Effect of PGPR Bacterial Inoculum and Amino Acids on the Growth and Oil Quality in Three Varieties of Shrub Rose Rosa Damascene

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 361 - 372, 01.09.2025

Hanaa J K Al-kuzaey , Sulaiman A Mashkoor

https://doi.org/10.28978/nesciences.1704182

Abstract

The experiment was conducted in the winter season of 2023, to evaluate the effect of bacterial inoculum with three types of growth-promoting bacteria PGPR (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azotobacter chroococcum) and spraying with commercial amino acids (0, 1.5, 3, or 4.5 g/L) on plant growth and quality indicators of the resulting oil in three varieties of Rosa damascena (red, pink and white). The experiment was split into three parts, and units were distributed as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) of three replications and 576 total experimental units. Experiment measurements were the plant's height, number of leaves, flowers per plant, and petals per flower. The plant's productivity was also estimated based on the flower content of oil. Findings showed that the pink variety was the most vigor with the largest number of leaves. All the PGPR bacteria did not differ in several leaves, but the P. fluorescens treatment resulted in the highest plant height. However, amino acid treatments had a negative effect on plant height compared to the untreated ones. The best results of plant height and number of leaves were obtained from the interaction treatment of the pink or red variety treated with 1.5 or 3 mg L-1 amino acids in the presence of B. subtilis. The most flowers and leaves indicators were on the pink and red varieties that interacted with B. subtilis and P. fluorescens as biofertilization. Increasing the amino acid level to 4.5 mg L-1 resulted in the highest number of rose flowers, but not the number of petals per flower. The pink variety had more oil and a higher oil content, 546.2% and a specific gravity of 18.98 g when interacted with P. fluorescens and 1.5 mg L-1 of amino acid, which did not differ much from the red variety in the same interaction.

Keywords

Biofertilizer , plant hormones , ornamentals , rose water

References

• Abdali, H. M. S. (2002). Effect of some nutrients, gibberellin acid and licorice extract in the growth and production of flowers and the release of the cup in cloves Dianthus caryophllus L. Faculty of Agriculture, Baghdad University, The Republic of Iraq.
• Al-Khafajy, R. A. A., Al-Taey, D. K., & Al-Mohammed, M. H. (2020). The impact of water quality, bio fertilizers and selenium spraying on some vegetative and flowering growth parameters of Calendula officinalis L. under salinity stress. Int. J. Agricult. Stat. Sci, 16(1), 1175-1180.
• Al-Maliki, S., Al-Amery, A., Sallal, M., Radhi, A., & Al-Taey, D. K. (2021). Effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and organic wastes on soil carbon mineralisation, actinomycete sand nutrient content in maize plants (Zea mays L.). Malaysian Journal of Soil Science, 25, 107-124
• Al-Rawi, K. M., & Khalaf Allah, A. M. (1980). Design and analysis of agricultural experiments. El Mousel Univ., Iraq, 19, 487.
• Al-Sahhaf, F. H., & Al-Marsoumi, H. G. K. (2001). The effect of cutting bulbs and spraying with gibberellins, licorice extract and some nutrients on the growth, flowering and seed yield of three varieties of onions (Allium cepa L) for. Iraqi. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(1), 22-34.
• Al-Samarrai, S. M. S. (2000). The effect of light intensity, benzyl adenine and ethephon on the vegetative and flowering growth of shrub rose plant, Sultani cultivar (Doctoral dissertation, Master Thesis. Albasrah university. faculty of Agriculture. Basra. Iraq). Bahaffi S.O. 2005. Volatile oil composition of Taif rose. J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 9, 401–406.
• Al-Shaikhli, Abdul Rahman Abdul Qader. 2010. The Effect of Some Agricultural Media on the Growth, Flowering and Production of Iris Hollandiaca Bulbs, Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(2), 108-116.
• Baydar, H., ERBAŞ, S., & Kazaz, S. (2016). Variations in floral characteristics and scent composition and the breeding potential in seed-derived oil-bearing roses (Rosa damascena Mill.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 40(4), 560-569.
• Berg, G., Rybakova, D., Grube, M., & Köberl, M. (2016). The plant microbiome explored: implications for experimental botany. Journal of experimental botany, 67(4), 995-1002. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv466
• Bergougnoux, V., Caissard, J. C., Jullien, F., Magnard, J. L., Scalliet, G., Cock, J. M., ... & Baudino, S. (2007). Both the adaxial and abaxial epidermal layers of the rose petal emit volatile scent compounds. Planta, 226(4), 853-866.
• Blakeslee, J. J., Peer, W. A., & Murphy, A. S. (2005). Auxin transport. Current opinion in plant biology, 8(5), 494-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2005.07.014
• Braybrook, S. A., & Kuhlemeier, C. (2010). How a plant builds leaves. The Plant Cell, 22(4), 1006-1018. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.110.073924
• Davies, P. J. (Ed.). (2004). Plant hormones: biosynthesis, signal transduction, action!. Springer Science & Business Media.
• Debener, T., & Linde, M. (2009). Exploring complex ornamental genomes: the rose as a model plant. Critical reviews in plant sciences, 28(4), 267-280. http://doi.org/10.180\07352680903035481.
• Dede, Ö. H., Köseoğlu, G., ÖZDEMİR, S., & Celebi, A. (2006). Effects of organic waste substrates on the growth of impatiens. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 30(5), 375-381.
• Fakhrian, M., Jafariyan, M., Pirali Zefrehei, A. R., & Sahraei, H. (2021). The effect of dietary medicinal plants on blood parameters of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). International Journal of Environmental Research and Education, 2(1), 55-59.
• Far, L. M. (2017). Regression Techniques Using Data Mining in Flowering Plant. International Academic Journal of Science and Engineering, 4(2), 190-197.
• García-Gómez, A., Bernal, M. P., & Roig, A. (2002). Growth of ornamental plants in two composts prepared from agroindustrial wastes. Bioresource technology, 83(2), 81-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00211-5
• George, E. F., Hall, M. A., & Klerk, G. J. D. (2008). The components of plant tissue culture media II: organic additions, osmotic and pH effects, and support systems. In Plant propagation by tissue culture: volume 1. The background (pp. 115-173). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
• Guenther, E.1972.Essential oils Vol.I.; R.E. Krieger Publishing Company, Huntial, New York, USAP.18.
• Hafez, Abdel Moneim. 2008. Home garden art, design and coordination. Egyptian General Book Authority.
• Hasan, A. E., Bhiah, K. M., & Al-Zurfy, M. T. (2014). The impact of peat moss and sheep manure compost extracts on marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) growth and flowering.
• Ishibashi, N., Machida, C., & Machida, Y. (2013). ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 and FASCIATA2 cooperatively regulate the formation of leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Biotechnology, 30(4), 411-415. https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.13.0513a
• Jackson, L., Ramirez, L., & Murphee, R. (2004). Effects of compost on soils and vegetable production. línea]. < http://www. groups. ucanr. org/soilveg/Effects of_compost on soils and vegetable production/>[consulta: 07 marzo 2005].
• Jayapriya, R. (2021). Scientometrics Analysis on Water Treatment During 2011 to 2020. Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services, 11(2), 58-63.
• Kakoei, F., & Salehi, H. (2013). Effects of different pot mixtures on spathiphyllum (Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel) growth and development. Journal of Central European Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.5513/jcea.v14i2.2169
• Kaplan, D. R. (2001). Fundamental concepts of leaf morphology and morphogenesis: a contribution to the interpretation of molecular genetic mutants. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 162(3), 465-474.
• Kauffman, G. I., Knievel, D. P., & Watschke, T. L. (2005). Growth regulator activity of Macro-Sorb® foliar in vitro.
• Keuskamp, D. H., Sasidharan, R., & Pierik, R. (2010). Physiological regulation and functional significance of shade avoidance responses to neighbors. Plant signaling & behavior, 5(6), 655-662. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.5.6.11401
• Khatiri, K., Sheikh, A., Hesam, R., & Alikhani, N. (2019). The role of participation in preventing the water crisis. International Academic Journal of Innovative Research, 6(1), 47-52. https://doi.org/10.9756/IAJIR/V6I1/1910004
• Kirchman, D., Sigda, J., Kapuscinski, R., & Mitchell, R. (1982). Statistical analysis of the direct count method for enumerating bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 44(2), 376-382. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.44.2.376-382.1982
• Mohammed Jahurul, H. A., Mohammed Zaidul, I. S., Sahena Ferdosh, S. F., Mohd Yazid, A. M. Rahman N. N. N. A., & Mohd Omar, A. K. (2012). Applications of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of palm oil and oil from natural sources.
• Moussa, Tariq Nasser, Abdul-Jabbar, Wahib Abdul-Hadithi, and Clewi Abdel-Majid Nasser. 2002. A study of some components of local licorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Iraqi. Journal of Agricultural Sciences.28-23.
• Mukhtar, F. B., & Singh, B. B. (2006). Influence of photoperiod and gibberellic acid GA. Journal of food Agriculture and Environment, 4, 201.
• Nahed, G. A. E., & Balbaa, L. K. (2007). Influence of tyrosine and zinc on growth, flowering and chemical constituents of Salvia farinacea plants.
• Naramoto, S. 2017. Polar transport in plants mediated by membrane transporters: focus on mechanisms of polar auxin transport. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 40, 8–14. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.06.012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2017.06.012
• Nowak, J.S.and Z.Strojy ,2003. Effect of different container media on the Gerbera Acta Horticulturae, 608:59- 63.
• Polo, J., Barroso, R., Ródenas, J., Azcón-Bieto, J., Cáceres, R., & Marfà, O. (2006). Porcine hemoglobin hydrolysate as a biostimulant for lettuce plants subjected to conditions of thermal stress. HortTechnology., 16(3), 483.
• Rai, V. K. Role of amino acids in plant responses to stresses. Biologia plantarum 45.4 (2002): 481-487.
• Rajvanshi, S. K., & Dwivedi, D. H. (2014). Impact of potting mixtures on vegetative growth and flowering of zinnia (Zinnia elegance L.). International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research, 5(4), 685-689.
• Ranjan, A., & Bhagat, S. (2024). Multilateral Partnerships for Clean Water Access an Evaluation of SDG 6 Collaborations. International Journal of SDG’s Prospects and Breakthroughs, 2(3), 1-3.
• Saddon, N., & Zakaria, Z. (2016). Effect of gibberellic acid and proline on vegetative characteristics of Zea mays L. cultivar (fajir-1). International Journal of Current Research, 8(01), 24939-2494.
• Scholberg, J. M., S. L. R. Parsons ،, T. A. Wheaton ،K.T Morgan and J M. Bartos . 2001. Procedures for determining the effects of nvironmental codditions on plant nitrogen uptake : An - 40 : 60 . alternative approach. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc 49.
• Shaddad, M. A. K. (2010). Salt tolerance of crop plants. Journal of stress physiology & biochemistry, 6(3), 64-90.
• Shaheen, S. M. (2014). The production of cut flowers. Horticultural Research Institute-Agricultural Research Center.
• Smith, D. L., Praslickova, D., & Ilangumaran, G. (2015). Inter-organismal signaling and management of the phytomicrobiome. Frontiers in plant science, 6, 722. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00722.
• Soad, M. M., Lobna, S. T., & Farahat, M. M. (2010). Influence of foliar application of Pepton on growth, flowering and chemical composition of Helichrysum bracteatum plants under different Irrigation intervals. Ozean J. Appl. Sci, 3(1), 143-155.
• Sredić, S., Knežević, N., & Milunović, I. (2024). Effects of Landfill Leaches on Ground and Surface Waters: A Case Study of A Wild Landfill in Eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Archives for Technical Sciences, 1, 97. https://doi.org/10.59456/afts.2024.1630.097S
• Stino, R. G., Fayed, T. A., Ali, M. M., & Alaa, S. A. (2010). Enhancing fruit quality of Florida Prince peaches by some foliar treatments. Journal of Horticultural Science and Ornamental Plants, 2(1), 38-45.
• Sulborska, A., Weryszko-Chmielewska, E. and Chwil, M., 2012. Micromorphology of Rosa rugosa Thunb. petal epidermis secreting fragrant substances. Acta agrobotanica, 65(4).
• Taha, Al-Shahat Mohammed Ramadan. 2007. Biofertilizers and Organic Agriculture: Healthy Food and Clean Environment. Faculty of Agriculture. Ain Shams University. First Edition. Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi. Cairo. 200 pp.
• van Doorn, W. G., & Kamdee, C. (2014). Flower opening and closure: an update. Journal of experimental botany, 65(20), 5749-5757. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru327
• VSN International. (2009). GenStat for Windows 12th Edition. VSN International, Hemel Hempstead, UK.
• Yuvaraj, S. (2017). Removal of Lead and Cadmium from Soil Using Sunflower Plant. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Emerging Technology, 8(4), 156-162.