Ulusal ve Avrupa Düzeylerinde Avrupa Kuşkuculuğu ve Avrupa Parlamentosu’ndaki Oylamalara Yansıması

Öz

Bu çalışma, ulusal ve Avrupa düzeylerinde Avrupa kuşkuculuğuna genel bir bakış sunmaktadır. Çalışma aynı zamanda Avrupa kuşkuculuğu kavramının Avrupa Parlamentosu seçimlerinde nasıl karşılık bulduğunu açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. Avrupa şüpheciliği çalışmalarına iki yönlü bir katkı sağlanması hedeflenmektedir. Öncelikle parti temelli Avrupa kuşkuculuğu kapsamında Avrupa Parlamentosu üyesi seçildikten sonra parlamenterlerin ulusal partilerine sadakatleri ile parti gruplarına sadakatleri arasındaki ilişki incelenecektir. İkinci olarak, bu bağlılıklar Avrupa kuşkuculuğuna dair politika konuları çerçevesinde analiz edilecektir. Böylece, oylamalardaki kuşkucu parlamenterlerin duruşu hem ulusal partilerinin hem de Avrupa Parti Gruplarının argümanları açısından incelenecektir. Çalışmada, Avrupa kuşkuculuğuna odaklanan konularda Avrupa kuşkucusu parlamenterlerin oy kullanma eğilimleri analiz edilmiştir. Böylece Avrupa Parlamentosu seçimlerinde Avrupa kuşkucusu parlamenterlerin ulusal ya da Avrupa düzeyindeki sadakat düzeyleri incelenecek ve ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avrupa Kuşkuculuğu
• Avrupa Parlamentosu
• Avrupa Seçimleri
• Sadakat

Euroscepticism at the National and European Levels and Its Reflection in the European Parliament Roll Call Votes

Abstract

This article provides an overview of Euroscepticism at the domestic and European levels. The study also aims to explain how the concept of Euroscepticism finds its response in the European parliamentary elections. It aims to make a two-fold contribution to the study of Euroscepticism. First, within the scope of party-based Euroscepticism, the relationship between loyalty to the national party and loyalty to party groups after being elected as a Member of the European Parliament will be examined. Second, these loyalties will be analyzed within the framework of Eurosceptic policy issues. Thus, the stance of Eurosceptic parliamentarians in the roll call votes will be investigated from the perspectives of the arguments of both their national parties and the European Party Groups (EPG). In the study, the voting tendencies of Eurosceptic parliamentarians on issues focusing on Euroscepticism were analyzed. Thus, the level of loyalty of Eurosceptic parliamentarians at the national or European level in the European Parliamentary elections will be examined and tried to be revealed.

Keywords

• Euroscepticism
• European Parliament
• European Elections
• Loyalty

References

1. Almeida, D. (2010). Europeanized Eurosceptics? Radical right parties and European integration. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 11(3), 237-253.
2. Benedetto, G. (2008). Explaining the failure of Euroscepticism in the European Parliament. A, Szczerbiak and P. Taggart (Eds.), Opposing Europe? The comparative party politics of Euroscepticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3. Brack, N. (2012). Eurosceptics in the European parliament: Exit or voice? Journal of European Integration, 34(2), 151-168.
4. Brack, N. (2013). Euroscepticism at the supranational level: The case of the ‘untidy right’ in the European parliament. Journal of Common Market Studies, 51(1), 85-104.
5. Brack, N. (2015). The roles of Eurosceptic members of the European Parliament and their implications for the EU. International Political Science Review, 36(3), 337-350.
6. Braun, D. and Tausendpfund, M. (2020). Electoral behaviour in a European Union under stress. Politics and Governance Cogitatio Press, 8(1), 28-40.
7. Bressanelli, E. (2012). National parties and group membership in the European Parliament: Ideology or pragmatism?. Journal of European Public Policy, 19(5), 737-754.
8. Conti, N. (2003). Party attitudes to European integration: A longitudinal analysis of the Italian case. European Parties Elections and Referendums Network Working Paper No. 13, Guildford.

9. Conti, N. (2018). National political elites, the EU, and the populist challenge. Politics, 38(3), 361-377.
10. De Quant, S. (2019). Euroscepticism and the European elections. Survival, 61(2), 111-119.
11. De Vries, C. E. and Edwards, E. E. (2009). Taking Europe to its extremes, extremist parties and public Euroscepticism. Party Politics, 15(1), 5-28.
12. De Vries, C. E., van der Brug, W., van Egmond, M. H. and van der Eijk, C. (2011). Individual and contextual variation in EU issue voting: The role of political information. Electoral Studies, 30(1), 16-28.
13. European Parliament. (2019). 2019 European election results. Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/election-results-2019/en/tools/comparative-tool/
14. Ferrara, F. and Weishaupt, J. T. (2004). Get your act together: Party performance in European parliament elections. European Union Politics, 5(3), 283-306.
15. Flood, C. (2002). Euroscepticism: A problematic concept. The UACES 32nd Annual Conference and 7th Research Conference, Belfast: Queen’s University.
16. Ford, R., Goodwin, M. J. and Cutts, D. (2012). Strategic Eurosceptics and polite xenophobes: Support for the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) in the 2009 European parliament elections. European Journal of Political Research, 51(2), 204-234.
17. George, S. (2000). Britain: Anatomy of a Eurosceptic state. European Integration, 22(1), 15–33.
18. Hix, S. and Marsh, M. (2007). Punishment or protest? Understanding European Parliament elections. The Journal of Politics, 69(2), 495-510.
19. Hix, S., Noury, A. and Roland, G. (2019). Changing political cleavages in advanced democracies: Evidence from the European Parliament. Working Paper, London Schools of Economics Political Science, 1-50.
20. Hobolt, S. B. and de Vries, C. (2016). Turning against the Union? The impact of the crisis on the Eurosceptic vote in the 2014 European Parliament elections. Electoral Studies, 44, 504-514.
21. Hobolt, S. B. and Wratil, C. (2015). Public opinion and the crisis: The dynamics of support for the Euro. Journal of European Public Policy, 22(2), 238-256.
22. Hobolt, S. B., van der Brug, W., de Vreese, C. H., Boomgaarden, H. G. and Hinrichsen, M. C. (2011). Religious intolerance and Euroscepticism. European Union Politics, 12(3), 359-379.
23. Hooghe, L., Marks, G. and Wilson, C. J. (2002). Does left/right structure party positions on European integration?. Comparative Political Studies, 35(8), 965-989.
24. Ivaldi, G. (2018). Contesting the EU in times of crisis: The Front National and politics of Euroscepticism in France. Politics, 38(3), 278-294.
25. Kopecky, P. and Mudde, C. (2002). The two sides of Euroscepticism party positions on European integration in East Central Europe. European Union Politics, 3(3), 297-326.
26. Markowski, R. and Tucker, J. A. (2010). Euroscepticism and the emergence of political parties in Poland. Party Politics, 16(4), 523-548.
27. Marks, G. and Hooghe, L. (1999). National parties and the contestation of Europe. T. Banchoff and M. P. Smith (Eds.), Legitimacy and the European Union. London: Routledge.
28. Milner, S. (2000). Euroscepticism in France and changing state‐society relations. Journal of European Integration, 22(1), 35-58.
29. Pirro, A. L. P. and van Kessel, S. (2018). Populist Eurosceptic trajectories in Italy and the Netherlands during the European crises. Politics, 38(3), 327-343.
30. Pirro, A. L. P., Taggart, P. and van Kessel, S. (2018). The populist politics of Euroscepticism in times of crisis: Comparative conclusions. Politics, 38(3), 378-390.
31. Reif, K. and Schmitt, H. (1980). Nine second-order national elections: A conceptual framework for the analysis of European election results. European Journal of Political Research, 8(1), 3-44.
32. Ripoll Servent, A. and Panning, L. (2019). Eurosceptics in trialogue settings: Interest formation and contestation in the European parliament. West European Politics, 42(4), 755-775.
33. Rose, R. and Borz, G. (2013). Aggregation and representation in European parliament party groups. West European Politics, 36(3), 474-497.
34. Salvati, E. (2018). Eurosceptic, Eurocritical or Euroconfused? An analysis of the Five Star Movement’s voting behaviour in the European Parliament. European Politics and Society, 20(3), 296-314.
35. Sørensen, C. (2008). Love me, Love me not: A typology of public Euroscepticism. European Parties Elections and Referendums Network Working Paper No. 19, Guildford.
36. Szczerbiak, A. (2000). Polish public opinion: Explaining declining support for EU membership. Journal of Common Market Studies, 39(1), 105-122.
37. Szczerbiak, A. and Taggart, P. (2000). Opposing Europe: Party systems and opposition to the Union, the Euro and Europeanisation. Sussex European Institute Working Paper, No. 36, Brighton: University of Sussex.
38. Taggart, P. (1998). A touchstone of dissent: Euroscepticism in contemporary Western European party systems. European Journal of Political Research, 33(3), 363-388.
39. Taggart, P. and Szczerbiak, A. (2004). Contemporary Euroscepticism in the party systems of the European Union candidate states of Central and Eastern Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 43(1), 1-27.
40. Tillman, E. R. (2004). The European Union at the ballot box? European integration and voting behavior in the new member states. Comparative Political Studies, 37(5), 590-610.
41. Treib, O. (2014). The voter says no, but nobody listens: Causes and consequences of the Eurosceptic vote in the 2014 European elections. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(10), 1541-1554.
42. Treib, O. (2020). Euroscepticism is here to stay: What cleavage theory can teach us about the 2019 European parliament elections. Journal of European Public Policy, 28(2), 174-189.
43. Usherwood, S. and Startin, N. (2013). Euroscepticism as a Persistent Phenomenon. Journal of Common Market Studies, 51(1), 1-16.
44. Van der Eijk, C. and Franklin, M. (1996). Choosing Europe? The European Electorate and National Politics in the Face of Union. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
45. Vasilopoulou, S. (2011). European integration and the radical right: Three patterns of opposition. Government and Opposition, 46(2), 223-244.
46. Vasilopoulou, S. (2013). Continuity and change in the study of Euroscepticism: Plus ça change?. Journal of Common Market Studies, 51(1), 153-168.
47. Vasilopoulou, S. (2018). The party politics of Euroscepticism in times of crisis: The case of Greece. Politics, 38(3), 311-326.
48. Vestergaard, K. T. (2020). A ‘second-order’-agenda in the European parliament? How Eurosceptic voting behaviour is moderated by issue salience. European Politics and Society, 22(3), 331-346.
49. Vote Watch Europe. (2023). 9th Parliamentary Term. Retrieved from: https://term9.votewatch.eu/search_meps.php?euro_tara_id=2&euro_grup_id=12
50. Ward, I. (1996). Identifying the Eurosceptic. Res Publica, 2(1), 87-100.