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HOFSTEDE'NİN SERBESTLİĞE KARŞI SINIRLILIK BOYUTUNUN TÜRKÇE ÖLÇEĞE UYARLANMASI

Year 2024, Volume: 46 Issue: 1
https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1387858

Abstract

Geert Hofstede tarafından literatüre kazandırılan kültürel boyutlar teorisine en son eklenen serbestlik-sınırlılık boyutu, toplumların mutluluk temaları ve yaklaşımlarına odaklanmıştır. Serbestlik boyutu, bireylerin kişisel ihtiyaç ve isteklerini gerçekleştirmelerinin değerli olduğunu, bireysel mutluluğu ve iyi oluşu önceliklendiren toplumları temsil ederken; sınırlılık boyutu toplumsal normlara uyumlu olmak için bireysel istek ve ihtiyaçlarını sınırlandıran toplumları temsil etmektedir. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda serbestlik-sınırlılık boyutuna ait Türkçe literatürde uyarlaması yapılmış veya geliştirilmiş bir ölçek bulunmadığı görülmüştür. Kültür boyutlarının birçok alanı etkileyici bir unsur olarak görülmesi sebebiyle, konuyla ilgili ölçek geliştirme ve uyarlama çalışmalarının literatürü zenginleştirecek araştırmalara yardımcı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, Heydari vd. (2021) tarafından geliştirilen serbestlik-sınırlılık ölçeğine ait ifadeler kullanılarak, bireysel düzeydeki serbestlik-sınırlılık ölçeğinin Türkçe‘ye uyarlanması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma Türkiye Cumhuriyeti vatandaşı olan 18 yaş üzeri bireyler üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada beş aşamalı tersine çeviri yöntemi kullanılmış olup, birinci çeviri çalışması, birinci çeviriyi değerlendirme süreci, tersine çeviri çalışması, tersine çeviriyi değerlendirme süreci ve uzman görüşlerinden oluşan süreç izlenmiştir. Uyarlanan Türkçe ölçeğin SPSS 26.0 ve AMOS programları kullanılarak geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği analiz edilmiştir. Veri analizleri sonucunda, ölçeğin Türkçe uyarlamasının güvenilir ve uygulanabilir olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

References

  • Borsa, J. C., Damásio, B. F., & Bandeira, D. R. (2012). Cross Cultural adaptation and validation of psychological instruments: Some considerations. Paidéia, 22(53), 423–432. Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 1(3), 185-216. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2004). Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Ankara: PegemA Yayıncılık.
  • Cattell, R. B. (1950). The Principal Culture Patterns Discoverable in the Syntal Dimensions of Existing Nations. Journal of Social Psychology, 32(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1950.9919048
  • Churchill Jr, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64-73.
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2005). Research Methods in Education (5th Ed.). London: Routledge Falmer.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal Bilimler Için Çok Değişkenli Istatistik. Ankara: Pegem Akademi
  • Demirci, İ., & Ekşi. H. (2018). Keep calm and be happy: A mixed method study from character strengths to well-being. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 18(29), 303–354. http://dx.doi.org/10.12738/estp.2018.2.0799
  • DeVellis, R.F. (2014). Scale Development;Theory and Applications. Sage Publications.
  • Dorfman, P. W., & Howell, J. P. (1988). Dimensions of national culture and effective leadership patterns: Hofstede revisited. Advances in International Comparative Management, 3(1), 127–150.
  • Erdem, T., Swait, J., & Valenzuela, A. (2006). Brands as signals: A cross-country validation study. Journal of Marketing, 70(1), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.rhu.0000200424.58122.38 Eymen, U. E. (2007). SPSS 15.0 ile Veri Analizi. İstatistik Merkezi.
  • Field, A. (2006). Research Methods II: Reliability Analysis. Sage Publications, London.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  • Furnham, A., Kirkcaldy, B. D., & Lynn, R. (1994). National Attitudes to Competitiveness, Money, and Work Among Young People: First, Second, and Third World Differences. Human Relations, 47(1), 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679404700106
  • Garrison, T. (1998). Riding the Waves of Culture (Book Review). Journal of General Management, 24(1), 84-87.
  • Gupta, V., Hanges, P. J., & Dorfman, P. (2002). Cultural clusters: Methodology and findings. Journal of World Business, 37(1), 11-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-9516(01)00070-0
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis. Pearson Education Limited.
  • Hall, E. T., & Hall, M. R. (1990). Hidden differences: Doing business with the Japanese. Anchor Books.
  • Heydari, A., Laroche, M., Paulin, M., & Richard, M. O. (2021). Hofstede’s individual-level indulgence dimension: Scale development and validation. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62, 102640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102640
  • Hofstede, G. (1980a). Culture and organizations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 10(4), 15-41.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980b). Motivation, leadership, and organization: do American theories apply abroad?. Organizational Dynamics, 9(1), 42-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(80)90013-3
  • Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. McGraw-Hill, London and New York.
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Sage Publications.
  • Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online readings in psychology and culture, 2(1), 8.
  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind: Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival. McGraw-Hill, Newyork.
  • Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D. D., & Sanders, G. (1990). Measuring organizational cultures: A qualitative and quantitative study across twenty cases. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(2), 286-316. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393392
  • Inglehart, R. (1977). Values, objective needs, and subjective satisfaction among western publics. Comparative Political Studies, 9(4), 429-458. https://doi.org/10.1177/001041407700900403
  • Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American Sociological Review, 65(1), 19-51. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657288
  • Inkeles, A., & Levinson, D. J. (1969). The personal system and the socio-cultural system in large-scale organizations. Industrial Organizations and Health, 1(2), 217-229.
  • Kapás, J., & Czeglédi, P. (2020). The impact of culture on FDI disentangled: separating the “level” and the “distance” effects. Economia Politica, 37(1), 223-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-020-00175-8
  • Kayalvizhi, P. N., & Thenmozhi, M. (2018). Does quality of innovation, culture and governance drive FDI?: Evidence from emerging markets. Emerging Markets Review, 34, 175-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2017.11.007
  • Kim, U. E., Triandis, H. C., Kâğitçibaşi, Ç. E., Choi, S. C. E., & Yoon, G. E. (1994). Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications. Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Papers. Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology. Harvard University.
  • Leonavičienė, E., & Burinskienė, A. (2022). Accelerating cultural dimensions at international companies in the evidence of internationalisation. Sustainability, 14(3), 1524.
  • Luo, P. (2008). Analysis of cultural differences between West and East in international business negotiation. International Journal of Business and Management, 3(11), 103-106.
  • Malhotra, N. K. (2004). Marketing Research an Applied Orientation (4. Edition). Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  • McHorney, C. A., Ware Jr, J. E., Lu, J. R., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1994). The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): III. Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient groups. Medical Care, 40-66.
  • McKeon, M., & Williams, R. (1977). Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Studies in Romanticism, 16(1), 128-139. https://doi.org/10.2307/25600068
  • Minkov, M. (2007). What makes us different and similar: A new interpretation of the World Values Survey and other cross-cultural data. Sofia, Bulgaria: Klasika i Stil Publishing House.
  • Minkov, M. (2011). Cultural differences in a globalizing world. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.
  • Motamarri, S., Akter, S., & Yanamandram, V. (2020). Frontline employee empowerment: Scale development and validation using Confirmatory Composite Analysis. International Journal of Information Management, 54, 102177.
  • Nayak, B. S., & Scheib, D. (2020). Cultural logic of German foreign direct investment (FDI) in service sector. Journal of Economic Structures, 9(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-020-00203-7
  • Pham, Q. T., & Dinh, X. K. (2020). The impacts of organizational culture on knowledge transferring in FDI enterprises in Vietnam. International Journal of Innovation, 8(3), 392-411. https://doi.org/10.5585/iji.v8i3.16059
  • Rokeach, M. (1973). The Nature of Human Values. Free press, New York.
  • Rosenberg, M., Kluckhohn, F. R., Strodtbeck, F. L., Roberts, J. M., Romney, A. K., Kluckhohn, C., & Scarr, H. A. (1961). Variations in Value Orientations. American Sociological Review, 26(6). https://doi.org/10.2307/2090580
  • Saylık, A. (2019). Hofstede’nin Kültür Boyutları Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması; Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (Teke) Dergisi, 8(3), 1860-1881.
  • Schein, E. H. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership: A dynamic view. Organization Studies, 7.
  • Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, s. 1-65). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6
  • Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Cultural dimensions of values: Towards an understanding of national differences. California: Sage Publications.
  • Sent, E. M., & Kroese, A. L. (2022). Commemorating Geert Hofstede, a pioneer in the study of culture and institutions. Journal of Institutional Economics, 18(1), 15-27.
  • Srivastava, S., Singh, S., & Dhir, S. (2020). Culture and International business research: A review and research agenda. International Business Review, 29(4), 101709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2020.101709
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2002). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS’le Veri Analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Triandis, H. C. (1994). Theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of collectivism and individualism. Cross Cultural Research and Methodology Series-Sage-, 18(1), 41-41.
  • Türegün, N. (2019). Etik Algısının Kültürel Boyutlar Açısından Değerlendirilmesi: MINT Ülkelerindeki Öğrenciler Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Social Sciences Research Journal, 8(3), 102–119.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. Retrieved from http://www. who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en/
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.
  • Yoo, B., Donthu, N., & Lenartowicz, T. (2011). Measuring Hofstede's five dimensions of cultural values at the individual level: Development and validation of CVSCALE. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 23(3-4), 193-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2011.578059
Year 2024, Volume: 46 Issue: 1
https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1387858

Abstract

References

  • Borsa, J. C., Damásio, B. F., & Bandeira, D. R. (2012). Cross Cultural adaptation and validation of psychological instruments: Some considerations. Paidéia, 22(53), 423–432. Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 1(3), 185-216. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2004). Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Ankara: PegemA Yayıncılık.
  • Cattell, R. B. (1950). The Principal Culture Patterns Discoverable in the Syntal Dimensions of Existing Nations. Journal of Social Psychology, 32(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1950.9919048
  • Churchill Jr, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64-73.
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2005). Research Methods in Education (5th Ed.). London: Routledge Falmer.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal Bilimler Için Çok Değişkenli Istatistik. Ankara: Pegem Akademi
  • Demirci, İ., & Ekşi. H. (2018). Keep calm and be happy: A mixed method study from character strengths to well-being. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 18(29), 303–354. http://dx.doi.org/10.12738/estp.2018.2.0799
  • DeVellis, R.F. (2014). Scale Development;Theory and Applications. Sage Publications.
  • Dorfman, P. W., & Howell, J. P. (1988). Dimensions of national culture and effective leadership patterns: Hofstede revisited. Advances in International Comparative Management, 3(1), 127–150.
  • Erdem, T., Swait, J., & Valenzuela, A. (2006). Brands as signals: A cross-country validation study. Journal of Marketing, 70(1), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.rhu.0000200424.58122.38 Eymen, U. E. (2007). SPSS 15.0 ile Veri Analizi. İstatistik Merkezi.
  • Field, A. (2006). Research Methods II: Reliability Analysis. Sage Publications, London.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  • Furnham, A., Kirkcaldy, B. D., & Lynn, R. (1994). National Attitudes to Competitiveness, Money, and Work Among Young People: First, Second, and Third World Differences. Human Relations, 47(1), 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679404700106
  • Garrison, T. (1998). Riding the Waves of Culture (Book Review). Journal of General Management, 24(1), 84-87.
  • Gupta, V., Hanges, P. J., & Dorfman, P. (2002). Cultural clusters: Methodology and findings. Journal of World Business, 37(1), 11-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-9516(01)00070-0
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis. Pearson Education Limited.
  • Hall, E. T., & Hall, M. R. (1990). Hidden differences: Doing business with the Japanese. Anchor Books.
  • Heydari, A., Laroche, M., Paulin, M., & Richard, M. O. (2021). Hofstede’s individual-level indulgence dimension: Scale development and validation. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62, 102640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102640
  • Hofstede, G. (1980a). Culture and organizations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 10(4), 15-41.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980b). Motivation, leadership, and organization: do American theories apply abroad?. Organizational Dynamics, 9(1), 42-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(80)90013-3
  • Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. McGraw-Hill, London and New York.
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Sage Publications.
  • Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online readings in psychology and culture, 2(1), 8.
  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind: Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival. McGraw-Hill, Newyork.
  • Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D. D., & Sanders, G. (1990). Measuring organizational cultures: A qualitative and quantitative study across twenty cases. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(2), 286-316. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393392
  • Inglehart, R. (1977). Values, objective needs, and subjective satisfaction among western publics. Comparative Political Studies, 9(4), 429-458. https://doi.org/10.1177/001041407700900403
  • Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American Sociological Review, 65(1), 19-51. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657288
  • Inkeles, A., & Levinson, D. J. (1969). The personal system and the socio-cultural system in large-scale organizations. Industrial Organizations and Health, 1(2), 217-229.
  • Kapás, J., & Czeglédi, P. (2020). The impact of culture on FDI disentangled: separating the “level” and the “distance” effects. Economia Politica, 37(1), 223-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-020-00175-8
  • Kayalvizhi, P. N., & Thenmozhi, M. (2018). Does quality of innovation, culture and governance drive FDI?: Evidence from emerging markets. Emerging Markets Review, 34, 175-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2017.11.007
  • Kim, U. E., Triandis, H. C., Kâğitçibaşi, Ç. E., Choi, S. C. E., & Yoon, G. E. (1994). Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications. Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Papers. Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology. Harvard University.
  • Leonavičienė, E., & Burinskienė, A. (2022). Accelerating cultural dimensions at international companies in the evidence of internationalisation. Sustainability, 14(3), 1524.
  • Luo, P. (2008). Analysis of cultural differences between West and East in international business negotiation. International Journal of Business and Management, 3(11), 103-106.
  • Malhotra, N. K. (2004). Marketing Research an Applied Orientation (4. Edition). Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  • McHorney, C. A., Ware Jr, J. E., Lu, J. R., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1994). The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): III. Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient groups. Medical Care, 40-66.
  • McKeon, M., & Williams, R. (1977). Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Studies in Romanticism, 16(1), 128-139. https://doi.org/10.2307/25600068
  • Minkov, M. (2007). What makes us different and similar: A new interpretation of the World Values Survey and other cross-cultural data. Sofia, Bulgaria: Klasika i Stil Publishing House.
  • Minkov, M. (2011). Cultural differences in a globalizing world. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.
  • Motamarri, S., Akter, S., & Yanamandram, V. (2020). Frontline employee empowerment: Scale development and validation using Confirmatory Composite Analysis. International Journal of Information Management, 54, 102177.
  • Nayak, B. S., & Scheib, D. (2020). Cultural logic of German foreign direct investment (FDI) in service sector. Journal of Economic Structures, 9(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-020-00203-7
  • Pham, Q. T., & Dinh, X. K. (2020). The impacts of organizational culture on knowledge transferring in FDI enterprises in Vietnam. International Journal of Innovation, 8(3), 392-411. https://doi.org/10.5585/iji.v8i3.16059
  • Rokeach, M. (1973). The Nature of Human Values. Free press, New York.
  • Rosenberg, M., Kluckhohn, F. R., Strodtbeck, F. L., Roberts, J. M., Romney, A. K., Kluckhohn, C., & Scarr, H. A. (1961). Variations in Value Orientations. American Sociological Review, 26(6). https://doi.org/10.2307/2090580
  • Saylık, A. (2019). Hofstede’nin Kültür Boyutları Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması; Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (Teke) Dergisi, 8(3), 1860-1881.
  • Schein, E. H. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership: A dynamic view. Organization Studies, 7.
  • Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, s. 1-65). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6
  • Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Cultural dimensions of values: Towards an understanding of national differences. California: Sage Publications.
  • Sent, E. M., & Kroese, A. L. (2022). Commemorating Geert Hofstede, a pioneer in the study of culture and institutions. Journal of Institutional Economics, 18(1), 15-27.
  • Srivastava, S., Singh, S., & Dhir, S. (2020). Culture and International business research: A review and research agenda. International Business Review, 29(4), 101709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2020.101709
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2002). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS’le Veri Analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Triandis, H. C. (1994). Theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of collectivism and individualism. Cross Cultural Research and Methodology Series-Sage-, 18(1), 41-41.
  • Türegün, N. (2019). Etik Algısının Kültürel Boyutlar Açısından Değerlendirilmesi: MINT Ülkelerindeki Öğrenciler Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Social Sciences Research Journal, 8(3), 102–119.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. Retrieved from http://www. who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en/
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.
  • Yoo, B., Donthu, N., & Lenartowicz, T. (2011). Measuring Hofstede's five dimensions of cultural values at the individual level: Development and validation of CVSCALE. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 23(3-4), 193-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2011.578059
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Esin Can 0000-0003-1754-4867

Elif Özer 0000-0002-6823-0772

Ayşe Merve Urfa 0000-0002-5485-2845

Early Pub Date February 19, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date November 8, 2023
Acceptance Date December 8, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 46 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Can, E., Özer, E., & Urfa, A. M. (2024). HOFSTEDE’NİN SERBESTLİĞE KARŞI SINIRLILIK BOYUTUNUN TÜRKÇE ÖLÇEĞE UYARLANMASI. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 46(1). https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1387858
AMA Can E, Özer E, Urfa AM. HOFSTEDE’NİN SERBESTLİĞE KARŞI SINIRLILIK BOYUTUNUN TÜRKÇE ÖLÇEĞE UYARLANMASI. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. February 2024;46(1). doi:10.14780/muiibd.1387858
Chicago Can, Esin, Elif Özer, and Ayşe Merve Urfa. “HOFSTEDE’NİN SERBESTLİĞE KARŞI SINIRLILIK BOYUTUNUN TÜRKÇE ÖLÇEĞE UYARLANMASI”. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 46, no. 1 (February 2024). https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1387858.
EndNote Can E, Özer E, Urfa AM (February 1, 2024) HOFSTEDE’NİN SERBESTLİĞE KARŞI SINIRLILIK BOYUTUNUN TÜRKÇE ÖLÇEĞE UYARLANMASI. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 46 1
IEEE E. Can, E. Özer, and A. M. Urfa, “HOFSTEDE’NİN SERBESTLİĞE KARŞI SINIRLILIK BOYUTUNUN TÜRKÇE ÖLÇEĞE UYARLANMASI”, Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 46, no. 1, 2024, doi: 10.14780/muiibd.1387858.
ISNAD Can, Esin et al. “HOFSTEDE’NİN SERBESTLİĞE KARŞI SINIRLILIK BOYUTUNUN TÜRKÇE ÖLÇEĞE UYARLANMASI”. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 46/1 (February 2024). https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.1387858.
JAMA Can E, Özer E, Urfa AM. HOFSTEDE’NİN SERBESTLİĞE KARŞI SINIRLILIK BOYUTUNUN TÜRKÇE ÖLÇEĞE UYARLANMASI. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 2024;46. doi:10.14780/muiibd.1387858.
MLA Can, Esin et al. “HOFSTEDE’NİN SERBESTLİĞE KARŞI SINIRLILIK BOYUTUNUN TÜRKÇE ÖLÇEĞE UYARLANMASI”. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 46, no. 1, 2024, doi:10.14780/muiibd.1387858.
Vancouver Can E, Özer E, Urfa AM. HOFSTEDE’NİN SERBESTLİĞE KARŞI SINIRLILIK BOYUTUNUN TÜRKÇE ÖLÇEĞE UYARLANMASI. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 2024;46(1).

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