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Modernization in Conflict with Tradition: The Contribution of the Shiite Intellectual Aḥmad Riḍā (1872–1953) to the Intellectual and Cultural Transformation of the Arab World in the Early 20th Century

Year 2023, Issue: 5, 195 - 198, 18.10.2023

Abstract

The thematic focus of this study conducted by the author is the epoch known as the Nahḍa (Renaissance, Rebirth). The Nahḍa refers to a period which, according to Albert Hourani, extends from Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt to the beginning of the Second World War in 1939. During this time, the Arab world underwent a fundamental transformation in the social sphere, which also brought about profound changes in the literary and cultural domains. For example, the Nahḍa led to the introduction and dissemination of the press, printing, and modern-style schools and universities, as well as to the establishment of literary genres from the West, such as the novella and the novel. On the political level, too, the Nahḍa witnessed the emergence of new concepts in the Arab world, all of which were based on various interpretations of Arab identity and aimed at liberation from Ottoman rule. This longed-for political emancipation and cultural rebirth also had to be accompanied by a renewal of the Arabic language so that it could be adapted to the modern world. Discussions on this topic could be found in the newly established press toward the end of the 19th century, where debates centered on the creation of modern neologisms that would enter the Arabic language through the adoption of foreign words and loan translations.

References

  • Antonius, George. The Arab Awakening. The Story of the Arab National Movement. Beirut: Librairie de Liban, 1969.
  • Hourani, Albert. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • Hourani, Albert. “From Jabal ʿĀmil to persia.” Bulletin of the school of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 49, 1 (1986): 133–140.
  • Kayali, Hasan. Arabs and Young Turks. Ottomanism, Arabism and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press, 1997.
  • Khalidi, Tarif. “Shaykh Ahmad ʿArif al-Zayn and al-ʿIrfan.” In: Intellectual life in the Arab East, 1890–1939, edited by Marwan R. Buheiry, 110–124. Beirut: Center for Arab and Middle East Studies, American University of Beirut, 1981.
  • Mervin, Sabrina. Un réformiste chiite. Ulémas et lettrés du Gabal ‚Amil (actuel Liban-Sud) de la fin der lʿEmpire ottoman à lʿindenpendance du Liban. Paris: Edition Karthala, 2000.
  • Naef, Silvia. “Aufklärung in einem schiitischen Umfeld: Die libanesische Zeitschrift al-ʿIrfān.” Die Welt des Islams 36, 3 (1996): 365–378.
  • Pohl-Schöberlein, Monika. Die schiitische Gemeinschaft des Südlibanon (Ǧabal ʿĀmil) innerhalb des libanesischen konfessionellen Systems. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1986.
  • az-Zain, Raġda Naḥḥās. “aš- Šaiḫ Aḥmad ʿĀrif az-Zain (1884-1960) rāʾid iṣlāḥī fī Ǧabal ʿĀmil awāʾil al-qarn al-ʿišrīn.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, American University of Beirut (AUB), 1996.

Gelenekle Çatışan Modernleşme: Şii Entelektüel Ahmed Rızâ’nın (1872-1953) 20. Yüzyıl Başlarında Arap Dünyasının Entelektüel-Kültürel Değişimine Katkısı

Year 2023, Issue: 5, 195 - 198, 18.10.2023

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın tematik odağı, Nahḍa (yeniden doğuş, rönesans) olarak adlandırılan dönemdir. Albert Hourani'ye göre Nahḍa, Napolyon'un Mısır seferinden 1939'da İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın başlamasına kadar uzanan ve Arap dünyasında sosyal alanda köklü bir dönüşümün yaşandığı, aynı zamanda edebi-kültürel alanda da ciddi değişiklikleri beraberinde getiren bir dönemdir. Örneğin, Nahḍa, basının, matbaanın, modern modellere dayalı okulların veya üniversitelerin tanıtılmasına ve yayılmasına ve roman veya novella gibi Batı'dan gelen edebi türlerin kurulmasına yol açmıştır. Ancak Nahḍa sırasında Arap dünyasında siyasi alanda da yeni kavramlar ortaya çıktı ve bunların hepsi farklı yorumlanmış bir Arap kimliğine dayalı olup Osmanlı yönetiminden kurtulmayı amaçlamaktaydı. Ne var ki özlenen bu siyasi hürriyet ve kültürel yeniden doğuşa, Arap dilinin modern dünyaya uyarlanabilmesi için yenilenmesinin de eşlik etmesi gerekiyordu. Bu konudaki tartışmalar, 19. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru yeni ortaya çıkan ve yabancı kelimelerin benimsenmesi ve çeviri sözcükler yoluyla Arap diline girecek modern neolojizmler yaratma sorunuyla ilgilenen basında bulunabilir.

References

  • Antonius, George. The Arab Awakening. The Story of the Arab National Movement. Beirut: Librairie de Liban, 1969.
  • Hourani, Albert. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • Hourani, Albert. “From Jabal ʿĀmil to persia.” Bulletin of the school of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 49, 1 (1986): 133–140.
  • Kayali, Hasan. Arabs and Young Turks. Ottomanism, Arabism and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press, 1997.
  • Khalidi, Tarif. “Shaykh Ahmad ʿArif al-Zayn and al-ʿIrfan.” In: Intellectual life in the Arab East, 1890–1939, edited by Marwan R. Buheiry, 110–124. Beirut: Center for Arab and Middle East Studies, American University of Beirut, 1981.
  • Mervin, Sabrina. Un réformiste chiite. Ulémas et lettrés du Gabal ‚Amil (actuel Liban-Sud) de la fin der lʿEmpire ottoman à lʿindenpendance du Liban. Paris: Edition Karthala, 2000.
  • Naef, Silvia. “Aufklärung in einem schiitischen Umfeld: Die libanesische Zeitschrift al-ʿIrfān.” Die Welt des Islams 36, 3 (1996): 365–378.
  • Pohl-Schöberlein, Monika. Die schiitische Gemeinschaft des Südlibanon (Ǧabal ʿĀmil) innerhalb des libanesischen konfessionellen Systems. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1986.
  • az-Zain, Raġda Naḥḥās. “aš- Šaiḫ Aḥmad ʿĀrif az-Zain (1884-1960) rāʾid iṣlāḥī fī Ǧabal ʿĀmil awāʾil al-qarn al-ʿišrīn.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, American University of Beirut (AUB), 1996.
There are 9 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Comparative and Transnational Literature, Literary Studies (Other)
Journal Section Research Note
Authors

Sarjoun Karam This is me 0009-0002-0871-8685

Publication Date October 18, 2023
Submission Date October 12, 2023
Acceptance Date October 18, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 5

Cite

Chicago Karam, Sarjoun. “Gelenekle Çatışan Modernleşme: Şii Entelektüel Ahmed Rızâ’nın (1872-1953) 20. Yüzyıl Başlarında Arap Dünyasının Entelektüel-Kültürel Değişimine Katkısı”. Nesir: Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 5 (October 2023): 195-98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8418641.

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