AR-GE HARCAMALARI VE İŞSİZLİK ARASINDAKİ NEDENSELLİĞİN AMPİRİK ANALİZİ: G7 ÜLKELERİ ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2019, Volume: 41 Issue: 2, 413 - 431, 06.01.2020

Mustafa Gerçeker İbrahim Özmen Mehmet Mucuk

https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.665104

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Ar-Ge faaliyetleri sonucu gerçekleştirilen teknolojik ilerlemeler hem çıktı miktarı hem de işsizlik
oranları üzerinde önemli etkiler meydana getirmektedir. Ancak Ar-Ge alanındaki çalışmaların
işsizlik üzerindeki etkileri konusunda farklı yaklaşımlar bulunmaktadır. Bu yaklaşımlardan ilki;
süreç inovasyonunun teknolojik işsizliği beraberinde getireceğini ileri sürerken; diğer yaklaşım ise
ürün inovasyonu ile birlikte işsizliğin azalacağını kabul etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Ar-Ge harcamaları
ile işsizlik arasındaki nedensel bağıntının G7 ülkeleri için 1990-2016 dönemine ait yıllık verilerden
hareketle Kónya (2006) panel bootstrap Granger nedensellik testi kullanılarak analiz edilmesi
amaçlanmaktadır. Nedensellik testi sonuçları; Almanya, Fransa, İtalya ve Japonya’da Ar-Ge harcamaları
ile işsizlik arasında karşılıklı bir ilişki bulunduğunu göstermiştir. Diğer taraftan Kanada’da ve ABD’de
ise Ar-Ge harcamaları ile işsizlik arasında tek yönlü bir bağıntı bulunmaktadır.

Keywords

İşsizlik, Ar-Ge Harcamaları, G7 Ekonomileri, Panel Nedensellik

References

• AGHION, P. ve Howitt, P. (1992). A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction, Econometrica, 60(2): 323-351.
• AGOVINO, M., Aldieri, L., Garofalo, A., Vinci, C.P. (2018). R&D Spillovers and Employment: Evidence From European Patent Data, Empirica, 45: 247-260.
• AGUILERA, A. ve Barrera, M.G.R. (2016). Technological Unemployment: an Approximation to the Latin American Case, AD-Minister, 29: 59-78.
• BERRIMAN, R. ve Hawksworth, J. (2017). Will Robots Steal our Jobs? The Potential Impact of Automation on The UK and Other Major Economies, UK Economic Outlook March 2017, https://www.pwc.co.uk/economic-services/ukeo/pwcukeo-section-4-automation-march-2017-v2.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11.10.2018)
• BLANCO, L., James, P. ve Ji, G. (2013). The Impact of Research and Development on Economic Growth and Productivity in the US States, Pepperdine University School of Public Policy Working Papers, 48, http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/ sppworkingpapers/48 (Erişim Tarihi: 11.10.2018)
• BOGLIACINO, F. ve Vivarelli, M. (2010). The Job Creation Effect of R&D Expenditures, IZA Discussion Papers, 4728.
• BOGLİACİNO, F., Piva, M. ve Vivarelli, M. (2014). Technology and Employment: The Job Creation Effect of Business R&D, Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Sociali, 3: 239-264.
• BREUSCH, T.S. ve Pagan, A. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics, Review of Economic Studies, 47(1): 239-253.
• BROUWER, E., Kleinknecht, A. ve Reijnen, J.O.N. (1993). Employment Growth and Innovation at The Firm Level, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 3: 153-159.
• CHU, A.C. (2015). From Solow to Romer: Teaching Endogenous Technological Change in Undergraduate Economics, MPRA Paper, 81972, https://mpra.ub.uni muenchen.de/81972/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.10.2018)
• COAD, A. ve Rao, R. (2007). The Employment Effects of Innovations in High-Tech Industries, Max Planck Institute of Economics Evolutionary Economics Group, Paper No: 0705.
• COAD, A. ve Rao, R. (2010). Firm Growth and R&D Expenditure, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 19(2): 127-145.
• COE, D. T. ve Helpman, E.. (1995). International R&D Spillovers, European Economic Review, 39: 859-867.
• DACHS, B. (2018). The Impact of New Technologies on the Labour Market and the Social Economy, Brussels, European Parliament’s Science and Technology Options Assessment (STOA) Panel, European Union.
• DJELLAL, F. ve Gallouj, F. (2006). The Relationship between Innovation and Employment in Services: A Review of the Literature and an Agenda for Research, Institute of Innovation Research (IoIR) / ASEAT Conference 2006 on “Innovation in Services”, Universityof of Manchester, June 2006.
• GROSSMAN, G.M. ve Helpman, E. (1991). Trade, Knowledge Spillovers, and Growth, European Economic Review, 35: 517-526.
• HAZELKORN, E. (2009). Impact of Global Rankings on Higher Education Research and the Production of Knowledge, Occasional Paper, 15. https://arrow.dit.ie/cserrep/16/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.10.2018)
• KIRCHHOFF, B.A., Newbert, S.L., Hasan, I. ve Armington, C. (2007). The Influence of University R&D Expenditures on New Business Formations and Employment Growth, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(4): 543-559.
• KÓNYA, L. (2006). Exports and Growth: Granger Causality Analysis on OECD Countries with A Panel Data Approach, Economic Modelling, 23: 978-992.
• MATUZEVICIUTE, K., Mindaugas, B. ve Akvile, K. (2017). Do Technological Innovations Affect Unemployment? Some Empirical Evidence from European Countries, Economies, 5(48): 1-19.
• OBERDABERNIG, D.A. (2016). Employment Effects of Innovation in Developing Countries: A Summary, Swiss Programme for Research on Global Issues for Development, R4D Working Paper, 2016/2.
• OECD (2018). Main Science and Technology Indicators, 2018/1, Paris, OECD Publishing.
• OECD (2015). Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, Paris, OECD Publishing.
• OECD (2012). Main Science and Technology Indicators, Paris, OECD Publishing.
• PESARAN, M.H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0435.
• PESARAN, M.H. ve Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels, Journal of Econometrics, 142(1): 50-93.
• PESARAN, M.H., Aman, U. ve Takashi, Y. (2008). A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross Section Independence, Econometrics Journal, 11(1): 105-127.
• PIVA, M. ve Vivarelli, M. (2017). Is R&D Good for Employment? Microeconometric Evidence from the EU, IZA World of Labor DP, 10581.
• ROMER, P.M. (1990). Endogenous Technological Change, Journal of Political Economy, 98(5): 71-102.
• SHAHBAZ, M., Syed J.H.S., Mantu, K.M. ve Perry, S. (2017). How Strong is the Causal Relationship between Globalization and Energy Consumption in Developed Economies? A Country-Spesific Time-Series and Panel Analysis, MPRA Paper, 80718.
• SOLOW, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1): 65-94.
• TAMAYO, M.P. ve Huergo, E. (2016). The Effect of R&D Services Offshoring on Skilled Employment: Firm Evidence, The World Economy, 39(9): 1414-1433.
• THE PARLIAMENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA (2000). Age Counts An Inquiry into Issues Spesific to Mature-Age Workers, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Parliament of Australia.
• UNESCO (2014). Guide to Conducting an R&D Survey: For Countries Starting to Measure Research and Experimental Development, Kanada, UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
• VIVARELLI, M. (2015). Innovation and Employment, IZA World of Labor, 154.
• YAMAK, A. (2017). Ar-Ge Harcamalarının Yüksek Teknolojili Ürün İhracatı Üzerindeki Etkileri, Kalkınmada Anahtar Verimlilik, 341, http://anahtar.sanayi.gov.tr/tr/ news/ar-ge-harcamalarininyuksek-teknolojili-urun-ihracati-uzerindeki-etkileri-turkiye incelemesi/9407 (Erişim Tarihi: 26.10.2018)