The potential Effect of Aqueous Extract of Cloves on Some Physiological and Immunological Parameters in induced diabetic Rats

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 239 - 254, 01.09.2025

Majeed Hameed Nawar , Salah M.m. Al Chalabi Rashaa F. Abdul-lattif

https://doi.org/10.28978/nesciences.1733981

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of clove aqueous extract on various physiological and immunological markers using a diabetic rat model. Thirty rats participated in the study and were split into three groups: a normal negative-controlled group, a positive control group with diabetes, and a diabetes-induced group that was given a dosage of clove water extract. There is a list of some physiological and immunological parameters which have been measured: blood sugar level, interleukins 1 and 6, TNF, LDH, CRP, SOD, CAT, MDA, total and differential count of white blood cells. According to the research, the animals within the diabetes treatment group that received aqueous extracts from the clove plant had noticeably lower blood sugar levels than the animals in the untreated diabetes treatment group. The results also showed that the group that got induced diabetes but no therapy had significantly higher levels of TNF, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), or Lac CRP, Superoxide dismutase(SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA), CAT, , and the total number of white blood cells than both the control group as well as the group that receiving diabetic medication. Regarding the aqueous extract of cloves.

Keywords

Cloves , Diabetic , LDH , CRP , SOD , CAT , MDA

References

• Abtahi-Eivari, S. H., Shokoohi, M., Ghorbani, M., Halimi, M., Hajizadeh, H., Pourlak, T., ... & Ghoreishi, Z. (2021). Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) on the Serum Biomarkers, Antioxidant Status, and Histopathological Changes of Kidneys in Diabetic Rats. Crescent Journal of Medical & Biological Sciences, 8(4).
• Abushouk, A. I., Ismail, A., Salem, A. M. A., Afifi, A. M., & Abdel-Daim, M. M. (2017). Cardioprotective mechanisms of phytochemicals against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 90, 935-946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.033
• Adefegha, S. A., Oboh, G., Adefegha, O. M., Boligon, A. A., & Athayde, M. L. (2014). Antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective and antioxidative effects of dietary clove (Szyzgium aromaticum) bud powder in a high‐fat diet/streptozotocin‐induced diabetes rat model. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94(13), 2726-2737. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6617
• Al-Chalabi, S. M., Abdul-Lattif, R. F., Al-Mahdawi, F. A., & Abud, H. N. (2019). Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seed aqueous extract on blood glucose, lipid profile and some hormonal assay in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rats. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 9(3), 19-25.
• Astuti, R. I., Listyowati, S., & Wahyuni, W. T. (2019, July). Life span extension of model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae upon ethanol derived-clover bud extract treatment. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 299, No. 1, p. 012059). IOP Publishing. . https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/299/1/012059
• Ayushi, K. U., Danish, S. M., & Mohammad, P. U. (2020). A review on biological and therapeutic uses of Syzygium aromaticum Linn.(Clove): Based on phyto-chemistry and pharmacological evidences. International Journal of Botany Studies, 5(4), 33-39.
• Bachiega, T. F., de Sousa, J. P. B., Bastos, J. K., & Sforcin, J. M. (2012). Clove and eugenol in noncytotoxic concentrations exert immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory action on cytokine production by murine macrophages. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 64(4), 610-616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01440.x
• Bamdad, F., Kadivar, M., & Keramat, J. (2006). Evaluation of phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Iranian caraway in comparison with clove and BHT using model systems and vegetable oil. International journal of food science & technology, 41, 20-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01238.x
• Batiha, G. E. S., Beshbishy, A. M., Tayebwa, D. S., Shaheen, H. M., Yokoyama, N., & Igarashi, I. (2019). Inhibitory effects of Syzygium aromaticum and Camellia sinensis methanolic extracts on the growth of Babesia and Theileria parasites. Ticks and tick-borne diseases, 10(5), 949-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.04.016
• Beshbishy, A. M., Batiha, G. E. S., Adeyemi, O. S., Yokoyama, N., & Igarashi, I. (2019). Inhibitory effects of methanolic Olea europaea and acetonic Acacia laeta on growth of Babesia and Theileria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 12(9), 425-434. https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.267586
• Bhatia, M., & Ramesh Iyer, R. (2025). Immunological Responses to Viral Infections. In Medxplore: Frontiers in Medical Science (pp. 52-70). Periodic Series in Multidisciplinary Studies.
• Bhowmik, D., Kumar, K. S., Yadav, A., Srivastava, S., Paswan, S., & Dutta, A. S. (2012). Recent trends in Indian traditional herbs Syzygium aromaticum and its health benefits. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1(1), 13-22.
• Bungau, S. G., Vesa, C. M., Bustea, C., Purza, A. L., Tit, D. M., Brisc, M. C., & Radu, A. F. (2023). Antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential of essential oils in diabetes mellitus and its complications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(22), 16501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216501
• Chaieb, K., Hajlaoui, H., Zmantar, T., Kahla‐Nakbi, A. B., Rouabhia, M., Mahdouani, K., & Bakhrouf, A. (2007). The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): a short review. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 21(6), 501-506. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2124
• Chan, C. W., Yu, C. L., Lin, J. C., Hsieh, Y. C., Lin, C. C., Hung, C. Y., ... & Wu, T. J. (2018). Glitazones and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors as the second-line oral anti-diabetic agents added to metformin reduce cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes patients: a nationwide cohort observational study. Cardiovascular diabetology, 17(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-018-0663-6
• Choi, C. Y., Park, K. R., Lee, J. H., Jeon, Y. J., Liu, K. H., Oh, S., ... & Yea, S. S. (2007). Isoeugenol suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression is mediated by down-regulation of NF-κB, ERK1/2, and p38 kinase. European journal of pharmacology, 576(1-3), 151-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.07.034
• Cortés-Rojas, D. F., de Souza, C. R. F., & Oliveira, W. P. (2014). Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine, 4(2), 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60215-X
• Daniel, A. N., Sartoretto, S. M., Schmidt, G., Caparroz-Assef, S. M., Bersani-Amado, C. A., & Cuman, R. K. N. (2009). Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities A of eugenol essential oil in experimental animal models. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 19, 212-217. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2009000200006
• Dibazar, S. P., Fateh, S., & Daneshmandi, S. (2014). Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) ingredients affect lymphocyte subtypes expansion and cytokine profile responses: An in vitro evaluation. journal of food and drug analysis, 22(4), 448-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2014.04.005
• Domaracký, M., Rehak, P., Juhás, Š., & Koppel, J. (2007). Effects of selected plant essential oils on the growth and development of mouse preimplantation embryos in vivo. Physiological research, 56(1). https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.930929
• Ekor, M. (2014). The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Frontiers in pharmacology, 4, 177. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2013.00177
• Elgharib, I. M., Abdelhamid, F. M., Elshopakey, G. E., Sembawa, H., Albukhari, T. A., Filimban, W. A., ... & Risha, E. F. (2025). Therapeutic Potential of Clove Oil in Mitigating Cadmium-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity Through Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Mechanisms. Pharmaceuticals, 18(1), 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010094
• El-Hadary, A. E., & Ramadan Hassanien, M. F. (2016). Hepatoprotective effect of cold-pressed Syzygium aromaticum oil against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Pharmaceutical biology, 54(8), 1364-1372. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2015.1078381
• Giannenas, I., Sidiropoulou, E., Bonos, E., Christaki, E., & Florou-Paneri, P. (2020). The history of herbs, medicinal and aromatic plants, and their extracts: Past, current situation and future perspectives. In Feed additives (pp. 1-18). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814700-9.00001-7
• Gosavi, N. S., Koli, S. S., Jire, D. S., & Shaikh, A. Z. (2020). Clove (Syzygium Aromaticum): A Miraculous Spice. AJPTR, 8(5), 1-17.
• Grespan, R., Paludo, M., de Paula Lemos, H., Barbosa, C. P., Bersani-Amado, C. A., de Oliveira Dalalio, M. M., & Cuman, R. K. N. (2012). Anti-arthritic effect of eugenol on collagen-induced arthritis experimental model. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 35(10), 1818-1820. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b12-00128
• Gülçin, İ., Elmastaş, M., & Aboul-Enein, H. Y. (2012). Antioxidant activity of clove oil–A powerful antioxidant source. Arabian Journal of chemistry, 5(4), 489-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.09.016
• Gülçin, Ì., Şat, İ. G., Beydemir, Ş., Elmastaş, M., & Küfrevioǧlu, Ö. İ. (2004). Comparison of antioxidant activity of clove (Eugenia caryophylata Thunb) buds and lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.). Food chemistry, 87(3), 393-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.12.008
• Halder, S., Mehta, A. K., Kar, R., Mustafa, M., Mediratta, P. K., & Sharma, K. K. (2011). Clove oil reverses learning and memory deficits in scopolamine-treated mice. Planta Medica, 77(08), 830-834.
• Hassanen, N. H. (2010). Protective Effect of cinnamon, clove and ginger spicces or their essential oils on oxidative stress of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 18(1), 137-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2010.15019
• Jirovetz, L., Buchbauer, G., Stoilova, I., Stoyanova, A., Krastanov, A., & Schmidt, E. (2006). Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of clove leaf essential oil. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 54(17), 6303-6307. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf060608c
• Kaur, J., Famta, P., Famta, M., Mehta, M., Satija, S., Sharma, N., ... & Khurana, N. (2021). Potential anti-epileptic phytoconstituents: An updated review. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 268, 113565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113565
• Ko, F. N., Liao, C. H., Kuo, Y. H., & Lin, Y. L. (1995). Antioxidant properties of demethyldiisoeugenol. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Lipids and Lipid Metabolism, 1258(2), 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2760(95)00111-O
• Kouidhi, B., Zmantar, T., & Bakhrouf, A. (2010). Anticariogenic and cytotoxic activity of clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophyllata) against a large number of oral pathogens. Annals of microbiology, 60(4), 599-604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-010-0092-6
• Kumar, P. S., Febriyanti, R. M., Sofyan, F. F., Luftimas, D. E., & Abdulah, R. (2014). Anticancer potential of Syzygium aromaticum L. in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines. Pharmacognosy research, 6(4), 350. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.138291
• Kumari, S., Singh, P. A., Sindhwani, R., Hazra, S., Bajwa, N., & Suri, A. (2025). Traditional Formulations and Uses. In Compendium of Clove (pp. 223-241). CRC Press.
• Kuroda, M., Mimaki, Y., Ohtomo, T., Yamada, J., Nishiyama, T., Mae, T., ... & Kawada, T. (2012). Hypoglycemic effects of clove (Syzygium aromaticum flower buds) on genetically diabetic KK-Ay mice and identification of the active ingredients. Journal of natural medicines, 66(2), 394-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-011-0593-z
• Lin, L. T., Wu, S. J., & Lin, C. C. (2013). The anticancer properties and apoptosis-inducing mechanisms of Cinnamaldehyde and the herbal prescription Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (黃連解毒湯 Huáng Lián Jiě Dú Tang) in human hepatoma cells. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine, 3(4), 227-233. https://doi.org/10.4103/2225-4110.119732
• Mehta, A., & Singh, R. K. (2025). Targeting Tumor Microenvironment in Metastatic Cancer. In Medxplore: Frontiers in Medical Science (pp. 1-18). Periodic Series in Multidisciplinary Studies.
• Mehta, K. D., Garg, G. R., Mehta, A. K., Arora, T., Sharma, A. K., Khanna, N., ... & Sharma, K. K. (2010). Reversal of propoxur-induced impairment of memory and oxidative stress by 4′-chlorodiazepam in rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 381(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-009-0475-z
• Nassar, M. I., Gaara, A. H., El-Ghorab, A. H., Farrag, A., Shen, H., Huq, E., & Mabry, T. J. (2007). Chemical constituents of clove (Syzygium aromaticum, Fam. Myrtaceae) and their antioxidant activity. Revista Latinoamericana de Química, 35(3), 47.
• Neveu, V., Perez-Jiménez, J., Vos, F., Crespy, V., du Chaffaut, L., Mennen, L., ... & Scalbert, A. (2010). Phenol-Explorer: an online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods. Database, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1093/database/bap024
• Ogunwande, I. A., Olawore, N. O., Ekundayo, O., Walker, T. M., Schmidt, J. M., & Setzer, W. N. (2005). Studies on the essential oils composition, antibacterial and cytotoxicity of Eugenia uniflora L. International journal of Aromatherapy, 15(3), 147-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijat.2005.07.004
• Parthipan, S., Gokul, S., Eswaran, C., Jaya Surya, S., Nithyakalyan, S., & Suganaya, S. (2022). Security for Medical Image Using RSA. International Academic Journal of Innovative Research, 9(1), 20–27.
• Prasad, R. C., Herzog, B., Boone, B., Sims, L., & Waltner-Law, M. (2005). An extract of Syzygium aromaticum represses genes encoding hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 96(1-2), 295-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.024
• Rajan, V., & Chawla, R. (2024). Anthropometric Variations and Adaptations across Diverse Ecological Zones. Progression journal of Human Demography and Anthropology, 1-4.
• Russo, A., Formisano, C., Rigano, D., Senatore, F., Delfine, S., Cardile, V., ... & Bruno, M. (2013). Chemical composition and anticancer activity of essential oils of Mediterranean sage (Salvia officinalis L.) grown in different environmental conditions. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 55, 42-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.036
• Sanae, F., Kamiyama, O., Ikeda-Obatake, K., Higashi, Y., Asano, N., Adachi, I., & Kato, A. (2014). Effects of eugenol-reduced clove extract on glycogen phosphorylase b and the development of diabetes in db/db mice. Food & function, 5(2), 214-219.
• Sarrami, N., Pemberton, M. N., Thornhill, M. H., & Theaker, E. D. (2002). Adverse reactions associated with the use of eugenol in dentistry. British dental journal, 193(5), 257-259. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4801539
• Shan, B., Cai, Y. Z., Sun, M., & Corke, H. (2005). Antioxidant capacity of 26 spice extracts and characterization of their phenolic constituents. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 53(20), 7749-7759. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf051513y
• Shields, K. M., McQueen, C. E., & Bryant, P. J. (2004). National survey of dietary supplement resources at drug information centers. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 44(1), 36-40. https://doi.org/10.1331/154434504322713219
• Shukri, R., Mohamed, S., & Mustapha, N. M. (2010). Cloves protect the heart, liver and lens of diabetic rats. Food chemistry, 122(4), 1116-1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.094
• Shyamala, M. P., Venukumar, M. R., & Latha, M. S. (2003). Antioxidant potential of the Syzygium aromaticum (Gaertn.) Linn.(cloves) in rats fed with high fat diet. Indian Journal of pharmacology, 35(2), 99-103.
• Trifan, A., Luca, S. V., Greige-Gerges, H., Miron, A., Gille, E., & Aprotosoaie, A. C. (2020). Recent advances in tackling microbial multidrug resistance with essential oils: Combinatorial and nano-based strategies. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 46(3), 338-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2020.1782339
• Tungare, K., Bhori, M., Patil, S. A., Iyer, P., Jagtap, N., Kadam, A., & Vijayakuma, S. (2024). Clove Buds (Syzygium aromaticum). In Medicinal Spice and Condiment Crops (pp. 200-224). CRC Press.
• Ullah, M. A., Hassan, A., & Hamza, A. (2023). Role of clove in human medical history. SAR Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 4(2), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.36346/sarjap.2023.v04i02.001
• Vanin, A. B., Orlando, T., Piazza, S. P., Puton, B. M., Cansian, R. L., Oliveira, D., & Paroul, N. (2014). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of clove essential oil and eugenyl acetate produced by enzymatic esterification. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology, 174(4), 1286-1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-1113-x
• Vennekens, R., Vriens, J., & Nilius, B. (2008). Herbal compounds and toxins modulating TRP channels. Current neuropharmacology, 6(1), 79-96. https://doi.org/10.2174/157015908783769644
• Verma, S. K., Garg, D. A. K., Singh, D. M., Panwar, D. N., Meena, D. M., & Singh, D. C. (2018). Evaluation of analgesic activity of Syzygium aromaticum w. sr to painful tooth. World J Pharm Res, 7(5), 827-834. https://doi.org /10.20959/wjpr20185-11212
• Yasuda, H., Fujiwara, A., Komiya, S., & Haze, T. (2017). Effects of rosuvastatin add-on treatment on hyperlipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease receiving ethyl icosapentate. Atherosclerosis, 263, e241-e242.