Atasözleri söyleyeni belli olmayan, genel kabul gören ve bireylerin uzun
yıllar süren gözlem ve deneyimlerine dayanan, öğüt verici, özlü sözler olarak
tanımlanmaktadır. Bir dilin zenginliğini göstermesi bakımından dikkate değer
ipuçları sunan atasözleri, toplumsal değerleri yansıtması bakımından da önemli
bir görev üstlenir. Cinsiyet kavramı da biyolojik farklılıkları ifade etmesinin
yanı sıra toplumun bireylere verdiği rolleri de içerisinde barındırır. Bireyler
kendilerini yaşamın başlangıcından itibaren, toplum tarafından sunulan kadınlık
ve erkeklik rolleri ile tanımlarlar. Dolayısıyla atasözlerinde kadın ve erkeğe
yapılan vurgular o toplumun inanç, gelenek, görenek gibi kültürel değerlerini
yansıtır.
Dil ve cinsiyet ilişkisine dair ülkemizde ve dünyada önemli çalışmalar
bulunurken İran’da bu konuya dair araştırmalar daha geri planda kalmıştır. Çalışmamızın
başında, bu konuya dair İran’da yapılmış olan belli başlı örnek çalışmaların
kısa değerlendirmesi yapılacaktır. Sonrasında ise birincil kaynak olan ve ‘Alî
Ekber-i Dihḫudâ tarafından hazırlanan dört ciltlik Emsâl u Ḥikem sözlüğünden yararlanarak İran toplumunda cinsiyet ve
toplumsal cinsiyet kavramlarına dair algıyı, kaynak tarama yöntemiyle elde
ettiğimiz örnek atasözleri ile fiziksel, cinsel, entelektüellik ve ekonomik
özellikler, insani ihtiyaçlar, toplumsal ilişkiler ve sevgi üzerinden analiz
etmeye çalışılacaktır. Devamında, kadın imgesine yönelik olarak “anne, eş, kız
çocuğu, gelin, dul” kavramları, erkek imgesi için de “baba, koca, erkek çocuk,
damat” kavramları taranarak elde edilen belli başlı örnek sözler üzerinden İran
toplumunda cinsiyet algısı değerlendirilecektir.
Proverbs are defined as anonymous, generally accepted, advisory and wise
sayings which are based on long term observations and experiences of
individuals. Proverbs, which provide important clues to show the richness of a
language, also play a significant role in reflecting social values. The concept
of gender, in addition to expressing biological differences also includes the
roles that society gives to individuals. Individuals define themselves with the
role of femininity and masculinity which specified by society from the
beginning of life. Therefore, the emphasis on women and men through proverbs
reflects the cultural values of that community, such as beliefs, traditions and
customs.
At the beginning of our study, a brief assessment of major case studies,
conducted in Iran, will be made. Then, with the chosen sample proverbs, which
we obtained with source-scanning method from four volume Emsâl u Ḥikem, which our primary sources and written by ‘Alî Ekber-i
Dihḫudâ, we will analyse the perception of sex and gender in Iranian society on
physical, sexual, intellectual and economic features, human needs, social
relations and love. Afterwards, an evaluation will be made by using major
sample proverbs, for the image of female “mother, wife, daughter, bride,
widow”, for the image of male “father, husband, boy, groom” concepts will be
scanned to understand the gender perception in Iranian society.
Structured
Abstract
Proverb is generally defined as a short, brief and concise sayings based
on the experiences of older generations; intend to teach people; give lessons;
offer advice and belongs to oral culture. Proverbs, which provide important
clues to show the richness of a language, also play a significant role in
reflecting social values. The concept of gender, in addition to expressing
biological differences also includes the roles that society gives to
individuals. Individuals define themselves with the role of femininity and
masculinity which specified by society from the beginning of life. Therefore,
the emphasis on women and men through proverbs reflects the cultural values of
that community, such as beliefs, traditions and customs.
With this study we will see the dimensions of gender perception and how
these dimensions are expressed through Persian proverbs. We come across some
articles which are studied in Iran, the general conclusion of these researches
is Persian proverbs include sex discrimination however, the more Iranian
society improve and modernise, the less sex discrimination could be seen in
Persian language. In this research, we tried to analyse gender perception on
physical, sexual, intellectual and economic features, social relations and so
on. Our primary sources are Ebrahim Shakourzadeh’s Dovâzdeh Hezâr Mesel-i Fârsî (Twelve Thousand Persian Proverbs) and four-volume collection of proverbs Emsâl u Ḥikem (Proverbs
and Mottos) by Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda.
With
the sample sayings below on physical features of
women, we can see the gender perception on Iranian society. The value of woman
is equal with her physical beauty.
On the other hand with the example below we see how women’s value erased but
masculine identity aggrandizes and reified.
از حمام می آيی برو خانه ی شوهر، از جامه شويی خانه ی مادر!
If you coming from shower, go to the house of
your husband; if you coming from laundry go to your mother’s house.
شوی زن زشت روی نابینا به!
It’s better for ugly woman’s husband, to be
blind.
خوشتر بود عروس نكو روی بی جهيز.
No-dowry
but beautiful face bride is better.
زيور
و زيب زنان است حرير و زر و سيم، مرد را نيست جز از علم و عمل زيور و زيب
The ornament of a woman is silk, gold and silver,
and the ornament of a man is nothing but science and action.
On
proverbs about sexuality and religion, intellectual and economic features of women, also on
social relations
sex discrimination and gender perception of Iranian society also could be seen.
در كوره آز مردن به كه به همسران نياز بردن.
It
is better to die in a fire than a need a partner.
زن
پارسا در جهان نادر است.
Religious
women are rare in the world.
زن
خوب و فرمانبر و پارسا كند مرد درويش را پادشا.
A
good, obedient and religious woman turns the poor to sultan.
زن بيوه را برای ميوه اش می خواهند.
Widow
women preferred because of her wealth.
زنان در آفرینش ناتمامند.
Women
are deficient from innate.
حمله
با شير مرد هم راه است، حيله كار زن است و روباه است.
To
attack is the work of man however, cheating is woman and fox work.
بخانه
نشستن بود کار زن بیرون کار مردان شمشیر
زن.
To stay at the home, work of women; to
fight at the outside is the work of men.
وفا
دادند بسگ با زن ندارند.
Dog
has loyalty, a woman hasn’t.
دزد
باش و مرد باش.
You
can be a burglar but first be a man.
Men are considered superior and dominant to women, and men are also more
talented, wise and stronger than women. Women are weak, trickster, unfaithful,
liar, ugly, worthless, selfish and in charge of housework and they are
subordinate to men. On the contrary men are handsome, loyal, and hardworking
... So Persian language includes sex discrimination through proverbs. Proverbs
ignores women; and describes them as less significant than men; shortly there
is a negative face for women in Persian proverbs.
Proverbs can be considered as the essence of language and they can
reflect a society’s views, values, attitudes, behaviours. Although Persian is
not a gender language there exist gender inequality and sex discrimination.
Throughout the research we see the main tendency, toward the discrimination
against women. Based on the sample proverbs majority of the negative proverbs
were against women.
Primary Language | Turkish |
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Journal Section | Articles |
Authors | |
Publication Date | June 29, 2019 |
Submission Date | March 7, 2019 |
Acceptance Date | May 20, 2019 |
Published in Issue | Year 2019 Volume: 19 Issue: 48 |