Hippophae Rhamnoides L. Botanical, Medicinal, Traditional, and Current Use of Plant and Fruits: A Review

Abstract

Scientific research on medicinal plants is increasing day by day. Hippophae rhamnoides L. is a medicinal plant, which belongs to the family of L. Elaeagnaceae, and is consumed as a medicinal and food at the same time. It is a type of plant in the form of a bush with thorny, nitrogen-fixing roots and fruit that grows in cold and arid regions. It is native to and widely found in cold temperate regions of Europe and Asia. The species differ in their phytochemical compositions, depending on the climate and the soil they grow in. Due to its rich chemical composition, it has been used in traditional medicine for centuries as herbal medicine, health promoter, and food additive. Hippophae rhamnoides L. plant; It has attracted worldwide attention due to the presence of different types of nutrients and bioactive compounds such as vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and micro and macro elements, including its leaves, fruits, and seeds. Hippophae rhamnoides L. contains phytochemicals besides reducing platelet aggregation, blood pressure, and blood sugar; It has been reported to have a wide range of activities ranging from anticarcinogen, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, antihistaminic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, gastroprotective, cardioprotective and radioprotective potential. In addition, it is promising to be used as an alternative support for the treatment of diseases such as skin burns and atopic dermatitis, since it protects and regulates cell metabolism and has a protective effect on skin cells. Hippophae rhamnoides L., which has economic value with the rich components it contains, is used in the medical, food, and cosmetic industries, while at the same time, it is used as a feed additive for animals and to prevent the destruction of the field by flood waters for ecological purposes. Studies on the plant Hippophae rhamnoides L. are important due to the use of a wide spectrum. The aim of this review is to give information about the botanical, medicinal, traditional and current uses of the fruit and plant of Hippophae rhamnoides L.

Keywords

• Hippophae rhamnoides
• sea buckthorn
• omega 7

References

1. 1. Rajchal R, Rufford T, Laing M. Seabuckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia) Management for the Upliftment of Local Livelihood in Mustang District Rajesh Rajchal Final Report For The Rufford Small Grants for Nature Conservation. 2008;(February).
2. 2. Janceva S, Andersone A, Lauberte L et al. Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) Waste Biomass after Harvesting as a Source of Valuable Biologically Active Compounds with Nutraceutical and Antibacterial Potential. Plants. 2022; 11(5): 642.
3. 3. Christenhusz MJM, Byng JW. Phytotaxa. Phytotaxa. 2016; 261(3):201-17.
4. 4. Ilhan G, Gundogdu M, Karlovi? K, ?idovec V, Vokurka A, Erci￾li S. Main agro-morphological and biochemical berry characteristics of wild-grown sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. ssp. caucasica rousi) genotypes in Turkey. Sustain. 2021; 13(3):1-14.
5. 5. Mihai Enescu C. Sea-Buckthorn: A species with a variety of uses, Especially in land reclamation. Dendrobiology. 2014; 72(Rehder 1960):41-46.
6. 6. Chandra S, Zafar R, Dwivedi P, Prita B, Shinde LP. Pharmacological and nutritional importance of sea buckthorn (Hippophae). Pharma Innov J. 2018; 7(5):258-63.
7. 7. Stobdan T, Ladakh L, Korekar G et al. Seabuckthorn Production for Greening and Sustainable Income. 2011;(January).
8. 8. Kato K, Kanayama Y, Ohkawa W, Kanahama K. Nitrogen fixation in seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) root nodules and effect of nitrate on nitrogenase activity. J Japanese Soc Hortic Sci. 2007; 76(3):185-90.

9. 9. Zhou X, Tian L, Zhang J, Ma L, Li X, Tian C. Rhizospheric fungi and their link with the nitrogen-fixing Frankia harbored in host plant Hippophae rhamnoides L. J Basic Microbiol. 2017;57(12):1055-64.
10. 10. Pi?at B, Bieniek A, Zadernowski R. Polish Journal of Natural Sciences Common Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides L.) As an Alternative Orchard Plant. Abbrev Pol J Natur Sc. 2015; 30(4):417-30.
11. 11. Zeb A. Important Therapeutic Uses of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae): A Review. J Biol Sci. 2004; 4(5):687-93.
12. 12. G￢tlan AM, Gutt G. Sea buckthorn in plant based diets. An analytical approach of sea buckthorn fruits composition: Nutritional value, applications, and health benefits. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(17):8986.
13. 13. Maftei NM, Aprodu I, Dinica R, Bahrim G. New fermented functional product based on soy milk and sea buckthorn syrup. CYTA-J Food. 2013; 11(3):256-69.
14. 14. Drozi?ska E, Kanclerz A, Kurek MA. Microencapsulation of sea buckthorn oil with ?-glucan from barley as coating material. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019; 131:1014-20.
15. 15. Ma X, Laaksonen O, Heinonen J, Sainio T, Kallio H, Yang B. Sensory profile of ethyl ?-D-glucopyranoside and its contribution to quality of sea buckthorn (Hippopha￫ rhamnoides L.). Food Chem. 2017; 233:263-72.
16. 16. Nazir F, Salim R, Bashir M. Chemical and antioxidant properties of of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). Pharma Innov J. 2017; 6(12):173-76.
17. 17. Xiao P ting, Liu S yu, Kuang Y jia, et al. Network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation to explore the mechanism of sea buckthorn flavonoids on hyperlipidemia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021; 264(September 2020):113380.
18. 18. Beveridge T, Harrison JE, Drover J. Processing effects on the composition of sea buckthorn juice from Hippophae rhamnoides L. Cv. Indian summer. J Agric Food Chem. 2002; 50(1):113-16.
19. 19. Yang B, Kallio HP. Fatty acid composition of lipids in sea buckthorn (Hippopha￫ rhamnoides L.) berries of different origins. J Agric Food Chem. 2001; 49(4):1939-47.
20. 20. Kalia RK, Singh R, Rai MK, Mishra GP, Singh SR, Dhawan AK. Biotechnological interventions in sea buckthorn (Hippophae L.): Current status and future prospects. Trees - Struct Funct. 2011; 25(4):559-75.
21. 21. Beveridge T, Li TSC, Oomah BD, Smith A. Sea buckthorn products: Manufacture and composition. J Agric Food Chem. 1999; 47(9):3480-88.
22. 22. Raina SN, Jain S, Sehgal D et al. Diversity and relationships of multipurpose seabuckthorn (Hippophae L.) germplasm from the Indian Himalayas as assessed by AFLP and SAMPL markers. Genet Resour Crop Evol. 2012; 59(6):1033-53.
23. 23. Constandache C, Peticila A, Dinca L, Vasile D. The Usage of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) For Improving Romania's Degraded Lands. Agrolife Sci J. 2016; 5(2):50-58.
24. 24. Tanwar H, Shweta, Singh D, Singh SB, Ganju L. Anti-inflammatory activity of the functional groups present in Hippophae rhamnoides (Seabuckthorn) leaf extract. Inflammopharmacology. 2018; 26(1):291-301.
25. 25. Bernath DF. No Title. Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L) a Promis new Med food Crop. 1992; Journal of(1):27-35.
26. 26. Rousi A. No Title. genus Hippophae L A Taxon study Ann Bot Fenn. 1971; Societas B:177-227.
27. 27. Yang B, Kalimo KO, Tahvonen RL, Mattila LM, Katajisto JK, Kallio HP. Effect of dietary supplementation with sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) seed and pulp oils on the fatty acid composition of skin glycerophospholipids of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Nutr Biochem. 2000; 11(6):338-40.
28. 28. Yang B, Karlsson RM, Oksman PH, Kallio HP. Phytosterols in sea buckthorn (Hippopha￫ rhamnoides L.) berries: Identification and effects of different origins and harvesting times. J Agric Food Chem. 2001; 49(11):5620-29.
29. 29. Dhyani D, Maikhuri RK, Misra S, Rao KS. Endorsing the declining indigenous ethnobotanical knowledge system of Seabuckthorn in Central Himalaya, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010; 127(2):329-34.
30. 30. Stobdan T, Dolkar P, Chaurasia OP, Kumar B. Seabuckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides L .) in trans-Himalayan. 2017; 2(1):46-53.
31. 31. Stobdan T, Targais K, Lamo D, Srivastava RB. Judicious use of natural resources: A case study of traditional uses of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in trans-Himalayan Ladakh, India. Natl Acad Sci Lett. 2013; 36(6):609-13.
32. 32. Mingyu X, Xiaouxan S, Jinhua C. The medicinal research and development of seabuckthorn. journal name. 1991; 3.
33. 33. Guliyev VB, Gul M, Yildirim A. Hippophae rhamnoides L.: Chromatographic methods to determine chemical composition, use in traditional medicine and pharmacological effects. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2004; 812(1-2 SPEC. ISS.):291-307.
34. 34. Suryakumar G, Gupta A. Medicinal and therapeutic potential of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). J Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 138(2):268-278.
35. 35. Mihova T, Ivanova P. Investigation of the biochemical composition of fruits from two genotypes Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). Sci Pap Ser B, Hortic. 2020; LXIV(2):73-76.
36. 36. Pundir S, Garg P, Dviwedi A, et al. Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and dermatological effects of Hippophae rhamnoides L.: A review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021; 266(December 2019):113434.
37. 37. Marsi￱ach MS, Cuenca AP. The impact of sea buckthorn oil fatty acids on human health. Lipids Health Dis. 2019; 18(1):1-11.
38. 38. Ciesarov￡ Z, Murkovic M, Cejpek K et al. Why is sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) so exceptional? A review. Food Res Int. 2020; 133(March):109170.
39. 39. Bal LM, Meda V, Naik SN, Satya S. Sea buckthorn berries: A potential source of valuable nutrients for nutraceuticals and cosmoceuticals. Food Res Int. 2011; 44(7):1718-27.
40. 40. Ghendov-Mosanu A, Cristea E, Patras A, et al. Potential application of hippophae rhamnoides in wheat bread production. Molecules. 2020; 25(6).
41. 41. Liepa L, Zolnere E, D?r?tis I, Krasnova I, Segli?a D. Effects of Hippophae rhamnoides L. Leaf and Marc Extract with Reduced Tannin Concentration on the Health and Growth Parameters of Newborn Calves. European J Med Plants. 2018; 22(1):1-11.
42. 42. Shaker MM, Al-Beitawi NA, Bl￡ha J, Mahmoud Z. The effect of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) fruit residues on performance and egg quality of laying hens. J Appl Anim Res. 2018; 46(1):422-26.
43. 43. Chand N, Naz S, Irfan M, Khan RU, Rehman ZU. Effect of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides l.) seed supplementation on egg quality and cholesterol of Rhode Island redￗFayoumi laying hens. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour. 2018; 38(3):468-75.
44. 44. Kalia S, Bharti VK, Giri A, Kumar B, Arora A, Balaje SS. Hippophae rhamnoides as novel phytogenic feed additive for broiler chickens at high altitude cold desert. Sci Rep. 2018; 8(1):1-12.
45. 45. Dogra R, Tyagi SP, Kumar A. Efficacy of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) oil vis-a-vis other standard drugs for management of gastric ulceration and erosions in dogs. Vet Med Int. 2013;2013: 176848.
46. 46. Maestrini M, Forzato C, Mancini S, Pieracci Y, Perrucci S. In Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) Berry Juice against Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Small Ruminants. Biology (Basel). 2022; 11(6):1-17.
47. 47. Bay�r H. Hippophae Rhamnoides L. (Yabani I￰de) Meyvelerinden Elde Edilen Ekstraklar�n G￶kku￾a￰� Alabal�klar�n�n (Oncorhynchus Mykiss, Walbaum) Byme Performans� ve Fizyolojik Parametreler ￜüzerine Etkileri. 2022.
48. 48. Zhao P, Wang S, Liang C, et al. Acute and subchronic toxicity studies of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) oil in rodents. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017; 91:50-57.
49. 49. Ganju L, Padwad Y, Singh R, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) leaves. Int Immunopharmacol. 2005; 5(12):1675-84.
50. 50. Upadhyay NK, Yogendra Kumar MS, Gupta A. Antioxidant, cytoprotective and antibacterial effects of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010; 48(12):3443-48.
51. 51. Olas B. Sea buckthorn as a source of important bioactive compounds in cardiovascular diseases. Food Chem Toxicol. 2016; 97:199-204.
52. 52. Zhamanbaeva GT, Murzakhmetova MK, Tuleukhanov ST, Danilenko MP. Antitumor Activity of Ethanol Extract from Hippophae Rhamnoides L. Leaves towards Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells In Vitro. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2014; 158(2):252-55.
53. 53. Wang H, Gao T, Du Y, et al. Anticancer and immunostimulating activities of a novel homogalacturonan from Hippophae rhamnoides L. berry. Carbohydr Polym. 2015; 131:288-96.
54. 54. Olas B, Skalski B, Ulanowska K. The anticancer activity of sea buckthorn [Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson]. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9(MAR):1-8.
55. 55. Xing J, Yang B, Dong Y, Wang B. Effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides ﾨ L.) seed and pulp oils on experimental models of gastric ulcer in rats. 2002; 73:644-50.
56. 56. Guo Z, Cheng J, Zheng L, Xu W, Xie Y. Mechanochemical-assisted extraction and hepatoprotective activity research of flavonoids from sea buckthorn (Hippopha￫ rhamnoides l.) pomaces. Molecules. 2021; 26(24):7615
57. 57. Zargar R, Raghuwanshi P, Koul AL et al. Hepatoprotective effect of seabuckthorn leaf-extract in lead acetate-intoxicated Wistar rats. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2022; 45(1):476-80.
58. 58. Zhao H, Kong L, Shao M et al. Protective effect of flavonoids extract of Hippophae rhamnoides L. on alcoholic fatty liver disease through regulating intestinal flora and inhibiting TAK1/p38MAPK/p65NF-?B pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022; 292:115225.
59. 59. Ran B, Guo CE, Li W et al. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) fermentation liquid protects against alcoholic liver disease linked to regulation of liver metabolome and the abundance of gut microbiota. J Sci Food Agric. 2021; 101(7):2846-54.
60. 60. Zhang G, Liu Y, Liu P. Active Components from Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Regulate Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Liver Fibrogenesis. J Agric Food Chem. 2018; 66(46):12257-64.
61. 61. Basu M, Prasad R, Jayamurthy P, Pal K, Arumughan C, Sawhney RC. Anti-atherogenic effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophaea rhamnoides) seed oil. Phytomedicine. 2007; 14(11):770-77.
62. 62. Pang X, Zhao J, Zhang W et al. Antihypertensive effect of total flavones extracted from seed residues of Hippophae rhamnoides L. in sucrose-fed rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 117(2):325-31.
63. 63. Larmo P, J￤rvinen R, Laihia J et al. Effects of a sea buckthorn oil spray emulsion on dry eye. Contact Lens Anterior Eye. 2019; 42(4):428-33.
64. 64. Khan BA, Akhtar N. Clinical and sebumetric evaluation of topical emulsions in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Postep Dermatologii i Alergol. 2014; 31(4):229-34.
65. 65. G?gotek A, Jastrzab A, Jarocka-Karpowicz I, Muszy?ska M, Skrzydlewska E. The effect of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed oil on UV-induced changes in lipid metabolism of human skin cells. Antioxidants. 2018; 7(9):110.
66. 66. Upadhyay NK, Kumar R, Siddiqui MS, Gupta A. Mechanism of wound-healing activity of hippophae rhamnoides L. leaf extract in experimental burns. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med. 2011; 2011:2011:659705.
67. 67. Larmo PS, Yang B, Hyss￤l￤ J, Kallio HP, Erkkola R. Effects of sea buckthorn oil intake on vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Maturitas. 2014; 79(3):316-21.
68. 68. Rohi-boroujeni H, Kiani S. A review of therapeutic and non-therapeutic properties of sea buckthorn 1. Adv Herb Med. 2015; 1(2):54-63
69. 69. Zhang W, Zhao J, Zhu X, et al. Antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous extract of sea buckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides L.) seed residues in streptozotocin-treated and high fat-diet-fed rats. J Food Biochem. 2010; 34(4):856-68.
70. 70. Turan MI, Akta￾ M, Gundogdu B, Yilmaz SK, Suleyman H. The effect of Hippophae rhamnoides L. Extract on acrylamide-induced brain injury in rats. Acta Cir Bras. 2021; 36(10):e361005.
71. 71. Zhao H, Liu J, Wang Y et al. Polysaccharides from sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berries ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in AD mice induced by a combination of d-gal and AlCl3 by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation reaction. J Sci Food Agric. 2023; 103(12):6005-16.
72. 72. Tian JS, Liu CC, Xiang H et al. Investigation on the antidepressant effect of sea buckthorn seed oil through the GC-MS-based metabolomics approach coupled with multivariate analysis. Food Funct. 2015; 6(11):3585-92.
73. 73. Olas B, Kontek B, Malinowska P, Zuchowski J, Stochmal A. Hippophae rhamnoides L. Fruits Reduce the Oxidative Stress in Human Blood Platelets and Plasma. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016; 2016: 4692486.
74. 74. Cho CH, Jang H, Lee M, Kang H, Heo HJ, Kim DO. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaf extracts protect neuronal PC-12 cells from oxidative stress. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017; 27(7):1257-65.
75. 75. Zheng L, Shi LK, Zhao CW, Jin QZ, Wang XG. Fatty acid, phytochemical, oxidative stability and in vitro antioxidant property of sea buckthorn (Hippopha￫ rhamnoides L.) oils extracted by supercritical and subcritical technologies. Lwt. 2017; 86:507-13.
76. 76. Chen Y, Cai Y, Wang K, Wang Y. Bioactive Compounds in Sea Buckthorn and their Efficacy in Preventing and Treating Metabolic Syndrome. Foods.2023;12(10):1985.
77. 77. Geng Y, Wang J, Chen K et al. Effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) on factors related to metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. Phyther Res. 2022; 36(11):4101-14.
78. 78. Leskinenj HM, Suomela JP, Baoru Y, Kallio HP. Regioisomer compositions of vaccenic and oleic acid containing triacylglycerols in sea buckthorn (hippopha￫ rhamnoides) pulp oils: Influence of origin and weather conditions. J Agric Food Chem. 2010; 58(1):537-45.
79. 79. Kallio H, Yang B, Peippo P. Effects of different origins and harvesting time on vitamin C, tocopherols, and tocotrienols in sea buckthorn (Hippopha￫ rhamnoides) berries. J Agric Food Chem. 2002; 50(21):6136-42.
80. 80. Andersson SC, Olsson ME, Johansson E, Rumpunen K. Carotenoids in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berries during ripening and use of pheophytin a as a maturity marker. J Agric Food Chem. 2009; 57(1):250-58.
81. 81. Jamyansan Y, Badgaa D. Bioactive substances of Mongolian seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). Seabuckthorn. A Multipurp Wonder Plant. 2005;145-50.
82. 82. Yang B, Karlsson RM, Oksman PH, Kallio HP, Hippophae S. Phytosterols in Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae 1 rhamnoides L.) Berries. J Agric Food Chem. 2001; 49(11):5620-29.
83. 83. Grey C, Wid￩n C, Adlercreutz P, Rumpunen K, Duan RD. Antiproliferative effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) extracts on human colon and liver cancer cell lines. Food Chem. 2010; 120(4):1004-10.
84. 84. Singh V, Yang B, Kallio H, et al. Seabuckthorn (Hippophae L.). A multipurpose wonder plant, Volume 4: Emerging Trends in Research and Technologie. 2006;566.
85. 85. Ja?niewska A, Diowksz A. Wide spectrum of active compounds in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) for disease prevention and food production. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(8):1279.
86. 86. Syta?ov￡ I, Orsavov￡ J, Snopek L, Ml?ek J, Byczy?ski ?, Miﾚurcov￡ L. Impact of phenolic compounds and vitamins C and E on antioxidant activity of sea buckthorn (Hippopha￫ rhamnoides L.) berries and leaves of diverse ripening times. Food Chem. 2020; 310(June 2019):125784.
87. 87. Tiitinen KM, Yang B, Haraldsson GG, Jonsdottir S, Kallio HP. Fast analysis of sugars, fruit acids, and vitamin C in sea buckthorn (Hippopha￫ rhamnoides L.) varieties. J Agric Food Chem. 2006; 54(7):2508-13.
88. 88. Yang B, Kallio H. Composition and physiological effects of sea buckthorn (Hippopha￫) lipids. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2002; 13(5):160-67.
89. 89. Zieli?ska A, Nowak I. Abundance of active ingredients in sea-buckthorn oil. Lipids Health Dis. 2017; 16(1):1-11.
90. 90. Felgitsch L, Bichler M, Burkart J, et al. Heterogeneous freezing of liquid suspensions including juices and extracts from berries and leaves from perennial plants. Atmosphere (Basel). 2019; 10(1):37.
91. 91. Fang R, Veitch NC, Kite GC, Porter EA, Simmonds MSJ. Enhanced profiling of flavonol glycosides in the fruits of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). J Agric Food Chem. 2013; 61(16):3868-75.
92. 92. Pop RM, Socaciu C, Pintea A, et al. UHPLC/PDA-ESI/MS analysis of the main berry and leaf flavonol glycosides from different Carpathian Hippopha￫ rhamnoides L. Varieties. Phytochem Anal. 2013; 24(5):484-92.
93. 93. Ma X, Laaksonen O, Zheng J, et al. Flavonol glycosides in berries of two major subspecies of sea buckthorn (Hippopha￫ rhamnoides L.) and influence of growth sites. Food Chem. 2016; 200:189-98.
94. 94. Teleszko M, Wojdy?o A, Rudzi?ska M, Oszmia?ski J, Golis T. Analysis of lipophilic and hydrophilic bioactive compounds content in sea buckthorn (Hippopha￫ rhamnoides l.) berries. J Agric Food Chem. 2015; 63(16):4120-29.
95. 95. ?uchowski J, Skalski B, Juszczak M, Wo?niak K, Stochmal A, Olas B. LC/MS analysis of saponin fraction from the leaves of elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson and its biological properties in different in Vitro Models. Molecules. 2020; 25(13):1-16.
96. 96. Baek SC, Lee D, Jo MS et al. Inhibitory Effect of 1,5-Dimethyl Citrate from Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response in RAW 264.7 Mouse Macrophages. Foods. 2020; 9(3):1-12.
97. 97. Sharma VK, Dwivedi SK, Awasthi OP, Verma MK. Variation in nutrient composition of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves collected from different locations of Ladakh. Indian J Hortic. 2014; 71(3):421-23.