‘Yeni Kapitalizm’ Teorileri, Dijital Devrim ve Türkiye Kapitalizmi

Year 2019, Volume: 43 Issue: 3, 525 - 575, 14.10.2019

Alpaslan Akçoraoğlu

Abstract

Yirminci yüzyılın son on yılından itibaren dünyanın ileri kapitalist merkezlerinde bilgi
ve yeniliğe dayalı bir ‘yeni kapitalizm’ aşamasına geçildiği görülmektedir. Bu makalenin
amaçlarından biri, merkez ülkelerde gelişen çağdaş kapitalizme ilişkin modern ana akım
ve Marxian teorileri incelemektir. Diğer yandan, bu makalenin diğer bir amacı
ise Türkiye ekonomisinin böyle bir yapısal dönüşüm için asgari ön koşulları taşıyıp
taşımadığını tartışmaktır. Bu makalede çağdaş ana-akım bilgi teorilerinin basit ve
yetersiz yapılarının radikal bir eleştirisi sunulmaktadır. Buna karşın, Marxian teorilerin,
daha kapsamlı, karmaşık ve çok boyutlu bir çağdaş kapitalizm perspektifi sağladığı
ileri sürülebilir. Bu çalışmada incelenen Marxian yeni kapitalizm teorileri şunlardır:
dijital kapitalizm teorisi, otonomist teori, bilişsel kapitalizm teorisi, ulusötesi bilgisel
kapitalizm teorisi ve bilişsel materyalizm teorisi. Yeni kapitalizmi, tarihsel kapitalizmin bir
aşaması olarak gören Marxian teoriler, toplumsal ilişkilerin tarihsel boyutunu, üretken
güçlerin gelişimini, bilgi/güç ilişkilerini ve sınıf çelişkilerini teorik analizlerine dâhil
etmektedirler. Tekno-iyimser ortodoks iktisatçılar, yeni kapitalizmin yüksek-becerili,
yüksek ücretli işler yaratacağını ve ayrıca, toplumsal eşitsizliklere ve iktisadi durgunluğa
son vereceğini düşünüyorlardı. Buna karşın, dijital dönüşümün merkez ülkelerde aşırı birikim
sorununu daha da ağırlaştırdığı, iktisadi eşitsizlikleri daha da arttırdığı, kitlesel
işsizliği yaygınlaştırdığı ve güvencesiz/geçici istihdamı büyüttüğü gözlemlenmektedir.
Diğer yandan, küresel ekonominin yarı-çevre ekonomilerinin, yeni kapitalizm çağında
ileri kapitalist merkezler ile aralarındaki açığı kapatabilmeleri için ekonomilerini bu yeni
çağın gereklerine göre dönüştürmelerinin zorunlu olduğu düşünülmektedir. Türkiye’de
hem ‘elit’ entelektüel emek niceliksel ve niteliksel olarak yetersizdir ve hem de bilişsel
kapitalizmin zorunlu unsuru olan kitlesel entelektüellik gelişmemiştir. Ayrıca, Türkiye
ekonomisinin önemli ‘yapısal zayıflıkları’ ve bilim ve teknolojiye ayrılan göreli olarak
yetersiz kaynaklar, teknoloji-odaklı uzun-dönemli bir iktisadi dönüşüm için önemli engellerdir.

Keywords

Bilişsel kapitalizm, dijital kapitalizm, otonomist teori, ulusötesi bilgi kapitalizmi, Türkiye kapitalizmi

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