Zonguldak’ta PM2.5 odaklı hava kirliliği-mortalite ilişkisinin incelenmesi

Year 2024, , 301 - 308, 15.01.2024

Kemal Ulusoy

https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1372285

Abstract

Hava kirliliği her yıl milyonlarca insanın ölümüne sebep olmaktadır. Küresel ısınmanın etkisiyle hava sıcaklıklarının artması kirleticilerin atmosferde kalış süresini artırmaktadır. Bu durum çevre ve halk sağlığı açısından maruziyeti ve ölüm riskini yükseltmektedir. Özellikle PM2.5 (ince partikül madde) üst solunum yolu hastalıklarının ve hastalıklara bağlı ölümlerin temel kaynaklarından biridir. Bu çalışmada, Zonguldak ili özelinde PM2.5 kaynaklı hava kirliliğinin yetişkin (25+ yaş) mortalitesi üzerindeki etkisi irdelenmiştir. 4 hava kalitesi ölçüm istasyonundan elde edilen ((i) Çatalağzı-Cumayanı, (ii) Çatalağzı-Kuzyaka, (iii) Çaycuma ve (iv) Trafik) PM2.5 konsantrasyonu verileri yıllık ve mevsimsel bazda değerlendirilmiştir. 3 yıllık zaman dilimi için (2020-2021 ve 2022) gerçekleştirilen çalışmada, hava kirliliğine atfedilen tahmini ölüm sayısının 2022 yılında en yüksek seviyeye ulaştığı (ortalama 927 kişi) tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

AirQ+, Hava kirliliği, Mortalite, PM2.5, Zonguldak.

Investigation of PM2.5 focussed air pollution-mortality relationship in Zonguldak

Abstract

Air pollution causes the death of millions of people every year. The increase in air temperatures with the effect of global warming increases the residence time of pollutants in the atmosphere. This situation increases the risk of exposure and death in terms of environmental and public health. Especially PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) is one of the main sources of upper respiratory diseases and deaths due to diseases. In this study, the effect of PM2.5 air pollution on adult (25+ years old) mortality in Zonguldak province was analyzed. 4 air quality measurement stations ((i) Catalagzı-Cumayanı, (ii) Catalagzı-Kuzyaka, (iii) Caycuma and (iv) Traffic) PM2.5 concentration data were evaluated on annual and seasonal basis. In the study conducted for 3 years (2020-2021 and 2022), it was determined that the estimated number of deaths attributed to air pollution reached its highest level in 2022 (an average of 927 people).

Keywords

AirQ+, Air pollution, Mortality, PM2.5, Zonguldak.

References

• WHO. Air Quality&Health Quıestions and Answers. https://www.who.int/phe/air_quality_q&a.pdf, Access ed 13 September 2023.
• GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. 2016. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental, and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet, 388:1659–1724, 2016. PMID: 27733284, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31679-8
• WHO. Air pollution. https://www.who.int/healthtopic s/air-pollution#tab=tab_1, Accessed 13 September 2023.
• I. Anderson, Air pollution and mortality: a history. Atmospheric Environment. 43:1:142-152, 2009. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.026
• S. Khomenko, M. Cirach, E. P. Barboza, N. Mueller, J. B. Gômez, D. R. Rueda, et al., Premature mortality due to air pollution in European cities: a health impact assessment. The Lancet Planetary Health. 5:3:121134, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196 (20)30272
• S. Chew, N. Kolosowska, L. Saveleva, T. Malm, K. M. Kanninen, Impairment of mitochondrial function by particulate matter: Implications for the brain. Neurochemistry International, 135: 104694, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104694
• K. P. Rai, Impacts of particulate matter pollution on plants: Implications for environmental biomonitoring. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 129: 120–136, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.03.012
• T. Sarver, A. Al-Qaraghuli, L. L. Kazmerski, A comprehensive review of the impact of dust on the use of solar energy: History, investigations, results, literature, and mitigation approaches. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22: 698–733, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.065
• R. Popek, A. Przybysz, H. Gawronska, K. Klamkowski, S. W. Gawronski, Impact of particulate matter accumulation on the photosynthetic apparatus of roadside woody plants growing in the urban conditions. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 163, Pages 56-62, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoe nv.2018.07.051
• H. K. Kim, E. Kabir, S. Kabir, A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter. Environment International, 74: 136–143, 2015. 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.005
• S. Heft-Neal, J. Burney, E. Bendavid, et al. Robust relationship between air quality and infant mortality in Africa. Nature 559, 254–258 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0263-3
• O. Raaschou-Nielsen, E. Thorsteinson, S. Antonsen, G.J. Holst, T. Sigsgaard, C. Geels, L. M. Frohn, J. H. Christensen, J. Brandt, C. B. Pedersen, U. A. Hvidtfeldt, Long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality in the Danish population a nationwide study. E Clinical Medicine. 2020 Nov 1; 28:100605. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100605.
• D.J. Naghan, A. Neisi, G. Goudarzi, M. Dastoorpoor, A. Fadaei, K.A. Angali. Estimation of the effects PM2.5, NO2, O3 pollutants on the health of Shahrekord residents based on AirQ+ software during (2012–2018). Toxicology Reports, 9, pp., 842-847, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.045
• M. Malakootian, A. Mohammadi. Estimating health impact of exposure to PM2.5, NO2 And O3 using Airq+ model in Kerman, Iran, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 19, 8, 1317-1323, 2020
• G. Asgari, R. Khoshniyat, F. Karimi, K. Ebrahimi, K. Habibzadeh, S. Rahimnejad. Assessment of health ımpacts of pm2.5 by airq+ software in the city of Sanandaj, Iran (2018-2019). Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research, 9(1), 45-56, 2021. doi: 10.32598/JAEHR.9.1.1200
• M. Sarkhosh, M. Hadei, S. Nourbakhsh, H. Alidadi, M. Pazira, G.R. Farahzad. Estimation of mortality attributed to PM2.5 in Mashhad using AirQ+ modeling in 2019. Journal of Research in Environmental Health, 7(4), 354-363, 2022. doi: 10.22038/jreh.2022.63270 .1479
• E. N. Yıldırım-Öztürk, M. Uyar, M. Öztürk, Konya ilinde 2016-2019 yılları arasında NO2 kaynaklı hava kirliliğinin mortaliteye etkisinin AirQ+ yazılımı aracılığıyla değerlendirilmesi, Bozok Tıp Derg 2022;12(1):11-16.
• E. Filiz. Investigation of the effect of long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution on deaths in Konya with AirQ+ software." Kent Akademisi (Online), 16, ss.905 - 912, 2023. doi: 10.35674/kent.1239880
• A. S. Mayda, D. Karkaç, Düzce’de hava kirliliğinin mortalite üzerine etkisi, Sakarya Tıp Dergisi 2021;11(4):829-835, doi: 10.31832/smj.933475
• G. Varol, B. Tokuç, S. Ozkaya, et al. Air quality and preventable deaths in Tekirdağ, Turkey. Air Qual Atmos Health 14, 843–853 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-00983-2
• WHO, Indicator 3.9.1: Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution (per 100 000 population), https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indic ators/indicator-details/GHO/ambient-and-household-air-pollution-attributable-death-rate-(per-100-000-population) Accessed 27 September 2023
• Zonguldak Valiliği, Coğrafya. http://www.zonguldak .gov.tr/cografya, Erişim Tarihi 15 Eylül 2023.
• L. Derin, N. Varol, & S. Uymaz, Türkiye’deki kömür madeni kazalarına ilişkin değerlendirme. Resilience, 1(1), 47-53, 2017. doi: 10.32569/resilience.363674
• M. Vallius, Characteristics and sources of fine particulate matter in urban air, University of Kuopio Department of Environmental Sciences National Public Health Institute, Finland,2005.
• T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı, Sürekli İzleme Merkezi – Ulusal Hava Kalitesi İzleme Ağı http://www.havaizleme.gov.tr/, Erişim Tarihi 30 Kasım 2023.
• H. Şahbaz. Deaths in Turkey in the period 2009-2019 from a geographical perspective. Eastern Geographical Review, 28(49), 63-73, 2023. doi: 10.5152/EGJ.2023.22014
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK), Ölüm ve Ölüm Nedeni İstatistikleri, 2022, Erişim Tarihi 12 Ağustos 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/.
• WHO Regional Office for Europe. AirQ+: Software tool for health risk assessment of air pollution. https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environm ent-and-health/air-quality/activities/airq-software-tool-for-health-risk-assessment-of-air-pollution, Accessed 19 August 2023.
• A. Kumar and R.K. Mishra. Air pollution health risk based on AirQ+ software tool. Int J Appl Res Technol 2(3):190–199. 2017 DOI: https://doi.org./10.24163/ ijart/2017 /2
• Aphekom. Guidelines for assessing the health impacts of air pollution in European cities. Work Package 5. French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Saint-Maurice, France. 2011.
• J.J. Robert, I.U. Chiemeka, T.C. Chineke, Health impact assessments of particulate matter pollution from construction sites in Port Harcourt and Owerri Metropolises, Nigeria. Air Qual Atmos Health, 16, 873–879, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-023-01309-0
• D. H. Yekdaş, A.C. Yekdaş, Ü. Çelikkalp, P. S. Serin, M. Çağlayan, G. Eluklu. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer mortality attributed to air pollution in Türkiye in 2019. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 23(10), 2023. doi: 10.4209/aaqr.230144