Yüksek Teknoloji Rekabeti: Çin ve Hindistan'da Tekno-Politika

Öz

Günümüzün her anlamda birbiriyle bağlantılı dünyasında, yüksek teknoloji küresel bağlantıları ve toplumsal dinamikleri şekillendiren evrensel bir güç olarak öne çıkarken, tekno-politika kavramı siyaset ve teknoloji arasındaki karmaşık etkileşimi irdeleyerek, bu alanlar ile insan toplumu arasındaki girift ilişkileri irdelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yoğun nüfusa sahip bir kıta olarak Asya, yüksek teknolojinin siyasi söylemi ve güç dinamiklerini şekillendirmede belirleyici bir rol üstlenir. Dünya nüfusunun en kalabalık ülkeleri olan Çin ve Hindistan, küresel teknolojik peyzajda kilit oyuncular olarak yer alır ve tekno-politik alanlarda önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu devletlerin bölgesel hegemonya hedefleri, sahip oldukları teknolojik güç aracılığıyla desteklenir ve sadece ikili ilişkilerini değil, aynı zamanda bölgesel ve küresel arenalarda yankılanarak jeopolitik konfigürasyonları da yeniden şekillendirir. Bu çalışma, Çin'in ve Hindistan'ın havacılık, siber uzay, mekatronik (robotik), biyoteknoloji ve nükleer teknoloji gibi anahtar teknoloji alanlarındaki politikalarını kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz etmekte ve küresel teknolojik rekabet içindeki konumlarını sorgulayarak, bu iki Asya devi arasındaki karmaşık tekno-politik rekabetleri ve bölgesel ve küresel güç dinamikleri üzerindeki geniş etkilerini açıklamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çin
• yüksek teknoloji
• Hindistan
• tekno-politika
• H-T rekabeti

High Technology Rivalry: Techno-Politics in China and India

Abstract

In today's interconnected world, high technology stands as a ubiquitous force shaping global connectivity and societal dynamics, while techno-politics delves into the intricate interplay between politics and technology, elucidating the reciprocal influences between these domains and human society. Asia, as a populous continent, assumes paramount significance wherein high technology plays a pivotal role in shaping political discourse and power dynamics. China and India, the world's most populous nations, stand as pivotal actors in the global technological landscape and hold considerable sway in techno-political realms. The regional hegemonic aspirations of these states, underpinned by technological prowess, not only define their bilateral relations but also reverberate across regional and global arenas, reshaping geopolitical configurations. This study undertakes a comprehensive analysis of China's and India's policies in key technological domains such as aerospace, cyberspace, mechatronics (robotics), biotechnology, and nuclear technology. By scrutinizing their positions within the global technological competition, it seeks to elucidate the intricate techno-political rivalries between these two Asian giants and their broader implications for regional and global power dynamics.

Keywords

• China
• high technology
• India
• techno-politics
• H-T rivalry

References

1. Abramovitz, Melissa (2015). Biological engineering. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
2. ACS, (2019). Biotechnology. American Chemical Society. www.acs.org.
3. Aero India (2020). Aerospace Industry in India. https://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/feature/5/102287/quick-overview-of-india%E2%80%99s-aerospace-industry.html
4. Arranz, Adolfo (2018). Betting big on biotech. https://multimedia.scmp.com/news/china/article/2167415/china-2025-biotech/index.html
5. Asimov, Isaac (1950:40). Runaround. I, Robot (The Isaac Asimov Collection ed.). Doubleday. Business Standard. (2025). Total exports jump to $825 bn in FY25 as services shipments rise over 13%. https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/total-exports-jump-to-825-bn-in-fy25-as-services-shipments-rise-over-13-125050100743_1.html
6. Cheng, M., & Yi, Y. (2021). Digital Giants and the Rise of Platform Economies in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 30(129), 217–234.
7. Cheung, F. (2021). Tech Wars: US–China Competition and the Future of Digital Order. Asia Pacific Journal of International Affairs, 3(2), 44–63.
8. Cortright, J., Mayer, H. (2001). High Tech Specialization: A Comparison of High Technology Centers. Brookings Institution, Center on Urban & Metropolitan Policy.

9. Cyberspace. (2020) In the Oxford Dictionary. Retrieved April 26, 2020, from https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/cyberspace
10. Economic Times. (2025). India's exports cross $820 bn in 2024-25: Commerce ministry. https://m.economictimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/indias-exports-cross-usd-820-bn-in-2024-25-commerce-ministry/articleshow/120134648.cms
11. Department of Biotechnology (2020). Government of India Ministry of Science and Technology. http://dbtindia.gov.in/about-us/introduction
12. Economist Intelligence Unit (2013). Cyber Power Index: Findings and Methodology. The Economist. http://gssd.mit.edu/search-gssd/site/cyber-power-index-findings-methodology-59935-tue-03-05-2013-1051
13. EFB, (2019). Biotechnology. European Federation of Biotechnology. www.efbiotechnology.org
14. Ernst & Young. (2018). Beyond borders. Biotechnology Report 2017: Staying the course. https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-biotechnology-report-2017-beyond-borders-staying-the-course/$FILE/ey-biotechnology-report-2017-beyond-borders-staying-the-course.pdf Accessed May 04, 2020.
15. FAI. (2021). The 100 km Boundary for Astronautics. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Retrieved in 28 May 12, 2021 from https://www.fai.org/page/icare-boundary
16. Flight Global (2019). Top 100 aerospace companies by revenue 2018 ($ millions). https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=67085
17. Floridi, L. (2021). The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence for a Global Digital Society. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69978-9
18. Global Cybersecurity Index. (2018). Retrieved May 5, 2020 from https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/str/D-STR-GCI.01-2018-PDF-E.pdf
19. Google, Temasek, Bain & Company. (2022). e-Conomy SEA 2022. https://economysea.withgoogle.com
20. Kennedy, S. (2020). Made in China 2025: Beijing’s Industrial Policy Roadmap. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).
21. Kuehl, D. T. (2009). From cyberspace to cyberpower: Defining the problem. Cyberpower and national security, 1.
22. Kamm, L. J. (1996). Understanding Electro-Mechanical Engineering: An Introduction to Mechatronics. John Wiley & Sons.
23. Lee, J., Park, Y., & Kim, H. (2021). Transitioning to Industry 5.0 in East Asia: Human-Centered Smart Manufacturing. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 170, 120943.
24. Lee, J., & Liu, H. (2023). “Semiconductor Nationalism and the New Cold War.” Global Policy, 14(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13201
25. Lennon, T., & Mass, N. (2008). Model-based design for mechatronic systems. Electronics world-sutton then cheam-, 1865, 23.
26. Mason, Bob. (2019). So Who Has the Most Advanced Cyber Warfare Technology. https://www.fxempire.com/education/article/so-who-has-the-most-advanced-cyber-warfare-technology-444874
27. Mazarr, M. J., et al. (2022). Geopolitics and Advanced Technologies: A RAND Perspective. RAND Corporation.
28. Medeiros, E. S. (2019). Techno-politics in the 21st Century: The Strategic Role of Technology in Global Power Shifts. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
29. Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India. (2025). Trade Statistics. https://www.commerce.gov.in/trade-statistics/
30. Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). (2020). What is Biotechnology?. https://www.ntnu.edu/ibt/about-us/what-is-biotechnology
31. OECD. (2010). OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2010 Highlights. http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/46674411.pdf Accessed May 5, 2020
32. OECD. (2022). Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook. Paris: OECD Publishing.
33. OECD. (2023). Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2023. Paris: OECD Publishing.
34. Rüland, J., & Manea, M. G. (2021). The Politics of Technology and Global Governance: Emerging Powers in the 21st Century. London: Routledge.
35. Segal, A. (2020). The Hacked World Order: How Nations Fight, Trade, Maneuver, and Manipulate in the Digital Age. PublicAffairs.
36. Singh, R. (2022). India’s Industrial Policy and the PLI Scheme: A New Model for High-Tech Growth? Indian Economic Review, 57(1), 95–110.
37. Sipri (2020). Nuclear weapon modernization continues but the outlook for arms control is bleak: New SIPRI Yearbook out now. https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2020/nuclear-weapon-modernization-continues-outlook-arms-control-bleak-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now
38. Statista (2019). Number of Operable Nuclear Reactors as of June 2019 by Country. In Statista - The Statistics Portal. April 29, 2020 from https://www.statista.com/statistics/267158/number-of-nuclear-reactors-in-operation-by-country/
39. Strate, Lance (1999). The varieties of cyberspace: Problems in definition and delimitation. Western Journal of Communication. 63 (3): 382–83. doi:10.1080/10570319909374648
40. The Economist. (2019). Can China become a scientific superpower? - The great experiment. The Economist.
41. UNCTAD (2023). World Investment Report 2023: Investing in Sustainable Value Chains. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. https://unctad.org
42. UNESCO. (2023). Global Investment in R&D: Statistical Overview. UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
43. Workman, D. (2019). Aerospace Exports by Country. http://www.worldstopexports.com/aerospace-exports-by-country/
44. World Bank. (2023). High-technology exports (current US$) – China. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TX.VAL.TECH.CD?locations=CN World Bank Open Data
45. World Bank (2023). World Development Indicators: High-tech Exports (% of Manufactured Exports). The World Bank Group. https://data.worldbank.org
46. World Robotics. (2019). International Federation of Robotics. May 5, 2020 from https://ifr.org/free-downloads/
47. World Intellectual Property Organization. (2023). WIPO Indicators 2023. https://www.wipo.int
48. Worldometers. (2025). China Population. 22 June, 2025. https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/china-population/
49. Worldometers. (2025). India Population. 22 June, 2025. https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population/