Özgün Ama Tanıdık: Piyasa Temelli Bir Olgu Olarak Çin’in Uluslararası Altyapı Yatırımları

Year 2023, Volume: 47 Issue: 4, 1331 - 1353, 15.09.2023

Veysel Tekdal

Abstract

Bilindiği gibi Çin son on yılda başta Afrika, Asya ve Latin Amerika olmak üzere birçok bölgede altyapı alanında önde gelen bir yatırımcı ve finansman kaynağı olmuştur. Bu süreçte ana aktörler, Çin hükümetinin dışarı açılmayı teşvik eden politikalarından yararlanan enerji ve ulaştırma sektörlerindeki Çinli büyük devlet şirketleri ve politika bankaları olmuştur. Pekin’in bu yatırım kampanyasını "Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi" olarak markalaştırmasından itibaren bu konu daha fazla ilgi görmüştür. Çin yatırımlarının nitelikleri özellikle devlet sermayesinin rolü ve uluslararası siyasetle iç içe geçmeleri itibariyle tartışma konusu olmuştur. Özellikle Çin'in uluslararası altyapı yatırımlarını öncelikli olarak jeopolitik motivasyonların şekillendirip şekillendirmediği önemli bir soru olmuştur. Bu makale, eleştirel bir literatür taraması ve gerek projelere gerekse Çinli şirketlerin ve bankaların işleyişi hakkındaki ampirik materyalin incelenmesi yoluyla bu soru etrafında bir tartışma yürütmektedir. Bu tartışma üç adımda yapılandırılmıştır. İlk olarak, Çin yatırımlarını üstlenen şirketlerin yapıları ve motivasyonları incelenerek, onları Çin dış politikasına hizmet eden “araçlar” olarak görmenin doğru olup olmadığı anlaşılmaya çalışılmaktadır. İkinci olarak, Çin finansmanının özellikleri, Çin’in politika bankalarının Çin devleti, piyasası ve borçlular ile olan ilişkileri ışığında tartışılmaktadır. Makale son olarak Çin merkezi hükümetinin yatırımların uygulanmasını ne düzeyde yönlendirdiği ve kontrol ettiğini incelemektedir.
Çin'in uluslararası altyapı yatırımları devlet destekli olmakla birlikte, Çinli şirketlerin ve bankaların işleyişini öncelikli olarak ticari çıkarlar şekillendirmektedir. Çin liderliği bazı projelere diplomatik amaçlarla müdahale etmekle birlikte, Çin bankalarının ve şirketlerinin çıkarları projelerin tasarlanmasında ve uygulanmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu makale, devlet merkezli ve jeopolitik odaklı yorumlardan farklı olarak, Çin'in uluslararası altyapı yatırımlarının büyük ölçüde piyasa temelli bir olgu olarak şekillendiğini öne sürmektedir. Daha yüksek bir soyutlama düzeyine taşındığında, bu yatırımlar, geç kalkınan bir ülkenin şirketlerinin devlet desteğiyle uluslararasılaşmasını ifade etmektedir. Böyle bakıldığında, Çin yatırımlarını devletlerin küresel kapitalizmle ilişkisinde tanıdık bir stratejinin Çin’in tarihsel ve kurumsal özgünlüklerini taşıyan biçimi olarak yorumlamak mümkündür.

Keywords

Altyapı Yatırımları, Devlet, Piyasa, Jeopolitik, Çin

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK, 2219 doktora sonrası araştırma bursu

Project Number

1059B192000192

Thanks

Makalenin önceki taslaklarına yaptıkları yorum ve öneriler için Doğuş Düzgün, Ceren Ergenç ve Derya Göçer'e teşekkür ederim. Hata ve kusurlar tarafıma aittir.

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