18ß Glycrrhetinic Acid Reduces Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in and Experimental Model

Abstract

Aim: This study investigated that the beneficial effects of 18ß-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) on cerebral vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Material and Methods: A total of 28 Spraque-Dawley adult rats were used. Group 1 (Control) (n=7), Group 2 (SAH) (n=7), Group 3 (SAH +GA 50) (n=7), and Group 4 (SAH +GA 100) (n=7). GA performed through gavages in the 30th minute, 12th hour and 24th hour starting from SAH process. The animals sacrificed under intraperitoneal injection anesthesia by taking biochemical and histopathologic samples at the end of 48th hour. TBARS, SOD, CAT, GSH and GPx values were examined in biochemical studies. Brain tissue and basilar arteries were evaluated in histopathological examination. Results: The averages of lumen cross section in histopathologic, morphometric terms and the biochemical values in both groups receiving GA were found different at meaningful levels compare, the biochemical values were found different meaningfully especially in high dose GA group compared to those groups not receiving GA statistically. The results were defined as average ± standard error, and p<0.05 values were accepted as meaningful statistically. Conclusions: Based on our results, high dose GA found useful in experimental medical treatment of cerebral vasospasm due to SAH.

Keywords

• Subarachnoid hemorrhage
• serebral vasospasm
• 18 ß glycyrrhetinic acid

References

1. Weir B, Macdonald RL. Intracraial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. An overview. In:Wilkins DH,Regechary SS,editors.Neurosurgery. 2 nd ed. New York, USA: 1996. pp. 91- 211.
2. Linn FH, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, van Gijn J. Incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage: role of region, year, and rate of computed tomography: a meta-analysis.Stroke 1996; 27: 625-9.
3. Pfohman M, Criddle LM. Epidemiology of intra cranial aneurysm and subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurologic surg 2001; 33: 39-40.
4. Juul R, Fredriksen TA, Ringkjob R. Prognosis in subarachnoid hemorrhage of unknown etiology. J Neurosurg. 1986; 64 : 359-62
5. Weir BKA, McDonald RL, Stoodley M: Etiology of cerebral vasospasm. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 72: 27-46, 1999 Pluta RM, Afshar JK, Boock RJ, Oldfield EH. Temporal changes in perivascular concentrations of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and methemoglobin after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neu- rosurg 1998; 88:557-561.
6. Macdonald RL: Pathophysiology and molecular genetics of vasospasm. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 77: 7-11, 2001.
7. Takao Asano1,2 and Toru Matsui1 Antioxidant Therapy Against Cerebral Vasospasm Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid HemorrhageCellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Vol. 19, No. 1, 1999
8. Kim YJ, Lee CS (2008) Glycyrrhizin attenuates MPTP neurotoxicity in mouse and MPP-induced cell death in PC12 cells. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 12:65–71

9. Matsui S, Matsumoto H, Sonoda Y, Ando K, Aizu-Yokota E,Sato T, Kasahara T (2004) Glycyr- rhizin and related compoundsdown-regulate production of inflammatory chemokines IL-8 and eo- taxin 1 in a human lung fibroblast cell line. Int Immunopharmacol 4:1633–1644
10. Agarwal MK, Iqbal M, Athar M (2005) Inhibitory effect of 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid on 12- O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13- acetate-induced cutaneous oxidative stress and tumor promotion in mice. Redox Rep 10:151–157. Biology 108:101–106
11. Sun Y, Oberley LW, Li Y, (1988). A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clin Chem 34: 497-500.
12. Beutler E. (1975). Red cell metabolism. In: A Manual of Biochemical Methods. New York: Grune Strottan Sayfa: 67-69.
13. Aebi H. (1984). Catalase in vitro assay methods. Methods Enzymol 105: 121-126.
14. Ellman G. (1959). Tissue sulphydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 82: 70-77.
15. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with pholinphenol rea- gent. 1951 J Biol Chem 193: 265-275
16. Liu-Deryke X, Rhoney DH. Cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an overview of pharmacologic management. Pharmacotherapy 2006
17. Bederson JB, Levy AL, Ding WH, Kahn R, DiPerna CA, Jenkins AL III, Vallabhajosyula. Acute vasoconstruction after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1998; 42:352-360
18. Keyrouz SG, Diringer MN Clinical review: Prevention and therapy of vasospasm in subarach- noid hemorrhage Crit Care. 2007 Aug 14;11(4):220
19. Reggiari-Venzi MM, Suter PM, Romand JA: Review of medical prevention of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a problem of neurointensive care. Neurosurgery 2001; 48:249-262
20. Adams HP Jr, Kassell NF, Torner JC, Haley EC Jr. Predicting cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: influences of clinical condition, CT results, and antifibrinolytic therapy: a report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Neurology 1987; 37:1586-1591
21. Solomon RA, Antunes JL, Chen RY, Bland L, Chien S. Decrease in cerebral blood flow in rats after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage: a new animal model. Stroke 1985, 16(1):58-64
22. Lynch JR, Wang H, McGirt MJ, Floyd J, Friedman AH, Coon AL, Blessing R,Alexander MJ, Graffagnino C, Warner DS, Laskowitz DT: Simvastatin reduces vasospasm after aneurysmal sub- arachnoid hemorrhage: results of a pilot randomizedlinical trial. Stroke 2005; 36:2024-2026
23. Yu-shu Dong, Ju-lei Wang , Da-yun Feng, Huai-zhou Qin, Hua Wen, Zhong-min Yin, Guo-dong Gao, Chuan LiProtective Effect of Quercetin against Oxidative Stress and Brain Edema in an Ex- perimental Rat Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.Int. J. Med. Sci. 2014, Vol. 11 2014; 11(3):282-290. doi: 10.7150/ijms.7634
24. Wang JJ, Cui P (2013) Neohesperidin attenuates cerebral ischemia- reperfusion injury via inhib- iting the apoptotic pathway and activating the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. J Asian Nat