Psikoterapistlerin Mesleki Yeterliliğini Belirleyici Bazı Değişkenler: Yeterliliğinin Değerlendirilmesi, Kişisel Terapi, Öz Bakım, Duygusal Yeterlilik

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 14 - 27, 30.06.2021

Burcu Köylüoğlu Özden Yalçınkaya Alkar

Abstract

Hem uygulamalı hem de teorik bir disiplin olan psikoloji, etik çerçevede kendisine rehberlik eden bir takım zorunluluk ve sorumluluklara sahiptir. İnsanın ruh sağlığına her yönüyle dâhil olduğu düşünüldüğünde, klinisyenlerin doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak ilgili oldukları bireylerin iyi oluşlarına özellikle duyarlı olmaları gerekir. Psikolojinin bütünlüğü, profesyonellerin kendi davranışlarını düzenleyebileceği kapsama bağlıdır. Bu noktada, yeterlilik psikolojiyi meslek olarak tanıtan ilke ve değerler kümelenmesinin merkezinde yer alır. Psikolojide yeterlilik, kişinin mesleki yeterlilikleri ile tutarlı, kültürel ve bireysel farklılıklara duyarlı ve kanıt temelli uygulamalara bağlı olan görevleri anlama ve gerçekleştirmeyi içerir. Psikologların günümüz toplumunda karşılaştıkları baskılar göz önüne alındığında, hizmet ettikleri kişilere yüksek kaliteli bakım sağlamak için mesleki yaşamları boyunca yetkinlik ve yetkinliklerini sürdürme konusundaki etik yükümlülüklerini en iyi şekilde nasıl karşılayacakları sürekli olarak tartışılan bir konudur. Danışana yönelik en iyi, en kaliteli ve en etkili hizmetin sunulması için psikoterapistin mesleki işlevselliğini en üst düzeyde tutması önemlidir ki bu durum literatürdeki ilgili araştırmalarla desteklenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, bu doğrultuda, önce etik ve yeterlilikten kısaca söz edilecek, daha sonra psikoterapistin yeterliliğinin değerlendirilmesi, psikoterapistin kişisel terapisi, öz-bakımı ve duygusal yeterliliği etik çerçevede ele alınacaktır.

Keywords

etik, yeterlilik, yeterliliğin değerlendirilmesi, kişisel terapi, özbakım, duygusal yeterlilik

Supporting Institution

ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYEAZIT ÜNİVERSİTESİ

Some Variables Determining the Professional Competency of Psychotherapists: Assessment of Competence, Self-care, Personal Therapy, Emotional Competence

Abstract

Psychology, both an applied and a theoretical discipline, has a number of obligations and responsibilities that guide itself in the ethical frame. When it is thought that people are involved in every aspect of mental health, clinicians must be particularly sensitive to the well-being of the individuals to whom they are directly or indirectly related. The integrity of psychology depends on the extent to which professionals can regulate their behavior. At this point, competence is at the center of the cluster of principles and values that promote psychology as a profession. Psychological competence includes understanding and implementing tasks that are consistent with one's professional competence, are sensitive to cultural and individual differences, and depend on evidence-based practices. Given the pressures that psychologists face in today's society, how to best meet their ethical obligations to maintain competence and competence throughout their professional lives to provide high quality care to people they serve is a constantly debated issue. It is important for the psychotherapist to keep the professional functionality at the highest level in order to provide the best, highest quality and most effective service for the client. This situation is supported by relevant researches in the literature. In this work, in this direction, firstly ethics and competence will be mentioned briefly, later psychotherapist's personal therapy, self- emotional competence will be assessed in the ethical framework.

Keywords

Ethics, competence, assessment of competence, self-care, personal therapy, emotional competence.

References

• Aksu, H. H. (2008). Öğretmen adaylarının matematik öğretimine yönelik öz-yeterlilik inançları. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 8, (2), 161-170.
• American Psychological Association. (2002). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. American Psychologist, 57(12), 1060-1073.
• Baker, E. K. (2003). Caring for ourselves: The therapist’s guide to personal and Professional well-being. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books.
• Barber, J. P., Sharpless, B. A., Klostermann, S. ve McCarthy, K. S. (2007). Assessing intervention competence and its relation to therapy outcome: A selected review derived from the outcome literature. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(5), 493–500.
• Barnett, J. E., Baker, E. K., Elman, N. S. ve Schoener, G. R. (2007). In pursuit of wellness: The self-care imperative. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38, 603- 612.
• Bellows, K. F. (2007). Psychotherapists’ personal psychotherapy and ıts perceived ınfluence on clinical practice. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 71(3), 204–226.
• Carroll, L., Gilroy, P. J., ve Murra, J. (1999). The moral imperative: Self-care for women psychotherapists. Women & Therapy, 22(2), 133-143.
• Chessick, R. D. (1974). The technique and practice of ıntensive psychotherapy. New York: Jason Aronson.
• Chevron, E. S. ve Rounsaville, B. J. (1983). Evaluating the clinical skills of psychotherapists: A comparison of techniques. Archives of general psychiatry, 40(10), 1129-1132
• Clark, M. M. (1986). Personal therapy: A review of empirical research. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 17(6), 541–543.
• Coster, J. S. ve Schwebel, M. (1997). Well-functioning in Professional psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 28(1), 5-13.
• Dattilio, F. M. (2015). The self-care of psychologists and mental health professionals: A review and practitioner guide. Australian Psychologist, 50(6), 393–399.
• Daw, B. ve Joseph, S. (2007). Qualified therapists’ experience of personal therapy. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 7(4), 227–232.
• De Vries, I. (2012). In search of the master therapist: emotional competence and client outcome: a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master in psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Doctoral dissertation, Massey University).
• Deutsch, C. J. (1985). A survey of therapists’ personal problems and treatment. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 16, 305–315.
• Dima, G. ve Bucuţă, M. D. (2012). The experience of therapeutic change for psychologists preparing to become psychotherapists. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 33, 672-676.
• Doas, M. D. (2013). What are the potential outcomes of integrating emotionally competent behaviours into the care of psychiatric patients? Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 20(5), 405-410.
• Epstein, R. ve Bower, T. (1997). Why shrinks have problems? Psychology Today.
• Epstein, R. M. ve Hundert, E. M. (2002). Defining and assessing Professional competence. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 226–235.
• Fairburn, C. G. ve Cooper, Z. (2011). Therapist competence, therapy quality, and therapist training. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(6-7), 373-378.
• Falender, C. A. ve Shafranske, E. P. (2007). Competence in competency-based supervision practice: Construct and application. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(3), 232-240.
• Figley, C. R. (2002). Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists' chronic lack of self care. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(11), 1433-1441.
• Fromm-Reichmann, F. (1949). Notes on the personal and professional requirements of a psychotherapist. Psychiatry, 12(4), 361-378.
• Fromm- Reichmann, F. (1950). Principles of Intensive Psychotherapy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Garfield, S. L. ve Bergin, A. E. (1971). Personal therapy, outcome and some therapist variables. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 8(3), 251-253.
• Garfield, S. L. ve Kurtz, R. M. (1976). Personal therapy for the psychotherapist: Some findings and issues. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 13(2), 188.
• Greenberg, R. P. ve Staller, J. (1981). Personal therapy for therapists. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 138(11), 1467-1471.
• Guy, J. D. Poelstra, P. L. ve Stark, M. J. (1989). Personal distress and therapeutic effectiveness: National survey of psychologists practicing psychotherapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20, 48–50.
• Guy, J. D. (2000). Self-care corner: Holding the holding environment together: Self psychology and psychotherapist care. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31(3), 351.
• Hamamcı Z ve Atalay H. S. (2009). Huzurevinde çalışan psikolog ve sosyal çalışmacıların mesleki yeterlilik düzeylerinin incelenmesi. www.eab.org.tr/eab/2009/pdf/24.pdf
• Kramen-Kahn, B. ve Hansen, N. D. (1998). Rafting the rapids: Occupational hazards, rewards, and coping strategies of psychotherapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 29(2), 130.
• Kaslow, N. J. (2004). Competencies in Professional Psychology. American Psychologist, 59(8), 774-781.
• Kaslow, N. J., Rubin, N. J., Bebeau, M. J., Leigh, I. W., Lichtenberg, J. W., Nelson, P. D., … Smith, I. L. (2007). Guiding principles and recommendations for the assessment of competence. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38, 441–451
• Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 207– 222.
• Klein, R. H. ve Babineau, R. (1974). Evaluating the competence of trainees: It's nothing personal. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131(7), 788-791.
• Knapp, S. J. ve Vandecreek, L. D. (2010). Psikologlar için pratik etik: Pozitif yaklaşım (çev. M. Yılmaz, TF Karahan, S. Balcı Çelik, ME Sardoğan). Ankara: Mentis Yayınevi.
• Korkut, Y. (2017). Klinik Psikolojide Etik. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Psychology-Special Topics, 2(1), 56-62.
• Kramen-Kahn, B. ve Hansen, N. D. (1998). Rafting the rapids: Occupational hazards, rewards, and coping strategies of psychotherapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 29(2), 130-134.
• Lambert, M. J. ve Barley, D. E. (2001). Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome. Psychotherapy: Theory, research, practice, training, 38(4), 357.
• Mahoney, M. J. (1997). Psychotherapists' personal problems and self-care patterns. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 28(1), 14-16.
• McHugh, R.K. ve Barlow, D.H. (2010). T he dissemination and implementation of evidence based psychological treatments. American Psychologist, 65 (2010), pp. 73-84
• Meltzoff. J. ve Kornreich, M. (1970). Research in psychotherapy. New York: Atherton
• Miner, A. M. (2010). Burnout in mental health professionals as related to self-care.
• Norcross, J. C., Strausser-Kirtland, D., ve Missar, C. D. (1988). The processes and outcomes of psychotherapists' personal treatment experiences. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 25(1), 36.
• Norcross, J. C. (2000). Psychotherapist self-care: Practitioner-tested, research-informed strategies. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31(6), 710.
• Norcross, J. C. (2005). The psychotherapist's own psychotherapy: Educating and developing psychologists. American Psychologist, 60(8), 840
• Norcross, J.C. ve Guy, J.D. (2007). Leave it at the office: A guide to psychotherapist self care. New York: Guilford
• Orlinsky, D. E., Schofield, M. J., Schroder, T. ve Kazantzis, N. (2011). Utilization ofpersonal therapy by psychotherapists: A practice‐friendly review and a new study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(8), 828-842.
• Önalan, F. A. (2006). Sosyal yeterlilik, sosyal beceri ve yaratıcı drama. Yaratıcı Drama Dergisi, 1(1), 39-58.
• Peebles, M. J. (1980) Personal therapy and ability to display empathy, wamrth and genuineness in psychotherapy Psychotherapy. Theory, Research and Practice, 17, 252 262
• Perepletchikova, F., Treat, T. A., ve Kazdin, A. E. (2007). Treatment integrity in psychotherapy research: analysis of the studies and examination of the associated factors. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 75(6), 829.
• Richards, K., Campenni, C., ve Muse-Burke, J. (2010). Self-care and well-being in mental health professionals: The mediating effects of self-awareness and mindfulness. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 32(3), 247-264.
• Roberts, M. C., Borden, K. A., Christiansen, M. D. ve Lopez, S. J. (2005). Fostering a culture shift: assessment of competence in the education and careers of professional psychologists. Professional psychology: research and practice, 36(4), 355.
• Schwebel, M. ve Coster, J. (1998). Well-functioning in professional psychologists: As program heads see it. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 29(3), 284.
• Seal, C. R. ve Andrews-Brown, A. (2010). An integrative model of emotional intelligence: emotional ability as a moderator of the mediated relationship of emotional quotient and emotional competence. Organization Management Journal, 7(2), 143-152.
• Sharpless, B. A., ve Barber, J. P. (2009). A conceptual and empirical review of the meaning, measurement, development, and teaching of intervention competence in clinical psychology. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(1), 47-56.
• Shaw, B. F. ve Dobson, K. S. (1988). Competency judgments in the training and evaluation of psychotherapists. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(5), 666–672.
• Sherman, M.D. ve Thelen, M.H. (1998). Distress and professional impairment among psychologists in clinical practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 29, 79-85 Türk Dil Kurumu, (2017). Güncel Türkçe Sözlük. http://www.tdk.gov.tr/
• Türk Psikologlar Derneği (2004). Türk Psikologlar Derneği Etik Yönetmeliği. Erişim tarihi 03 Ocak 2014, http://www.psikolog.org.tr/turkey-code-tr.pdf
• Valente, V. ve Marotta, A. (2005). The impact of yoga on the professional and personal life of the psychotherapist. Contemporary Family Therapy, 27(1), 65-80.
• Walsh, R. (2011). Lifestyle and mental health. American Psychologist, 66(7), 579.
• Wise, E. H. (2008). Competence and scope of practice: Ethics and Professional development. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(5), 626-637.
• Wise, E. H., Hersh, M. A., ve Gibson, C. M. (2012). Ethics, self-care and well-being for psychologists: Reenvisioning the stress-distress continuum. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5), 487-494.
• Wise, E. H., ve Barnett, J. E. (2016). Self-care for psychologists. In J. C. Norcross, G. R. VandenBos, D. K. Freedheim, & L. F. Campbell (Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology. APA of clinical psychology: Education and profession (pp. 209-222). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.