Friction welding of austenitic and martensitic steels for exhaust valve applications

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 1234 - 1242, 15.10.2025

Gökhan Arıcı

Abstract

Friction welding, a joining technique for dissimilar metals, is extensively employed in the automotive industry, particularly for applications such as exhaust valves. In service, the valve head is subjected to elevated temperatures, while the stem operates under relatively lower thermal loads. Given these conditions, high-alloy austenitic steel 1.4871 (X53CrMnNiN21-9) is typically utilized for the valve head, whereas the stem is fabricated from high-alloy martensitic steel 1.4718 (X45CrSi9-3). In this study, these two steels were joined via friction welding using eight different welding parameters. Microstructural characterization, Vickers hardness testing, and three-point bending tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical performance and identify the optimal welding parameters. All welded joints exhibited increased hardness in the weld zone, exceeding 800 HV, due to strain hardening induced by severe plastic deformation during the welding process. The maximum flexural strength, measured at 3655.3 MPa, was obtained under a forging pressure of 90 kg/cm² and a burn-off length of 6 mm. Conversely, the minimum flexural strength was recorded at a forging pressure of 70 kg/cm² and a burn-off length of 1.5 mm.

Keywords

Friction welding , Austenitic valve steel , Martensitic valve steel , Microstructure , Mechanical properties

Egzoz supap uygulamaları için östenitik-martenzitik çeliklerin sürtünme kaynağı ile birleştirilmesi

Abstract

Farklı metallerin sürtünme kaynağı yöntemiyle birleştirilmesi, otomotiv endüstrisinde özellikle egzoz supapları gibi bileşenlerde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Egzoz supaplarında baş kısmı yüksek sıcaklıklara maruz kalırken, sap kısmı nispeten daha düşük sıcaklıklarda sürtünmeye maruz kalmaktadır. Bu koşullar göz önüne alındığında, egzoz supaplarının baş kısmında genellikle yüksek alaşımlı östenitik çelik 1.4871 (X53CrMnNiN21-9), sap kısmında ise yüksek alaşımlı martenzitik çelik 1.4718 (X45CrSi9-3) tercih edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, söz konusu iki farklı çelik sekiz farklı parametre kullanılarak sürtünme kaynağı yöntemiyle birleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen numuneler üzerinde mikroyapı analizi, sertlik ölçümleri ve üç nokta eğme testleri gerçekleştirilmiş ve en uygun kaynak parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Tüm numunelerin kaynak bölgesinde plastik deformasyona bağlı olarak sertlik artışı gözlemlenmiş olup, sertlik değerleri 800 HV’nin üzerinde ölçülmüştür. Üç nokta eğme testlerinde en yüksek eğme mukavemeti, 90 kg/cm² yığma basıncı ve 6 mm yığma miktarı ile 3655,3 MPa olarak elde edilmiştir. En düşük mukavemet ise 70 kg/cm² yığma basıncı ve 1,5 mm yığma miktarında gözlemlenmiştir.

Keywords

Sürtünme kaynağı , Östenitik valf çeliği , Martenzitik valf çeliği , Mikroyapı , Mekanik Özellikler

Ethical Statement

Yapılan çalışmada araştırma ve yayın etiğine uyulmuştur.

Thanks

Bu çalışmada numune tedarikinde yardımcı olan Prof. Dr. Mustafa Acarer’e ve SUPAR firmasına, mekanik testlerin yapımında yardımları olan Dr. Salih Bilal Çetinkal’a ve deneysel verilerin düzenlenmesinde yardımcı olan Doç. Dr. Mehmet Şahin Ataş’a teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

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