Research Article
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Influence of nano silica addition at different ratios on strength and durability properties of cement-based mortars

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 917 - 924, 15.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1464677

Abstract

In this study, the influence of nano silica, used in the production of construction materials in recent years, on the durability properties of cement-based mortar has been investigated. Mortars with nano silica additions at 1%, 2%, and 4% ratios were produced; workability, water absorption, compressive strength development, and chloride permeability were examined. Tests were repeated on the 28th and 90th days to reveal the time-dependent behavior of nano-silica-containing mixtures. As a result of the study, it was observed that nano silica adversely affected the workability properties but improved the hardened state properties of mortars. It was determined that with increasing nano silica content, the void ratio and chloride permeability decreased while the compressive strength increased. It was emphasized that with the condition of ensuring the homogeneous distribution of the nano material within the cement matrix, a high addition of nano silica such as 4% is possible and significantly improves the durability properties.

References

  • Y. Reches, Nanoparticles as concrete additives: Review and perspectives. Construction Building Materials 175,483–495, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/ J.CONBUILDMAT.2018.04.214.
  • B. Liu, C. Zhu, K. Zhuang, L Shuai, D Li, W Long, F Xing, Y Fang, Insights into the Microstructure of Hydrothermal Synthesized Nanoscale K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O Particles, Nanomaterials, 10, 63 10:63, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/NANO10010063
  • S. Kawashima, P. Hou, DJ. Corr, SP. Shah, Modification of cement-based materials with nanoparticles. Cement and Concrete Composites 36, 8–15, 2013. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2012.06.012
  • K. Sobolev, Modern developments related to nanotechnology and nanoengineering of concrete. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 10,2 10:131–141, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11709-016-0343-0
  • B. Liu, J. Yang, D. Li, F. Xing, Y. Fang, Effect of a Synthetic Nano-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O Gel on the Early-Stage Shrinkage Performance of Alkali-Activated Slag Mortars, Materials, 11, 1128 11,1128, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/MA11071128
  • P. Hou, S. Kawashima, D. Kong, DJ. Corr, J. Qian, Modification effects of colloidal nanoSiO2 on cement hydration and its gel property. Composites Part B: Engineering, 45,440–448, 2013. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/J.COMPOSITESB.2012.05.056
  • D., Hou, H. Ma, Z. Li, Morphology of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel: a molecular dynamic study, Advances in Cement Research, 27,135–146, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1680/ADCR.13.00079
  • Y. Sargam, K. Wang, Influence of dispersants and dispersion on properties of nanosilica modified cement-based materials. Cement and Concrete Composites, 118:103969, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.cemconcomp.2021.103969
  • L. Senff, JA. Labrincha, VM, Ferreira, D. Hotza, WL. Repette, Effect of nano-silica on rheology and fresh properties of cement pastes and mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 23, 2487–2491, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2009.02.005
  • P. Hou, J. Qian, X. Cheng, SP. Shah, Effects of the pozzolanic reactivity of nanoSiO2 on cement-based materials. Cement and Concrete Composites, 55,250–258, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/ J.CEMCONCOMP.2014.09.014
  • M. Khan, S.H. Chu, X.W. Deng, Y. Wang, Protection of steel tube against corrosion using self-prestressing UHPC prepared with expansive agent and steel fibers, Structures 37, 95–108, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.istruc.2021.12.076
  • M. Khan, M. Cao, S.H. Chu, M. Ali, Properties of hybrid steel-basalt fiber reinforced concrete exposed to different surrounding conditions, Construction and Building Materials, 322, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.conbuildmat.2022.126340
  • I. Diaz-Pena, R. Gonzalez-Lopez, M. Sanchez, M. Alonso, A. Zaldivar-Cadena, J. Hernandez-Sandoval, A. Guzman, Effect of the electrochemical migration of colloidal nano-SiO2 on the durability performance of hardened cement mortar International Journal of Electrochemıcal Science, 10, 10261–10271 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)11258-2
  • R. Sulc, M. Himmel, J. Nemecek, Chloride resistance of nanoparticle repaired concrete measured by accelerated tests, Key Engineering Materials, 91–95, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4028/ www.scientific.net/KEM.760.91
  • S. Bai, L. Yu, X. Guan,, H. Li, J. Ou, Study on the long-term chloride permeability of nano-silica modified cement pastes cured at negative temperature, Journal of Building Engineering 57, 104854, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104854
  • M.H. Zhang, H. Li, Pore structure and chloride permeability of concrete containing nano-particles for pavement, Construction and Building Materials, 25 (2) 608–616, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.conbuildmat.2010.07.032
  • H. Yang, M. Monasterio, D. Zheng, H. Cui, W. Tang, X. Bao, X. Chen, Effects of nano silica on the properties of cement-based materials: A comprehensive review, Construction and Building Materials, 282 122715, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.conbuildmat.2021.122715
  • H. Du, S. Du, X. Liu, Durability performances of concrete with nano-silica, Construction and Building Materials,73, 705–712, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.conbuildmat.2014.10.014
  • A. Givi, S. Abdul Rashid, F. Abdul aziz, A. Salleh, Investigations on the development of the permeability properties of binary blended concrete with nano-SiO2 particles, Journal of Composite Materials, 45 1931–1938, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0021998310389091.
  • H. Du, S. Du, X. Liu, Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical and transport properties of lightweight concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 82 114–122, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.conbuildmat.2015.02.026.
  • M. Jalal, A. Pouladkhan, O.F. Harandi, D. Jafari, RETRACTED: comparative study on effects of Class F fly ash, nano silica and silica fume on properties of high performance self compacting concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 94 90–104, 2015,.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.001
  • A. Naji, S. Abdul, F. Nora, A. Aziz, M. Amran, M. Salleh, The Effects of Lime Solution on the Properties of SiO2 Nanoparticles Binary Blended Concrete, Composites: Part B, Engineering, Vol.42, Issue 3, pp. 562–569, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.compositesb.2010.10.002
  • W. Kurdowski, Cement and concrete chemistry, Springer Science & Business,2014.
  • F.W.H. Taylor, Cement chemistry /, 2nd ed,., Thomas Telford, 1997.
  • J. Ying, B. Zhou, J. Xiao, Pore structure and chloride diffusivity of recycled aggregate concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 150 49–55, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.168.
  • R.B. Ardalan, N. Jamshidi, H. Arabameri, A. Joshaghani, M. Mehrinejad, P. Sharafi, Enhancing the permeability and abrasion resistance of concrete using colloidal nano-SiO2 oxide and spraying nanosilicon practices, Construction and Building Materials 146 128–135, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.conbuildmat.2017.04.078.
  • M.S.M. Norhasri, M.S. Hamidah, A.M. Fadzil, Applications of using nano material in concrete: a review, Construction and Building Materials 133, 91–97, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.conbuildmat.2016.12.005.
  • A. Taher, A. Tawfik, Magdy. SA. El-Yamani, A. El-Aleem, Gh M. Serag Gabr, Abd El-Hafez, Effect of nano-silica and nano-waste material on durability, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 20, 135-147, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-018-0093-5.
  • B.S.M.M.S. Liew, S. Wesam, C.Y.H. Alaloul, Veerendrakumar C. Khed, Adamu Musa, Properties of nano-silica modified pervious concrete, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 8 409-422, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.03.009.
  • T. Ji, Preliminary study on the water permeability and microstructure of concrete incorporating, nano-SiO2, Cement and Concrete Research, 35(10), 1943–1947, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.cemconres.2005.07.004
  • J. Sun, X. Shen, G. Tan, J.E. Tanner, Modification effects of nano-SiO2 on early compressive strength and hydration characteristics of high-volume fly ash concrete, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 31 04019057, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1061/ (asce)mt.1943-5533.0002665.
  • E. Ghafari, H. Costa, E. Júlio, L. Durães, The effect of nanosilica addition on flowability strength and transport properties of ultra high performance concrete, Materials Design 59 1–9, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.02.051
  • M. Zhang, J. Islam, S. Peethamparan, Use of nano-silica to increase early strength and reduce setting time of concretes with high volumes of slag, Cement & Concrete Composites, 34 650–662, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.02.005
  • S. Bai, X. Guan, H. Li, J. Ou, Effect of the specific surface area of nano-silica particle on the properties of cement paste, Powder Technology, 392 680–689, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2021.07.045
  • M. Tabish, MM. Zaheer, A. Baqi, Effect of nano-silica on mechanical, microstructural and durability properties of cement-based materials: A review Journal of Building Engineering, 65 105676, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105676
  • B. Akturk, AB. Kizilkanat, Improvement of durability and drying shrinkage of sodium carbonate activated slag through the incorporation of calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide, Construction and Building Materials 243 118260, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118260
  • G. Quercia, P. Spiesz, G. Husken, H.J.H. Brouwers, SCC modification by use of amorphous nano-silica, Cement and Concrete Composites, 45 69–81, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.001
  • R. Liu, H. Xiao, H. Li, L. Sun, Z. Pi, G.Q. Waqar, T. Du, L. Yu, Effects of nano-SiO2 on the permeability-related properties of cement-based composites with different water/cement ratios, Journal of Materials Science, 53 4974–4986, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1906-8.

Farklı oranlarda nano silika ilavesinin çimento esaslı harçların dayanım ve durabilite özelliklerine etkisi

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 917 - 924, 15.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1464677

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, son yıllarda yapı malzemeleri üretiminde sıklıkla kullanılan nano silikanın çimento esaslı harçların dayanıklılık özellerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. %1, %2 ve %4 oranlarında nano silika ilavesi ile çimento harçları üretilmiş; yayılma, kılcal su emme, basınç dayanımı gelişimi ve klorür geçirimliliği incelenmiştir. Nano silikalı karışımların zamana bağlı davranışını ortaya koymak için testler 28. ve 90. günlerde tekrar edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, nano silikanın işlenebilme özelliklerini olumsuz etkilediği ancak sertleşmiş hal özelliklerini iyileştirdiği görülmüştür. Artan nano silika miktarı ile boşluk oranı ve klorür geçirimliliği azalırken basınç dayanımının arttığı belirlenmiştir. Nano malzemenin, çimento matrisi içerisinde homojen dağılmasının sağlanması koşulu ile %4 gibi yüksek bir oranda nano silika ilavesinin mümkün olduğu ve dayanıklılık özelliklerini önemli ölçüde iyileştirdiği vurgulanmıştır.

Thanks

Çalışmadaki verilerin düzenlenmesi konusunda desteklerini benden esirgemeyen sevgili meslektaşım Dr. Şerife ÖZATA’ya teşekkür ederim.

References

  • Y. Reches, Nanoparticles as concrete additives: Review and perspectives. Construction Building Materials 175,483–495, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/ J.CONBUILDMAT.2018.04.214.
  • B. Liu, C. Zhu, K. Zhuang, L Shuai, D Li, W Long, F Xing, Y Fang, Insights into the Microstructure of Hydrothermal Synthesized Nanoscale K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O Particles, Nanomaterials, 10, 63 10:63, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/NANO10010063
  • S. Kawashima, P. Hou, DJ. Corr, SP. Shah, Modification of cement-based materials with nanoparticles. Cement and Concrete Composites 36, 8–15, 2013. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2012.06.012
  • K. Sobolev, Modern developments related to nanotechnology and nanoengineering of concrete. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 10,2 10:131–141, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11709-016-0343-0
  • B. Liu, J. Yang, D. Li, F. Xing, Y. Fang, Effect of a Synthetic Nano-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O Gel on the Early-Stage Shrinkage Performance of Alkali-Activated Slag Mortars, Materials, 11, 1128 11,1128, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/MA11071128
  • P. Hou, S. Kawashima, D. Kong, DJ. Corr, J. Qian, Modification effects of colloidal nanoSiO2 on cement hydration and its gel property. Composites Part B: Engineering, 45,440–448, 2013. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/J.COMPOSITESB.2012.05.056
  • D., Hou, H. Ma, Z. Li, Morphology of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel: a molecular dynamic study, Advances in Cement Research, 27,135–146, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1680/ADCR.13.00079
  • Y. Sargam, K. Wang, Influence of dispersants and dispersion on properties of nanosilica modified cement-based materials. Cement and Concrete Composites, 118:103969, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.cemconcomp.2021.103969
  • L. Senff, JA. Labrincha, VM, Ferreira, D. Hotza, WL. Repette, Effect of nano-silica on rheology and fresh properties of cement pastes and mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 23, 2487–2491, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2009.02.005
  • P. Hou, J. Qian, X. Cheng, SP. Shah, Effects of the pozzolanic reactivity of nanoSiO2 on cement-based materials. Cement and Concrete Composites, 55,250–258, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/ J.CEMCONCOMP.2014.09.014
  • M. Khan, S.H. Chu, X.W. Deng, Y. Wang, Protection of steel tube against corrosion using self-prestressing UHPC prepared with expansive agent and steel fibers, Structures 37, 95–108, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.istruc.2021.12.076
  • M. Khan, M. Cao, S.H. Chu, M. Ali, Properties of hybrid steel-basalt fiber reinforced concrete exposed to different surrounding conditions, Construction and Building Materials, 322, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.conbuildmat.2022.126340
  • I. Diaz-Pena, R. Gonzalez-Lopez, M. Sanchez, M. Alonso, A. Zaldivar-Cadena, J. Hernandez-Sandoval, A. Guzman, Effect of the electrochemical migration of colloidal nano-SiO2 on the durability performance of hardened cement mortar International Journal of Electrochemıcal Science, 10, 10261–10271 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)11258-2
  • R. Sulc, M. Himmel, J. Nemecek, Chloride resistance of nanoparticle repaired concrete measured by accelerated tests, Key Engineering Materials, 91–95, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4028/ www.scientific.net/KEM.760.91
  • S. Bai, L. Yu, X. Guan,, H. Li, J. Ou, Study on the long-term chloride permeability of nano-silica modified cement pastes cured at negative temperature, Journal of Building Engineering 57, 104854, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104854
  • M.H. Zhang, H. Li, Pore structure and chloride permeability of concrete containing nano-particles for pavement, Construction and Building Materials, 25 (2) 608–616, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.conbuildmat.2010.07.032
  • H. Yang, M. Monasterio, D. Zheng, H. Cui, W. Tang, X. Bao, X. Chen, Effects of nano silica on the properties of cement-based materials: A comprehensive review, Construction and Building Materials, 282 122715, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.conbuildmat.2021.122715
  • H. Du, S. Du, X. Liu, Durability performances of concrete with nano-silica, Construction and Building Materials,73, 705–712, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.conbuildmat.2014.10.014
  • A. Givi, S. Abdul Rashid, F. Abdul aziz, A. Salleh, Investigations on the development of the permeability properties of binary blended concrete with nano-SiO2 particles, Journal of Composite Materials, 45 1931–1938, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0021998310389091.
  • H. Du, S. Du, X. Liu, Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical and transport properties of lightweight concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 82 114–122, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.conbuildmat.2015.02.026.
  • M. Jalal, A. Pouladkhan, O.F. Harandi, D. Jafari, RETRACTED: comparative study on effects of Class F fly ash, nano silica and silica fume on properties of high performance self compacting concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 94 90–104, 2015,.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.001
  • A. Naji, S. Abdul, F. Nora, A. Aziz, M. Amran, M. Salleh, The Effects of Lime Solution on the Properties of SiO2 Nanoparticles Binary Blended Concrete, Composites: Part B, Engineering, Vol.42, Issue 3, pp. 562–569, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.compositesb.2010.10.002
  • W. Kurdowski, Cement and concrete chemistry, Springer Science & Business,2014.
  • F.W.H. Taylor, Cement chemistry /, 2nd ed,., Thomas Telford, 1997.
  • J. Ying, B. Zhou, J. Xiao, Pore structure and chloride diffusivity of recycled aggregate concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 150 49–55, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.168.
  • R.B. Ardalan, N. Jamshidi, H. Arabameri, A. Joshaghani, M. Mehrinejad, P. Sharafi, Enhancing the permeability and abrasion resistance of concrete using colloidal nano-SiO2 oxide and spraying nanosilicon practices, Construction and Building Materials 146 128–135, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.conbuildmat.2017.04.078.
  • M.S.M. Norhasri, M.S. Hamidah, A.M. Fadzil, Applications of using nano material in concrete: a review, Construction and Building Materials 133, 91–97, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.conbuildmat.2016.12.005.
  • A. Taher, A. Tawfik, Magdy. SA. El-Yamani, A. El-Aleem, Gh M. Serag Gabr, Abd El-Hafez, Effect of nano-silica and nano-waste material on durability, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 20, 135-147, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-018-0093-5.
  • B.S.M.M.S. Liew, S. Wesam, C.Y.H. Alaloul, Veerendrakumar C. Khed, Adamu Musa, Properties of nano-silica modified pervious concrete, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 8 409-422, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.03.009.
  • T. Ji, Preliminary study on the water permeability and microstructure of concrete incorporating, nano-SiO2, Cement and Concrete Research, 35(10), 1943–1947, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.cemconres.2005.07.004
  • J. Sun, X. Shen, G. Tan, J.E. Tanner, Modification effects of nano-SiO2 on early compressive strength and hydration characteristics of high-volume fly ash concrete, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 31 04019057, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1061/ (asce)mt.1943-5533.0002665.
  • E. Ghafari, H. Costa, E. Júlio, L. Durães, The effect of nanosilica addition on flowability strength and transport properties of ultra high performance concrete, Materials Design 59 1–9, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.02.051
  • M. Zhang, J. Islam, S. Peethamparan, Use of nano-silica to increase early strength and reduce setting time of concretes with high volumes of slag, Cement & Concrete Composites, 34 650–662, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.02.005
  • S. Bai, X. Guan, H. Li, J. Ou, Effect of the specific surface area of nano-silica particle on the properties of cement paste, Powder Technology, 392 680–689, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2021.07.045
  • M. Tabish, MM. Zaheer, A. Baqi, Effect of nano-silica on mechanical, microstructural and durability properties of cement-based materials: A review Journal of Building Engineering, 65 105676, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105676
  • B. Akturk, AB. Kizilkanat, Improvement of durability and drying shrinkage of sodium carbonate activated slag through the incorporation of calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide, Construction and Building Materials 243 118260, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118260
  • G. Quercia, P. Spiesz, G. Husken, H.J.H. Brouwers, SCC modification by use of amorphous nano-silica, Cement and Concrete Composites, 45 69–81, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.001
  • R. Liu, H. Xiao, H. Li, L. Sun, Z. Pi, G.Q. Waqar, T. Du, L. Yu, Effects of nano-SiO2 on the permeability-related properties of cement-based composites with different water/cement ratios, Journal of Materials Science, 53 4974–4986, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1906-8.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Construction Materials
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Didem Oktay 0000-0002-0093-1994

Early Pub Date June 3, 2024
Publication Date July 15, 2024
Submission Date April 3, 2024
Acceptance Date May 20, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 13 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Oktay, D. (2024). Farklı oranlarda nano silika ilavesinin çimento esaslı harçların dayanım ve durabilite özelliklerine etkisi. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(3), 917-924. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1464677
AMA Oktay D. Farklı oranlarda nano silika ilavesinin çimento esaslı harçların dayanım ve durabilite özelliklerine etkisi. NOHU J. Eng. Sci. July 2024;13(3):917-924. doi:10.28948/ngumuh.1464677
Chicago Oktay, Didem. “Farklı Oranlarda Nano Silika Ilavesinin çimento Esaslı harçların dayanım Ve Durabilite özelliklerine Etkisi”. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 13, no. 3 (July 2024): 917-24. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1464677.
EndNote Oktay D (July 1, 2024) Farklı oranlarda nano silika ilavesinin çimento esaslı harçların dayanım ve durabilite özelliklerine etkisi. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 13 3 917–924.
IEEE D. Oktay, “Farklı oranlarda nano silika ilavesinin çimento esaslı harçların dayanım ve durabilite özelliklerine etkisi”, NOHU J. Eng. Sci., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 917–924, 2024, doi: 10.28948/ngumuh.1464677.
ISNAD Oktay, Didem. “Farklı Oranlarda Nano Silika Ilavesinin çimento Esaslı harçların dayanım Ve Durabilite özelliklerine Etkisi”. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 13/3 (July 2024), 917-924. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1464677.
JAMA Oktay D. Farklı oranlarda nano silika ilavesinin çimento esaslı harçların dayanım ve durabilite özelliklerine etkisi. NOHU J. Eng. Sci. 2024;13:917–924.
MLA Oktay, Didem. “Farklı Oranlarda Nano Silika Ilavesinin çimento Esaslı harçların dayanım Ve Durabilite özelliklerine Etkisi”. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 3, 2024, pp. 917-24, doi:10.28948/ngumuh.1464677.
Vancouver Oktay D. Farklı oranlarda nano silika ilavesinin çimento esaslı harçların dayanım ve durabilite özelliklerine etkisi. NOHU J. Eng. Sci. 2024;13(3):917-24.

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