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A BRIEF REVIEW ON THE EFFECTS OF VIOLENT MEDIA ON YOUTHS

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 85 - 93, 26.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.458913

Abstract

The main aim of this paper is to briefly review the existing body of knowledge related to youth violence and media. In this context, empirical evidences regarding the association between youth violence and media are mentioned. Also, prevalence rates related to youth media usage, risk factors, and individual differences are given in the review. Then, some preventive suggestions based on the empirical findings are proposed to reduce the positive association between youth violence and media exposure. Finally, this brief review would be a useful starting point for further studies aiming to extend existing literature regarding youth violence and media exposure.

References

  • American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Communications (1995). Media violence (policy statement RE9526). Pediatrics, 95(6), 949–951.
  • Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A metaanalytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12(5), 353-359.
  • Anderson, C. A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L. R., Johnson, J. D., Linz, D., ... & Wartella, E. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in The Public Interest, 4(3), 81-110.
  • Anderson, C. A., & Dill, K. E. (2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 772-790.
  • Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., ... & Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 151-173.
  • Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44(9), 1175-1184.
  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3(3), 265-299.
  • Bartholow, B. D., & Anderson, C. A. (2002). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior: Potential sex differences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(3), 283-290.
  • Berkowitz, L., & Macaulay, J. (1971). The contagion of criminal violence. Sociometry, 34(2), 238-260.
  • Berkowitz, L., & Powers, P. C. (1979). Effects of timing and justification of witnessed aggression on the observers' punitiveness. Journal of Research in Personality, 13(1), 71-80.
  • Bijvank, M. N., Konijn, E. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2012). “We don’t need no education”: Video game preferences, video game motivations, and aggressiveness among adolescent boys of different educational ability levels. Journal of Adolescence, 35(1), 153-162.
  • Bureau of Justice Statistics (2006). Crime and victims statistics. Available at: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm. Accessed May 15, 2018.
  • Bushman, B. J. (1995). Moderating role of trait aggressiveness in the effects of violent media on aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 950-950.
  • Bushman, B. J., & Geen, R. G. (1990). Role of cognitive-emotional mediators and individual differences inthe effects of media violence on aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(1), 156-163.
  • Bushman, B. J., & Huesmann, L. R. (2006). Short-term and long-term effects of violent media on aggression in children and adults. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 160(4), 348-352.
  • Cash, S. J., Thelwall, M., Peck, S. N., Ferrell, J. Z., & Bridge, J. A. (2013). Adolescent suicide statements on MySpace. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(3), 166-174.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2007). Youth violence: fact sheet. Available at: www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/yvfacts.htm. Accessed May 15, 2018.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). Electronic media and youth violence: a CDC issue brief for researchers. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  • Centerwall, B. S. (1992). Television and violence: the scale of the problem and where to go from here. Jama, 267(22), 3059-3063.
  • Dahlberg, L. L. (1998). Youth violence in the United States major trends, risk factors, and prevention approaches. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 259-272.
  • DeVoe, E. R., Dean, K., Traube, D., & McKay, M. M. (2005). The SURVIVE community project: A family-based intervention to reduce the impact of violence exposures in urban youth. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 11(4), 95-116.
  • Eron, L. D., Gentry, J. H., & Schlegel, P. E. (1994). Reason to hope: A psychosocial perspective on violence & youth. America: American Psychological Association.
  • Eron, L. D., Huesmann, L. R., Lefkowitz, M. M., & Walder, L. O. (1972). Does television violence cause aggression? American Psychologist, 27(4), 253-263.
  • Ferguson, C. J., San Miguel, C., & Hartley, R. D. (2009). A multivariate analysis of youth violence and aggression: The influence of family, peers, depression, and media violence. The Journal of Pediatrics, 155(6), 904-908.
  • Geen, R. G. (1975). The meaning of observed violence: Real vs. fictional violence and consequent effects on aggression and emotional arousal. Journal of Research in Personality, 9(4), 270-281.
  • Geen, R. G., & Stonner, D. (1973). Context effects in observed violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25(1), 145-150.
  • Gentile, D. A., & Anderson, C. A. (2003). Violent video games: The newest media violence hazard. In D. A. Gentile (Ed.), Media violence and children: A complete guide for parents and professionals, (pp. 131-152). Westport, United States: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Haynie, D. L., Nansel, T., Eitel, P., Crump, A. D., Saylor, K., Yu, K., & Simons-Morton, B. (2001). Bullies, victims, and bully/victims: Distinct groups of at-risk youth. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 21(1), 29-49.
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(3), 206-221.
  • Huesmann LR. (1998). The role of social information processing and cognitive schemas in the acquisition and maintenance of habitual aggressive behavior. In: Geen RG, Donnerstein E. (Eds.), Human Aggression: Theories, Research, and Implications for Policy (pp. 73-109). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., & Yarmel, P. W. (1987). Intellectual functioning and aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 232-240.
  • Huesmann, L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C. L., & Eron, L. D. (2003). Longitudinal relations between children's exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977-1992. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 201-221.
  • Irwin, A. R., & Gross, A. M. (1995). Cognitive tempo, violent video games, and aggressive behavior in young boys. Journal of Family Violence, 10(3), 337-350.
  • Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Smailes, E. M., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (2002). Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood. Science, 295(5564), 2468-2471.
  • Kanz, K. M. (2016). Mediated and moderated effects of violent media consumption on youth violence. European Journal of Criminology, 13(2), 149-168.
  • Kılıç, M. (2014). Gençliğin Şiddet Algısı: Düzce İli Örneği. A. Ertuğrul (Ed.), Düzce’de Tarih ve Kültür. (ss.216-224), Bursa: Gaye Kitabevi.
  • Kılıç, M. (2017). Gençlik Şiddet ve Serbest Zaman. Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı, Düzce: Düzce Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kirsh, S. J. (1998). Seeing the world through Mortal Kombat-colored glasses: Violent video games and the development of a short-term hostile attribution bias. Childhood, 5(2), 177-184.
  • Kirwil, L., & Huesmann, L. R. (2003). The relation between aggressiveness and emotional reactions to observed violence. Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association. Chicago.
  • McDonough P. (2009). TV viewing among kids at an eight-year high. Nielsenwire. Available at: https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2009/tv-viewing-among-kids-at-an-eight-year high.html. Accessed 11 May 2018.
  • McKenna, K. Y., & Bargh, J. A. (2000). Plan 9 from cyberspace: The implications of the Internet for personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(1), 57-75.
  • Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Jama, 285(16), 2094-2100.
  • Paik, H., & Comstock, G. (1994). The effects of television violence on antisocial behavior: a meta analysis. Communication Research, 21(4), 516-546.
  • Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2013). Cyberbullying among adolescents: Implications for empirical research. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), 431-432.
  • Phillips, D. P. (1982). The impact of fictional television stories on US adult fatalities: new evidence on the effect of the mass media on violence. American Journal of Sociology, 87(6), 1340-1359.
  • Ruder, T., Hatch, G. M., Ampanozi, G., Thali, M., & Fischer, N. (2011). Crisis, 32(5), 280–282.
  • Snyder H. N., & Sickmund M. (2006). Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report. Washington, DC: Department of Justice.
  • Stack, S. (1989). The effect of publicized mass murders and murder-suicides on lethal violence, 1968 1980: A research note. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.
  • Subrahmanyam, K., Garcia, E. C., & Harsono, L. S. (2009). In their words: Connecting online weblogs to developmental processes. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27, 219–245.
  • University of California at Los Angeles, Center for Communication Policy. (2003). Surveying the digital future, year 3. Los, Angeles, CA, University of California at Los Angeles. The UCLA Internet Report. Ref Type: Report.
  • University of Southern California, Annenberg School Center for the Digital Future. (2004). Surveying the digital future: ten years, ten trends, year 4. Los Angeles, CA, University of Southern California. The Digital Future Report. Ref Type: Report.
  • US Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Risk Factors for Youth Violence. Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Surgeon General, SAMHSA.
  • Van Dijk J, van Kesteren J, Smit P. (2007). Criminal victimization in International Perspective. The Hague: United Nations Office on Drug and Crime.
  • Williams, T. M. (1986). The Impact of Television: A natural experiment in three communities. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press.
  • Williams, K. R., & Guerra, N. G. (2007). Prevalence and predictors of Internet bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 14–21.
  • Ybarra, M. L., Diener-West, M., Markow, D., Leaf, P. J., Hamburger, M., & Boxer, P. (2008). Linkages between Internet and other media violence with seriously violent behavior by youth. Pediatrics, 122(5), 929-937.

ŞİDDET İÇERİKLİ MEDYANIN GENÇLER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİNE İLİŞKİN KISA BİR DERLEME

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 85 - 93, 26.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.458913

Abstract

Bu derlemenin ana amacı, gençlik şiddeti ve medya ile ilgili mevcut bilgiyi kısaca gözden geçirmektir. Bu bağlamda, gençlik şiddeti ile medya arasındaki ilişkiyle ilgili görgül verilerden bahsedilmiştir. Ayrıca gençlerin medya kullanımına ilişkin yaygınlık oranları, risk faktörleri ve bireysel farklılıklar ile ilgili bulgular da bu derlemede verilmiştir. Ardından, gençlik şiddeti ile medyaya maruz kalma arasındaki pozitif ilişkiyi azaltmak için görgül bulgulara dayanan bazı önerilere değinilmiştir. Son olarak, bu kısa derleme, gençlik şiddeti ve medyaya maruz kalma ile ilgili mevcut alanyazını genişletmeyi amaçlayan çalışmalar için yararlı bir başlangıç noktası olacaktır.

References

  • American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Communications (1995). Media violence (policy statement RE9526). Pediatrics, 95(6), 949–951.
  • Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A metaanalytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12(5), 353-359.
  • Anderson, C. A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L. R., Johnson, J. D., Linz, D., ... & Wartella, E. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in The Public Interest, 4(3), 81-110.
  • Anderson, C. A., & Dill, K. E. (2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 772-790.
  • Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., ... & Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 151-173.
  • Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44(9), 1175-1184.
  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3(3), 265-299.
  • Bartholow, B. D., & Anderson, C. A. (2002). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior: Potential sex differences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(3), 283-290.
  • Berkowitz, L., & Macaulay, J. (1971). The contagion of criminal violence. Sociometry, 34(2), 238-260.
  • Berkowitz, L., & Powers, P. C. (1979). Effects of timing and justification of witnessed aggression on the observers' punitiveness. Journal of Research in Personality, 13(1), 71-80.
  • Bijvank, M. N., Konijn, E. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2012). “We don’t need no education”: Video game preferences, video game motivations, and aggressiveness among adolescent boys of different educational ability levels. Journal of Adolescence, 35(1), 153-162.
  • Bureau of Justice Statistics (2006). Crime and victims statistics. Available at: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm. Accessed May 15, 2018.
  • Bushman, B. J. (1995). Moderating role of trait aggressiveness in the effects of violent media on aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 950-950.
  • Bushman, B. J., & Geen, R. G. (1990). Role of cognitive-emotional mediators and individual differences inthe effects of media violence on aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(1), 156-163.
  • Bushman, B. J., & Huesmann, L. R. (2006). Short-term and long-term effects of violent media on aggression in children and adults. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 160(4), 348-352.
  • Cash, S. J., Thelwall, M., Peck, S. N., Ferrell, J. Z., & Bridge, J. A. (2013). Adolescent suicide statements on MySpace. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(3), 166-174.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2007). Youth violence: fact sheet. Available at: www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/yvfacts.htm. Accessed May 15, 2018.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). Electronic media and youth violence: a CDC issue brief for researchers. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  • Centerwall, B. S. (1992). Television and violence: the scale of the problem and where to go from here. Jama, 267(22), 3059-3063.
  • Dahlberg, L. L. (1998). Youth violence in the United States major trends, risk factors, and prevention approaches. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 259-272.
  • DeVoe, E. R., Dean, K., Traube, D., & McKay, M. M. (2005). The SURVIVE community project: A family-based intervention to reduce the impact of violence exposures in urban youth. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 11(4), 95-116.
  • Eron, L. D., Gentry, J. H., & Schlegel, P. E. (1994). Reason to hope: A psychosocial perspective on violence & youth. America: American Psychological Association.
  • Eron, L. D., Huesmann, L. R., Lefkowitz, M. M., & Walder, L. O. (1972). Does television violence cause aggression? American Psychologist, 27(4), 253-263.
  • Ferguson, C. J., San Miguel, C., & Hartley, R. D. (2009). A multivariate analysis of youth violence and aggression: The influence of family, peers, depression, and media violence. The Journal of Pediatrics, 155(6), 904-908.
  • Geen, R. G. (1975). The meaning of observed violence: Real vs. fictional violence and consequent effects on aggression and emotional arousal. Journal of Research in Personality, 9(4), 270-281.
  • Geen, R. G., & Stonner, D. (1973). Context effects in observed violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25(1), 145-150.
  • Gentile, D. A., & Anderson, C. A. (2003). Violent video games: The newest media violence hazard. In D. A. Gentile (Ed.), Media violence and children: A complete guide for parents and professionals, (pp. 131-152). Westport, United States: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Haynie, D. L., Nansel, T., Eitel, P., Crump, A. D., Saylor, K., Yu, K., & Simons-Morton, B. (2001). Bullies, victims, and bully/victims: Distinct groups of at-risk youth. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 21(1), 29-49.
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(3), 206-221.
  • Huesmann LR. (1998). The role of social information processing and cognitive schemas in the acquisition and maintenance of habitual aggressive behavior. In: Geen RG, Donnerstein E. (Eds.), Human Aggression: Theories, Research, and Implications for Policy (pp. 73-109). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., & Yarmel, P. W. (1987). Intellectual functioning and aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 232-240.
  • Huesmann, L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C. L., & Eron, L. D. (2003). Longitudinal relations between children's exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977-1992. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 201-221.
  • Irwin, A. R., & Gross, A. M. (1995). Cognitive tempo, violent video games, and aggressive behavior in young boys. Journal of Family Violence, 10(3), 337-350.
  • Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Smailes, E. M., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (2002). Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood. Science, 295(5564), 2468-2471.
  • Kanz, K. M. (2016). Mediated and moderated effects of violent media consumption on youth violence. European Journal of Criminology, 13(2), 149-168.
  • Kılıç, M. (2014). Gençliğin Şiddet Algısı: Düzce İli Örneği. A. Ertuğrul (Ed.), Düzce’de Tarih ve Kültür. (ss.216-224), Bursa: Gaye Kitabevi.
  • Kılıç, M. (2017). Gençlik Şiddet ve Serbest Zaman. Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı, Düzce: Düzce Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kirsh, S. J. (1998). Seeing the world through Mortal Kombat-colored glasses: Violent video games and the development of a short-term hostile attribution bias. Childhood, 5(2), 177-184.
  • Kirwil, L., & Huesmann, L. R. (2003). The relation between aggressiveness and emotional reactions to observed violence. Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association. Chicago.
  • McDonough P. (2009). TV viewing among kids at an eight-year high. Nielsenwire. Available at: https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2009/tv-viewing-among-kids-at-an-eight-year high.html. Accessed 11 May 2018.
  • McKenna, K. Y., & Bargh, J. A. (2000). Plan 9 from cyberspace: The implications of the Internet for personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(1), 57-75.
  • Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Jama, 285(16), 2094-2100.
  • Paik, H., & Comstock, G. (1994). The effects of television violence on antisocial behavior: a meta analysis. Communication Research, 21(4), 516-546.
  • Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2013). Cyberbullying among adolescents: Implications for empirical research. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), 431-432.
  • Phillips, D. P. (1982). The impact of fictional television stories on US adult fatalities: new evidence on the effect of the mass media on violence. American Journal of Sociology, 87(6), 1340-1359.
  • Ruder, T., Hatch, G. M., Ampanozi, G., Thali, M., & Fischer, N. (2011). Crisis, 32(5), 280–282.
  • Snyder H. N., & Sickmund M. (2006). Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report. Washington, DC: Department of Justice.
  • Stack, S. (1989). The effect of publicized mass murders and murder-suicides on lethal violence, 1968 1980: A research note. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.
  • Subrahmanyam, K., Garcia, E. C., & Harsono, L. S. (2009). In their words: Connecting online weblogs to developmental processes. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27, 219–245.
  • University of California at Los Angeles, Center for Communication Policy. (2003). Surveying the digital future, year 3. Los, Angeles, CA, University of California at Los Angeles. The UCLA Internet Report. Ref Type: Report.
  • University of Southern California, Annenberg School Center for the Digital Future. (2004). Surveying the digital future: ten years, ten trends, year 4. Los Angeles, CA, University of Southern California. The Digital Future Report. Ref Type: Report.
  • US Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Risk Factors for Youth Violence. Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Surgeon General, SAMHSA.
  • Van Dijk J, van Kesteren J, Smit P. (2007). Criminal victimization in International Perspective. The Hague: United Nations Office on Drug and Crime.
  • Williams, T. M. (1986). The Impact of Television: A natural experiment in three communities. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press.
  • Williams, K. R., & Guerra, N. G. (2007). Prevalence and predictors of Internet bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 14–21.
  • Ybarra, M. L., Diener-West, M., Markow, D., Leaf, P. J., Hamburger, M., & Boxer, P. (2008). Linkages between Internet and other media violence with seriously violent behavior by youth. Pediatrics, 122(5), 929-937.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Furkan Tosyalı 0000-0002-1369-9960

Publication Date December 26, 2018
Submission Date September 11, 2018
Acceptance Date October 18, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tosyalı, F. (2018). A BRIEF REVIEW ON THE EFFECTS OF VIOLENT MEDIA ON YOUTHS. Muhakeme Journal, 1(2), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.458913

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