Economic Security and Physical Safety in the European Union: A Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 64 - 89, 30.06.2023

H. Hilal Bağlıtaş Hayriye Atik

https://doi.org/10.51541/nicel.1206457

Abstract

In recent years, scientific papers pay attention to quality-of-life indicators beyond GDP-based measurements. Material and non-material indicators have become significant parts of life quality evaluations. The economic security concept developed by European Commission consists of disposable income and economic risk measurement. Economic security is also one of the top priorities for the European Union (EU) to achieve its goals and increase its competitiveness in the world economy. EU measures economic security, in the member countries and candidates through some indicators as a sub-dimension under quality-of-life indicators. The aim of this paper is to show the changing relative performance of the old members and the new members of the EU. While the countries that joined the EU before 2004 are accepted as old members, the countries that joined the EU after 2004 are accepted as new members. In relation with this division, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Austria and Finland are accepted as old members. However, Slovenia, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Cyprus, Malta, Poland, Hungary, Czechia, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia are the new members. We used two multivariate statistical methods, principal components analysis, and cluster analysis to show the relative and changing performance of the member countries for the years 2008 and 2021. The aim of using principal components analysis is twofold. The first aim is to decrease the dimensionality before cluster analysis. The second aim is to rank the countries in terms of chosen indicators. However, the aim of cluster analysis is to group the countries which have similar performance. According to principal components analysis results, Luxembourg is the most successful country in terms of the variables used to represent economic security and physical safety in the EU. Netherlands, Czechia, Germany, and Sweden are the countries that have the highest rankings. However, Greece is the only country with the lowest economic security and physical safety levels. Countries are grouped under four clusters.

Keywords

European Union, Economic Security, Physical Safety, Clustering, Country Ranking

Avrupa Birliği'nde Ekonomik Güvenlik ve Fiziksel Güvenlik: Çok Değişkenli Bir İstatistiksel Analiz

Abstract

Son yıllarda bilimsel makalelerde, GSYİH tabanlı ölçümlerin ötesinde yaşam kalitesi göstergelerine dikkat çekilmektedir. Bu çalışmalarda maddi ve maddi olmayan göstergeler, yaşam kalitesi değerlendirmelerinin önemli bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Avrupa Komisyonu tarafından geliştirilen ekonomik güvenlik kavramı, harcanabilir gelir ve ekonomik risk ölçümünden oluşmaktadır. Ekonomik güvenlik de Avrupa Birliği'nin (AB) hedeflerine ulaşması ve dünya ekonomisindeki rekabet gücünü artırması için en önemli önceliklerden biridir. AB, üye ve aday ülkelerdeki ekonomik güvenliği, yaşam kalitesi göstergeleri altında bir alt boyut olarak bazı göstergeler aracılığıyla ölçmektedir. Bu makalenin amacı, AB'nin eski üyeleri ile yeni üyelerinin değişen göreli performanslarını göstermektir. AB'ye 2004 yılından önce katılan ülkeler eski üye, 2004 yılından sonra katılan ülkeler ise yeni üye olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu ayrıma göre, Almanya, Fransa, İtalya, Belçika, Hollanda, Lüksemburg, İrlanda, Danimarka, Yunanistan, İspanya, Portekiz, İsveç, Avusturya ve Finlandiya eski üyeler olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, Slovenya, Slovakya, Estonya, Letonya, Lituanya, Güney Kıbrıs, Malta, Polonya, Macaristan, Çekya, Bulgaristan, Romanya ve Hırvatistan yeni üyeler olarak bilinmektedir. Üye ülkelerin 2008 ve 2021 yılları için göreli ve değişen performansını göstermek için iki çok değişkenli istatistiksel yöntem, temel bileşenler analizi ve küme analizi kullanılmaktadır. Temel bileşenler analizinin kullanılmasının amacı iki yönlüdür. Birinci amaç, kümeleme analizinden önce boyutsallığı azaltmaktır. İkinci amaç ise seçilen göstergeler açısından ülkeleri sıralamaktır. Ancak kümeleme analizinin amacı, benzer performansa sahip ülkeleri gruplandırmaktır. Temel bileşenler analizi sonuçlarına göre Lüksemburg, AB'de ekonomik güvenlik ve fiziki güvenliği temsil etmek için kullanılan değişkenler açısından en başarılı ülke konumundadır. Hollanda, Çekya, Almanya ve İsveç en yüksek sıralamaya sahip ülkelerdir. Ancak, Yunanistan ekonomik güvenlik ve fiziki güvenlik düzeyi en düşük olan tek ülkedir. Ülkeler dört küme altında toplanmıştır.

Keywords

Avrupa Birliği, Ekonomik Güvenlik, Fiziksel Emniyet, Kümeleme, Ülke Sıralaması

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