiculturalism to Nationalism," Political Theory 24, 1:33-45.
  • Breuilly, John, (1993 [1982]). Nationalism and the State. 2. Bsk. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Brubaker, R. (1992). Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
  • Busekist, Astrid Von, (2004, Mart). "Uses and Misuses of the Concept of Identity," Security Dialogue, 35 (1): 81-98.
  • Cohen, J. (1999). “Changing Paradigms of Citizenship and the Exclusiveness of the Demos." International Sociology, 14 (3): 245-268.
  • Eagleton, Terry, (1996). The Illusions of Postmodernism. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Featherstone, M. (1991). Consumer Culture and Postmodernism. London: Sage
  • Publications.Gellner, Ernest, (1983). Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Giddens, Anthony, (1985). The Nation-State and Violence. Cambridge: Polity Press.Giddens, Anthony, (1994).
  • Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Greenfeld, Liah, (1992). Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Grillo, R. D., (2003). "Cultural Essentialism and Cultural Anxiety," Anthropological Theory, 3 (2): 157-173.
  • Hall, Stuart ve Bram Gieben, (1992). Formations of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Hassan, Ihab, (1985). "The Culture of Postmodernism," Theory, Culture and Society, 2, 3: 119-131...
  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (1992). Nations and Nationalism since 1780. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Huntington, Samuel, (1957). "Conservatism as an Ideology," American Political Science Review, 51 : 454-473.
  • Jarvis, Darryl, S.L., (1998, Mart). “Postmodernism: A Critical Typology," Politics and Society, 26, 1:95-142.
  • King A.D. (Der.) (1991). Culture, Globalization and the World-System. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
  • Krober, A.L ve Clyde Kluckhorn, (1952). Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Lash, Scott, (1990). The Sociology of Postmodernisin. London: Routledge.
  • Lechner, Norbert, (1993, Sonbahar). "A Disenchantment Called Postmodernism," Boundary 2, Cilt 20. No.3: 123-139.
  • Llobera, Josep R., (1994). The God of Modernity. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
  • Mansfield, Bruce E., (1968). “Erasmus in the Nineteenth Century,” Studies in the Renaissance, 15 : 193-219.
  • Merriam, Charles, B., (1938, Eylül). “The Assumptions of Democracy,” Political Science Quarterly, 53, 3: 328-349.
  • Nairn, Tom, (1977). The Break-up of Britain. London. Verso.
  • OʻKane, John, (2001). “Class, Liberal Pluralism and Counterhegemony," Cultural Studies, 15 (2):295-325.
  • Öğün, Süleyman Seyfi, (2000). Mukayeseli Sosyal Teori ve Tarih Bağlamında Milliyetçilik. İstanbul: Alfa Yayım Dağıtım Ltd. Şti.
  • Özkırımlı Umut, (1999). Milliyetçilik Kuramları: Eleştirel Bir Bakış. İstanbul: Sarmal Yayınevi.
  • Turner, B.S. (Der.), (1990). Theories of Modernity and Postmodernity. London: Sage.
  • Robertson, Ronald, (1990). “After Nostalgia? Wilful Nostalgia and the Phases of Globalization," B.S. Turner, (Der.), Theories of Modernity and Postmodernity. London: Sage.
  • Rejai, Mustafa, (1967, Nisan). “The Metamorphosis of Democratic Theory," Ethics, 77, 3:202-208.
  • Shanahan, Suzanne, (1997). "Different Standards and Standard Differences: Contemporary Citizenship and Immigration Debates," Theory and Society, 26: 421-448.
  • Smith, Anthony, (1986). The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Smith, Anthony D., (1998). Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Tlieories of Nations and Nationalism. London: Routledge.
  • Spektorowski, Alberto, (2003). "The New Right: Ethno-Regionalism, Ethno Pluralism and the Emergence of a Neo-Fascist 'Third Way'," Journal of Political Ideologies, 8 (1): 111-130.
  • Strum, Arthur, (2000, Kış). "What Enlightenment Is," New German Critique, 79: 106-136.
  • Taylor, Charles, (1992). Multiculturalism and The Politics of Recognition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Tribe, Keith, (Der.), (1989). Reading Weber. London: Routledge.
  • Tushnet, Mark, (1998, Sonbahar). “Postmodernism and Democracy,” American Literary History, 7, (3): 582-590.
  • Young, Iris (1990). Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press
  • Wagner, Peter, (2001). “Modernity, Capitalism and Critique,” Thesis Eleven, 66 :1-31.
  • Walby, Sylvia, (2003). “The Myth of the Nation-State: Theorizing Society and Polities in a Global Era,” Sociology, 37, 3:529-546.
  • Ward, Robert E., (1963, Temmuz). "Political Modernization and Political Culture in Japan." World Politics XV : 569-596.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Nazım İrem This is me

Publication Date June 15, 2005
Published in Issue Year 2005 Volume: 2 Issue: 5

Cite

APA İrem, N. (2005). KÜLTÜR, DEMOKRASİ VE MODERNİTE: GELENEKSEL FORMÜLLER VE YÜKSELEN ELEŞTİRİLER. Muhafazakar Düşünce Dergisi, 2(5), 81-103.

Muhafazakar Düşünce Dergisi