Dynamic thermal cycle ambient simulation under mouth motion; a finite element analysis

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 16 - 21, 25.06.2025

Efe Çetin Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15729095

Abstract

The aim of this study is to analyze the experimentally established thermal cycle test experiment using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method. Within the scope of this study, the thermal-mechanical behavior of the pure titanium test material at minimum and maximum temperature environments was analyzed in the simulation environment occurred at 1/1 scale with the experimentally established parameters. Pure titanium test materials that different geometry were kept at 5°C temperature for 30 seconds and then exposed to 65°C environment during 2 seconds change period. Thus, 1 thermal cycle was completed under mouth motion simulation. The results obtained showed that the temperature distribution in the circular test sample exhibited a more homogeneous distribution behavior than the square test sample. This result reveals the importance of the geometric structure of the test sample in the experimental environment conditions. Therefore, the use of a circular test sample in in vitro laboratory thermal cycling experiments will increase the accuracy of the results obtained under mouth motion simulation tests. As a result, the results obtained in this study are expected to mathematically guide the selected parameters in in vitro and in vivo studies.

Keywords

Mouth motion thermal simulation , Biomaterials , Finite Element Analysis.

References

• 1. Gibson TP. Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of analgesia with a focus on tramadol HCl. Am J Med. 1996;101:S47-S53. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(96)00138-6
• 2. Shipton EA. Tramadol—Present and Future. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2000;28(4):363-374. doi:10.1177/0310057X0002800403
• 3. Cooper RJ. Over-the-counter medicine abuse – a review of the literature. J Subst Use. 2013;18(2):82-107. doi:10.3109/14659891.2011.615002
• 4. Almér Herrnsdorf E, Holmstedt A, Håkansson A. Tramadol misuse in treatment-seeking adolescents and young adults with problematic substance use – Prediction of treatment retention. Addict Behav Reports. 2022;16:100446. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100446
• 5. Miotto K, Cho AK, Khalil MA, Blanco K, Sasaki JD, Rawson R. Trends in Tramadol: Pharmacology, Metabolism, and Misuse. Anesth Analg. 2017;124(1):44-51. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000001683
• 6. Allegaert K, Anderson BJ, Verbesselt R, et al. Tramadol disposition in the very young: an attempt to assess in vivo cytochrome P -450 2D6 activity. Br J Anaesth. 2005;95(2):231-239. doi:10.1093/bja/aei170
• 7. Goeringer KE, Logan BK, Christian GD. Identification of Tramadol and its Metabolites in Blood from Drug-Related Deaths and Drug-Impaired Drivers. J Anal Toxicol. 1997;21(7):529-537. doi:10.1093/jat/21.7.529
• 8. Quetglas EG, Azanza JR, Cardenas E, Sádaba B, Campanero MA. Stereoselective pharmacokinetic analysis of tramadol and its main phase I metabolites in healthy subjects after intravenous and oral administration of racemic tramadol. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2007;28(1):19-33. doi:10.1002/bdd.526
• 9. Ardakani YH, Rouini M. Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its three main metabolites in healthy male and female volunteers. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2007;28(9):527-534. doi:10.1002/bdd.584
• 10. El-Sayed A-AY, Mohamed KM, Nasser AY, Button J, Holt DW. Simultaneous determination of tramadol, O-desmethyltramadol and N-desmethyltramadol in human urine by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B. 2013;926:9-15. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.02.019
• 11. Ghasemi E. Optimization of solvent bar microextraction combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry for preconcentration and determination of tramadol in biological samples. J Chromatogr A. 2012;1251:48-53. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.060
• 12. Sha YF, Shen S, Duan GL. Rapid determination of tramadol in human plasma by headspace solid-phase microextraction and capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2005;37(1):143-147. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2004.09.050
• 13. Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Desiderio C, Fanali S. Simultaneous stereoselective analysis by capillary electrophoresis of tramadol enantiomers and their main phase I metabolites in urine. J Chromatogr A. 1999;846(1-2):227-237. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00028-X
• 14. Valle M, Pavón J., Calvo R, Campanero M., Trocóniz I. Simultaneous determination of tramadol and its major active metabolite O-demethyltramadol by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999;724(1):83-89. doi:10.1016/S0378-4347(98)00547-7
• 15. Ceccato A, Vanderbist F, Pabst J-Y, Streel B. Enantiomeric determination of tramadol and its main metabolite O-desmethyltramadol in human plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2000;748(1):65-76. doi:10.1016/S0378-4347(00)00318-2
• 16. Musshoff F, Madea B, Stuber F, Stamer UM. Enantiomeric Determination of Tramadol and O-Desmethyltramadol by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Application to Postoperative Patients Receiving Tramadol. J Anal Toxicol. 2006;30(7):463-467. doi:10.1093/jat/30.7.463
• 17. Musshoff F, Trafkowski J, Kuepper U, Madea B. An automated and fully validated LC‐MS/MS procedure for the simultaneous determination of 11 opioids used in palliative care, with 5 of their metabolites. J Mass Spectrom. 2006;41(5):633-640. doi:10.1002/jms.1021
• 18. Zhu T, Ding L, Guo X, Yang L, Wen A. Simultaneous Determination of Tramadol and Acetaminophen in Human Plasma by LC–ESI–MS. Chromatographia. 2007;66(3-4):171-178. doi:10.1365/s10337-007-0268-9
• 19. Campanero MA, Calahorra B, García-Quetglás E, Escolar M, Honorato J. High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for simultaneous determination of tramadol and its active metabolite in human plasma. Application to pharmacokinetic studies. Chromatographia. 1998;48(7-8):555-560. doi:10.1007/BF02466649
• 20. Nobilis M, Kopecký J, Květina J, et al. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tramadol and its O-desmethylated metabolite in blood plasma. J Chromatogr A. 2002;949(1-2):11-22. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01567-9
• 21. Campanero MA, Garcı́a-Quetglas E, Sádaba B, Azanza JR. Simultaneous stereoselective analysis of tramadol and its primary phase I metabolites in plasma by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2004;1031(1-2):219-228. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.034
• 22. Pedersen RS, Brøsen K, Nielsen F. Enantioselective HPLC method for quantitative determination of tramadol andO-desmethyltramadol in plasma and urine: Application to clinical studies. Chromatographia. 2003;57(5-6):279-285. doi:10.1007/BF02492397
• 23. Rouini M-R, Ardakani YH, Soltani F, Aboul-Enein HY, Foroumadi A. Development and validation of a rapid HPLC method for simultaneous determination of tramadol, and its two main metabolites in human plasma. J Chromatogr B. 2006;830(2):207-211. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.10.039
• 24. LI Q, Wang R. Simultaneous analysis of tramadol, metoprolol and their metabolites in human plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006;119(23). https://journals.lww.com/cmj/fulltext/2006/12010/simultaneous_analysis_of_tramadol,_metoprolol_and.12.aspx
• 25. Validation of analytical procedures: Text and Methodology. In: International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). Commission of the European Communities. Vol 2. ; 1996.
• 26. Gan S., Ismail R. Validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for tramadol and o-desmethyltramadol in human plasma using solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001;759(2):325-335. doi:10.1016/S0378-4347(01)00237-7
• 27. Ardakani YH, Rouini M-R. Improved liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of tramadol and its three main metabolites in human plasma, urine and saliva. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007;44(5):1168-1173. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2007.04.012
• 28. Moore C, Rana S, Coulter C. Determination of meperidine, tramadol and oxycodone in human oral fluid using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B. 2007;850(1-2):370-375. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.12.008
• 29. Cheng P-S, Lee C-H, Liu C, Chien C-S. Simultaneous Determination of Ketamine, Tramadol, Methadone, and their Metabolites in Urine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol. 2008;32(3):253-259. doi:10.1093/jat/32.3.253
• 30. Chytil L, Štícha M, Matoušková O, Perlík F, Slanař O. Enatiomeric determination of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol in human urine by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B. 2009;877(20-21):1937-1942. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.04.042