Benlik saygısının çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilik üzerindeki etkisinde şiddete yönelik tutumun aracı rolü

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, benlik saygısının çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilik üzerindeki etkisinde şiddete yönelik tutumun aracı rolünü test etmektir. Araştırmanın örneklemi Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi ve Pamukkale Üniversitesi’nde öğrenim gören, 18-24 yaş aralığında (Ort= 20.4, SS=1.25) 340’ı kadın (%73.3) ve 124’ü erkek (%26.7) olmak üzere 464 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Aracılık modelinin analizleri PROCESS 2.16 makrosu ile gerçekleştirilmiştir ve sonuçlar test edilen modelin desteklendiğini göstermiştir. Buna göre, benlik saygısının çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilik üzerindeki etkisinde şiddete yönelik tutum aracı rol oynamaktadır. Bir diğer deyişle, benlik saygısı düştükçe şiddete yönelik tutum yükselmekte; şiddete yönelik tutumun yükselmesi de çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçiliğin yükselmesiyle sonuçlanmaktadır. Son olarak, elde edilen bulgular alanyazına göre tartışılmış; kimi sınırlılıklar ve öneriler belirtilmiştir.

Keywords

• Benlik saygısı
• çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilik
• şiddete yönelik tutum

The mediating role of attitude towards violence in the effect of self-esteem on ambivalent sexism

Abstract

The aim of this study is to test the mediating role of attitude towards violence in the effect of self-esteem on ambivalent sexism. The sample of the study consisted of 464 students, 340 females (73.3%) and 124 males (26.7%) between the ages of 18-24 (Mean= 20.4, SD=1.25). Students are studying in various departments of Aydın Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Arts and Sciences and Pamukkale University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. Within the scope of the purpose of the research, the data were obtained by using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, The Attitudes Towards Violence Scale, The Ambivalent Sexism Scale and Demographic Information Form. SPSS 20.0 package program was used in the analysis of the data. Analysis of the mediation model was performed with the PROCESS 2.16 macro. The results obtained in line with the analyses showed that the tested model was supported. Accordingly, attitudes towards violence play a mediating role in the effect of self-esteem on ambivalent sexism. In other words, as individuals’ self-esteem decreases, their attitudes towards violence increase; the rise in attitudes towards violence also results in the increase of ambivalent sexism. In addition, in this study, it was analysed whether there were gender differences regarding the main variables of the research. As a result of the analysis, it was seen that men had more violent attitudes, ambivalent sexist attitudes, and hostile sexist attitudes than women. At the same time, there was no statistically significant difference between genders in terms of self-esteem and protective sexism. Finally, the findings obtained in the study were discussed according to the literature, and some limitations and suggestions were stated in this direction.

Keywords

• Self-esteem
• contradictory sexism
• attitude towards violence

References

1. Adler, A. (1956). The individual psychology of Alfred Adler: A systematic presentation in selections from his writings (H.L. Ansbacher & R.R. Ansbacher, Eds.). New York: Harper.
2. Allport, G. W. (1954/1979). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
3. Allport, G. W. (1955). Becoming: Basic considerations for a psychology of personality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
4. Al-Shara, Z. A. (2009). Creative metacriticism: The portrayal of literary theory in contemporary fiction. PhD Dissertation: Western Michigan University. Retrieved from: http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/640/
5. Ayan, S. (2014). Cinsiyetçilik: Çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilik. Cumhuriyet Tıp Dergisi, 36, 147-156.
6. Bağışlıoğlu, Z. (2017). Aile içi şiddet mağduru annelerin ortaokul çağı çocuklarında benlik saygısı ve sosyal uyumunun incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Beykent Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
7. Brewer, M. B., & Gardner, W. (1996). Who is this" We"? Levels of collective identity and self representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71 (1), 83.
8. Brownridge, D. A. (2002).Cultural variation in male partner violence against women: A comparison of Québec with the rest of Canada. Violence Against Women, 8 (1),87-115.

9. Cairns, E., McWhirter, L., Duffy, U. & Barry, R. (1990). The stability of self-concept in late adolescence: Gender and situational effects. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 937-944.
10. Calogero, R. M. ve Jost, J. T. (2011). Self-subjugation among women: Exposure to sexist ideology, self-objectification, and the protective function of the need to avoid closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100 (2), 211-228.
11. Chapleau, K. M., Oswald, D. L., & Russell, B. L. (2007). How ambivalent sexism toward women and men support rape myth acceptance. Sex Roles, 57 (1-2), 131-136.
12. Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
13. Çamaş, G.G. ve Meşe, G. (2016). Sosyal Hiyerarşi: Cinsel şiddet mitlerini anlamak. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 31 (78), 62-74.
14. Çetin, H. (2011). Ergenler için şiddete yönelik tutum ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. İlköğretim Online, 10 (1), 68-79.
15. Çuhadaroglu, F. (1986). Ergenlerde benlik saygısı. (Yayımlammamış doktora tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
16. Davies, B. (2000). A body of writing: 1990-1999. New York and London: AltaMira Press.
17. Davis, R. G. (2000). Salman Rushdie’s East, West: Palimpsests of fiction and reality. Passages, 2 (1), 81-91.
18. Dryden, W. (1990). Dealing with anger problems: Rational-emotive therapeutic interventions. Sarasota: Professional Resource Exchange.
19. Eccles, J. S., Wigfield, A., Flanagan, C. A., Miller, C., Reuman, D. A., & Yee, D. (1989). Self-concepts, domain values and self-esteem: relations and changes at early adolescence. Journal of Personality, 57, 283-310.
20. Ercan, N. (2009). The predictors of attıtudes toward physical wife abuse: ambivalent sexism, system justifıcation and religious orientatıon. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
21. Erdem, A. ve Şahin, R. (2017). Undergraduates’ Attitudes toward dating violence: Its relationship with sexism and narcissism. International Journal of Higher Education, 6 (6), 91-105.
22. Erkut, A. (2015). Kadına yönelik şiddet: Çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilik, yetkecilik ve sosyal baskınlık yönelimi açısından bir inceleme. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
23. Ghose, I. (2010). Jesting with death: Hamlet in graveyard. Textual Practice, 24 (6), 1003-1018.
24. Ghosh-Schellhorn, M. (1998). Transitional identitiy and its indentured emplacement. In E. R. Alfred Hornung (Ed.), Postcolonialism and Autobiography (pp. 167-186). Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi.
25. Glick, P. & Fiske, T. S. (1997). Hostile and benevolent sexism: Measuring ambivalent sexist attitudes toward women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 119-135.
26. Glick, P., Fiske, S. T., Mlanidic, A., Saiz, J., Abrams, D., Masser, B., et al. (2000). Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 79, 763-775.
27. Glick, P., & Fiske, T. S. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491-512.
28. Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2011). Ambivalent sexism revisited. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35 (3), 530-535.
29. Hammond, M. D., Cross, E. J., & Overall, N. C. (2020). Relationship (in) security is central to the sources and outcomes of sexist attitudes. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 14, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12522
30. Horney, K. (1950). Neurosis and human growth. New York: Norton.
31. Jost, J. T. & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotying in system justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33 (1), 1-27.
32. Jost, J. T., & Kay, A. C. (2005). “Exposure to Benevolent Sexism and Complementary Gender Stereotypes:Consequences For Specific And Diffuse Forms Of System Justification”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88 (3), 498-509.
33. Kağıtçıbası, Ç. (1996). The autonomous-relational self. European Psychologist, 1 (3), 180-186.
34. Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2017). Dünden Bugüne İnsan ve İnsanlar. Evrim: İstanbul.
35. Karadağ, G. (2015).Aile içi şiddet, çocuğa yansımaları.Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Public Health Nurs-Special Topics,1(2),37-41.
36. Karataş, Z., (2012). Eğitim fakültesi öğrencilerinin empatik becerileri ve benlik saygısı düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23, 97-114.
37. Leary, M.R. (1996). Self-presentation, impression, management and interpersonal behavior. New York: Harper Collins.
38. Major, B., Kaiser, C.R., & McCoy, S. K. (2003). It’s not my fault: when and why attributionsto prejudice protect self-esteem. Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 9 (6), 772-781.
39. Major, B., Quinton, W. J., & Schmader, T. (2003). Attributions to discrimination and self-esteem: Impact of group identification and situational ambiguity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 220-231.
40. Martinez, R. & Dukes, R.L (1991). Ethnic and gender differences in self-esteem. Youth and Society, 22 (3), 318-338.
41. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: The University of Chicago.
42. Mruk, C. J. (2006). Self-esteem research, theory, and practice: Toward a positive psychology of self-esteem (3rd edn).NY: Springer.
43. Mullis, A. K., Mullis, R. L. & Normandin, D. (1992). Cross sectional and longitudinal comparisons of adolescent self-esteem. Adolescence, 27, 51-61.
44. Muslu, L. (2001). Kırsal bölgede eşleri tarafından fiziksel şiddet gören ve görmeyen kadınların benlik saygısı düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Denizli.
45. Özmenteş, G. (2014). Mesleki müzik eğitimi alan öğrencilerin müzik özyeterlikleri, benlik saygıları ve bireysel özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiler. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39 (171), 138-152.
46. Park, L. E. & Crocker, J. (2005). Interpersonal Consequences of Seeking Self-Esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31 (11), 1587-1598.
47. Poerwandari, E.K., Utami, C.P. & Primasari, (2019). Ambivalent sexism and sexual objectification of women as predictors of rape myth acceptance among male college students in Greater Jakarta. Current Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00500-w
48. Preacher, K. J. & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, İnstruments, & Computers, 36 (4), 717-731.
49. Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
50. Rollero, C. (2013). Men and women facing objectification: The effects of media models on well-being, self-esteem and ambivalent sexism. Revista de Psicología Social, 28 (3), 373-382.
51. Rollero, C., Bergagna, E., & Tartaglia, S. (2019). What is violence? The role of sexism and social dominance orientation in recognizing violence against women. Journal of interpersonal Violence, 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519888525
52. Rollero, C., & Tartaglia, S. (2019). The effect of sexism and rape myths on victim blame. Sexuality & Culture, 23, 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-018-9549-8
53. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent selfimage. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
54. Rudman, L. A., & Glick, P. (2008). The social psychology of gender: How power and intimacy shape gender relations. NY: Guilford Press.
55. Rudman, LA, & Heppen, JB. (2003). Implicit romantic fantasies and women's interest in personal power: A glass slipper effect? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29 (11), 1357-1370.
56. Sabancıoğulları, S., Taşkın-Yılmaz, F., Ar, E. ve Çakmaktepe, G. (2016). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin kadına yönelik şiddete ve şiddette mesleki role ilişkin tutumları, benlik saygıları ve etkileyen faktörler. HEAD, 13 (1), 35-43.
57. Sakallı, N. (2001). Beliefs about wife beating among Turkish college students: The effects of patriarchy, sexism, and sex difference. Sex Roles, 44 (10), 599-611.
58. Sakallı-Uğurlu, N. (2002). Çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilik ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 17 (49), 47-58.
59. Sakallı-Uğurlu, N. ve Beydoğan, B. (2002). Turkish college students’ attitudes toward women managers: The effects of patriarchy, sexism, and gender differences. The Journal of Psychology, 136, 647-656.
60. Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., ve Ulu, S. (2003). Evlilikte kadına yönelik şiddete ilişkin tutumlar: Çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilik, yaş, eğitim ve gelir düzeyinin etkileri. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 6 (11), 53-63.
61. Schmitt, M. T., & Branscombe, N. R. (2002a). The internal and external causal loci of attributions to prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 620-628.
62. Shrout, Patrick & Bolger, Niall. (2002). Mediation in Experimental and Nonexperimental Studies: New Procedures and Recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 42-45.
63. Sibley, C. G., Overall, N. C., ve Duckitt, J. (2007). “When Women Become More Hostilely Sexist Toward Their Gender: The System-Justifying Effect of Benevolent Sexism”, Sex Roles, 57 (10), 743-754.
64. Swim, J. K., Hyers, L. L., Cohen, L. L. & Ferguson, M. J. (2001). Everyday sexism: Evidence for its incidence, nature, and psychological impact from three daily diary studies. Journal of Social Issues, 57 (1), 31-53.
65. Tajfel, H. E. (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. Academic Press.
66. Tarhan, S., Çetin-Gündüz, H., ve Ekşioğlu, S. (2017). Çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilik, toplumsal cinsiyet ve evlilikte kadına yönelik şiddete ilişkin tutumlar. Journal of Human Sciences, 14 (2), 1894-1908.
67. Tekkas, K. K., Beser, A., & Park, S. (2020). Ambivalent sexism of nursing students in Turkey and South Korea: a cross‐cultural comparison study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 1-8. DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12705
68. Tendayi, V. G. & Abrams, D. (2002). But she was unfaitful: Benevolent sexism and reactions to rape victims who violate traditional gender role expectations. Sex Roles, 47 (5), 289-293.
69. Tortamış, B. (2009). Sığınma evinde kalan kadınlarda şiddet öyküsü açısından travma sonrası stres bozukluğu, benlik saygısı ve beden algısının değerlendirilmesi. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
70. Turner, J. C. (1975). Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour. European journal of social psychology, 5(1), 1-34.
71. Twenge, J. M. (1997). Attitudes toward women, 1970–1995: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21 (1), 35–51.
72. Yıldırım, S. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin benlik saygısı ve toplumsal cinsiyet tutumlarının flört şiddetine yönelik tutumlarına etkisi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
73. Yumuşak, A. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinin flört şiddetine yönelik tutumları, toplumsal cinsiyetçilik ve narsisistik kişilik özellikleri arasındaki ilişki. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), GaziOsmanPaşa Üniversitesi, Tokat.
74. Zeigler-Hill, C. V., Clark, B., & Beckman, T. A. (2011) Fragile Self-esteem and the Interpersonal Circumplex: Are Feelings of Self-worth Associated with Interpersonal Style?, Self and Identity, 10 (4), 509-536, DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2010.497376