Çeteler ve toplumsal değişim

Year 2020, Issue: 4, 93 - 111, 30.06.2020

Martin Sanchez-jankowskı Translator: Hamit Ölçer

Abstract

Konu üzerine geçerliliğini yitirmemiş literatür, çeteleri sıklıkla bazı suçlu ya da suça ait faaliyetlere girişen bireylerin gevşek birleşmeleri olarak tanımlamaktadır. Yine de araştırmacılar sosyolojik açıdan çeteleri öteki kolektif davranış tiplerinden ayırt etmeyi ihmal etmektedirler. Aksine, bu makale çeteleri kentsel alanların toplumsal yapısı tarafından etkilenen organizasyonlar olarak faaliyette bulunduklarını anlar. ABD bağlamında çeteler üzerine yoğunlaşan bu makale, çetelerin hem yaygın özelliklerini hem de çetelerin farklı biçimlerini çetelerin önemli toplumsal değişimleri yaratmaktan ziyade etkilendiği varsayılan beş tarihsel dönem üzerinden tartışmaktadır.

Keywords

Kolektif Davranış, çeteler, toplumsal değişim, toplumsal yapı

Gangs and social change

Abstract

Konu üzerine geçerliliğini yitirmemiş literatür, çeteleri sıklıkla bazı suçlu ya da suça ait faaliyetlere girişen bireylerin gevşek birleşmeleri olarak tanımlamaktadır. Yine de araştırmacılar sosyolojik açıdan çeteleri öteki kolektif davranış tiplerinden ayırt etmeyi ihmal etmektedirler. Aksine, bu makale çeteleri kentsel alanların toplumsal yapısı tarafından etkilenen organizasyonlar olarak faaliyette bulunduklarını anlar. ABD bağlamında çeteler üzerine yoğunlaşan bu makale, çetelerin hem yaygın özelliklerini hem de çetelerin farklı biçimlerini çetelerin önemli toplumsal değişimleri yaratmaktan ziyade etkilendiği varsayılan beş tarihsel dönem üzerinden tartışmaktadır.

Keywords

Kolektik Davranış, çeteler, toplumsal değişim

References

• Abbott, J. H. (1991). In the belly of the beast: Notes from prison. New York: Vintage Books.
• Anderson, E. (1990). Streetwise: Race and urban change. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
• Archdeacon, T. J. (1983). Becoming American: An ethnic history. New York: Free Press.
• Arendt, H. (1970). On violence. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
• Asbury, H. (1927). The gangs of New York: An informal history of the underworld. Garden City, NY: Garden City Publishing Company.
• Bourgois, P. (1995). In search of respect: Selling crack in El Barrio. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Chin, K. (1996). Chinatown gangs: Extortion, enterprise, and ethnicity. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Cohen, A. J. (1955). Delinquent boys: The culture of the gang. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
• Donziger, S. R. (1996). The real war on crime: The report of the national criminal justice commission. New York: Harper Collins.
• Drake, St. C. and Horace C. (1945). Black metropolis: A study of negro Life in a Northern City. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
• Fagan, J. (1989). ‘The social organization of drug use and drug dealing among urban gangs’, Criminology, 27(4), 633–70.
• Fine, G. A. (1995). A second Chicago school?: The development of a postwar American sociology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
• Fischer, Claude, Mike H., Sanchez-Jankowski, M., Lucas, S., Swidler, A., and Kim V. (1996).
• Inequality by design: Cracking the bell curve myth. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Fromm, E. and Michael M. (1970). Social character in a Mexican village: A socio-psychoanalytic study. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• Gottfredson, M. R. and Travis H. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
• Hagedorn, J. (1988). People and folks: Gangs, crime, and the underclass in a Rust-Belt City. Chicago, IL: Lake View Press.
• Herrnstein, R. J. and Charles M. (1994). The bell curve: Intelligence and social class in American life. New York: Free Press.
• Hirschi, T. and Michael J. H. (1977). ‘Intelligence and delinquency: A revisionist review’, American Sociological Review, 42(4), 571–87.
• Horowitz, R. (1983). Honor and the American dream: Culture and identity in a Chicano community. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
• Ianni, F. (1974). Black mafia: Ethnic succession in organized crime. New York: Simon & Schuster. Irwin, J. (1980). Prisons in turmoil. Boston, MA: Little-Brown.
• Joselit, J. W. (1983). Our gang: Jewish crime and the New York Jewish community, 1900-1940. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
• Joyeaux, C. [pseud.] (1960). Out of the burning: The story of a boy gang leader. New York: Crown. Kasarda, J. E. (1990). ‘Urban industrial transition and the underclass’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 501, 26–47.
• Katz, J. (1990). Seductions of crime: Moral and sensual attractions in doing evil. New York: Basic Books. Klein, M. (1998). The American street gang. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Klein, M. W. and L. Y. Crawford (1968). ‘Groups, gangs and cohesiveness’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 4(1), 63–75.
• Kornhauser, R. R. (1978). Social sources of delinquency: An appraisal of analytic models. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
• Krieger, J. (1986). Reagan/Thatcher and the politics of decline. New York: Oxford University Press. Lorenz, K. (1966). On aggression. New York: MacMillan.
• Maxson, C. and Malcolm W. K. (1990). Street gang violence: Twice as great, or half as great?, C. R. Huff (ed.) Gangs in America, (s. 71–100) içinde. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
• Merton, R. K. (1968). Social theory and social structure. New York: Free Press.
• Miller, W. B. (1958). Lower class culture as a generating milieu of gang delinquency, Journal of Social Issues, 14(3), 5–19.
• Morris, D. (1967). The naked ape. New York: Dell Publishing Company.
• Padilla, F. (1992). The gang as American enterprise. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
• Park, R., E., Ernest W. B. and Roderick D. M. (1925). The city. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
• Vigil, J. D. (1988). Barrio gangs: Street life and identity in Southern California. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
• Vigil, J. D. and Steve C. Y. (1990). Vietnamese youth gangs in Southern California, C. Ronald Huff (ed.) Gangs in America, (s. 146–62) içinde. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
• Vigil, J. D. and Steve C. Y. (1996). Southern California gangs: Comparative ethnicity and social control, C. Ronald Huff (ed.) Gangs in America (İkinci edisyon), (s. 139–56) içinde. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
• Wacquant, L. (1994). Le gang comme prédateur collectif, Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 101/102 (March), 88–100.
• Wacquant, L. (1999a). Les prisons de la misére. Paris: Raisons D’Agir.
• Wacquant, L. (1999b). Redrawing the color line: The state and fate of the ghetto in Post-Fordist America, in C. Calhoun (ed.) Social change and politics of identity, 231-76. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
• Waldinger, R. (2001). Strangers at the gates: New immigrants in urban America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
• Whyte, W. F. (1993). Street corner society: The social structure of an Italian slum. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
• Wilson, E. O. (1993). The diversity of life. New York: W.W. Norton.
• Wilson, J. Q. and George K. (1982). Broken Windows: The police and neighborhood safety, The Atlantic Monthly, 29–38.
• Wilson, J. Q. and Richard J. H. (1986). Crime and human nature. New York: Simon & Schuster.
• Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass and public policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
• Wilson, W. J. (1996). When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. New York: Knopf.
• Yablonsky, L. (1966). The violent gang. New York: MacMillan.
• Zorbaugh, H. (1929). The gold coast and the slum: A sociological study of Chicago’s Near North Side. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.