Serviks Kanseri Taraması İle Obezite, Hipertansiyon ve Diyabet Bulgularının Karşılaştırılması

Öz

        Bu araştırmada, serviks kanseri taraması için HPV testi yaptıran kadınların test sonucu ile obezite, hipertansiyon ve diyabet bulgularının karşılaştırılması amaçlanmış olup, kesitsel bir çalışmadır. Araştırmaya katılan kadınların (n=129) serviks kanseri tarama testi sonucuna göre obezite, hipertansiyon ve diyabet bulguları incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda, serviks kanseri taraması yaptıran kadınların test sonucu ile obezite, hipertansiyon ve diyabet bulguları arasında ilişki bulunmamıştır. Fakat yaş ile obezite, hipertansiyon ve diyabet bulguları arasında orta düzeyde, pozitif yönlü ve anlamlı ilişki saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Serviks Kanseri
• Tarama
• Obezite
• Hipertansiyon
• Diyabet

References

1. [1] World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cancer Today. Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2020. https://gco.iarc.fr/today.
2. [2] World Health Organization. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer. Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papillomavirus-(hpv)-and-cervical-cancer.
3. [3] Small, W.J., Bacon, M.A., Bajaj, A., Chuang, L.T., Fisher, B. J., Harkenrider, M.M., Jhingran, A., Kitchener, H.C., Mileshkin, L.R., Viswanathan, A.N., and Gaffney, D.K., (2017). Cervical Cancer: a Global Health Crisis. Cancer, 123(13): 2404-2412. doi: 10.1002/cncr.30667.
4. [4] Pınar, G., Topuz, Ş., An, Ş., Doğan, N., Kaya, N. ve Algier, L., (2010). Başkent Üniversitesi Ankara Hastanesi Kadın Hastalıkları Ve Doğum Polikliniğine Başvuran Kadınların HPV Aşısı ve Serviks Kanseri İle İlgili Bilgi Düzeyleri. Türk Jinekolojik Onkoloji Dergisi, 13(1):11-18.
5. [5] T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü Kanser Dairesi Başkanlığı. Erişim: 13.04.2020. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/kanser-tarama-standartlari/listesi/serviks-kanseri-tarama-program%C4%B1-ulusal-standartlar%C4%B1.html.
6. [6] Dünya Sağlık Örgütü, (2013). Bulaşıcı Olmayan Hastalıkların Önlenmesine ve Kontrolüne İlişkin Küresel Eylem Planı 2013-2020. Cenevre, İsviçre: DSÖ Doküman Üretim Servisi.
7. [7] T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, (2018). Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri 2015. Ankara.
8. [8] World Health Organization, (2004). Obesity: Preventing and Managing The Global Epidemic. Geneva.

9. [9] Clarke, M.A., Fetterman. B., Cheung., L.C.,Wentzensen, N., Gage, J.C., Katki, H.A., Befano, B., Demarco, M., Schussler, J., Raine-Bennett, T.R., Larey, T.S., Pointras, N.E., Castle, P.E., and Schiffman, M., (2018). Epidemiologic Evidence that Excess Body Weight Increases Risk of Cervical Cancer by Decreased Detection of Precancer. Journak of Clinical Oncology, 36(12):1184-1194. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2017.75.3442.
10. [10] Frumovitz, M., Jhingran, A., Soliman, P.T., Klopp, A.H., Schmeler, K., and Eifel, P.J., (2014). Morbid Obesity as an Independent Risk Factor for Disease-specific Mortality in Women with Cervical Cancer. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 124(6):1098. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000558.
11. [11] World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. Erişim Tarihi: 9.04.2020. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.
12. [12] T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu, (2015). Türkiye Kalp ve Damar Hastalıkları Önleme ve Kontrol Programı Eylem Planı (2015-2020). Ankara.
13. [13] World Health Organization, Hypertension. Erişim Tarihi: 13.04.2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension
14. [14] Uyarel, H., (2014). Tedavide Yaşam Tarzı Değişiklikleri. Türk Kardiyoloji Derneği Hipertansiyon Çalışma Grubu, 1:6-7.
15. [15] Yeh, E.T. and Bickford, C.L., (2009). Cardiovascular Complications of Cancer Therapy: Incidence, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 53(24):2231-2247. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.050.
16. [16] Souza, V.B.D., Silva, E.N., Ribeiro, M.L., and Martins, W.D.A., (2015). Hypertension in Patients with Cancer. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 104(3):246-252. doi: 10.5935/abc.20150011.
17. [17] Sarki, A.M., Nduka, C.U., Stranges, S., Kandala, N.B., and Uthman, O.A., (2015). Prevalence of Hypertension in Low-and Middle-income Countries: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine, 94(50):1-16. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000001959.
18. [18] Türk Hipertansiyon ve Böbrek Hastalıkları Derneği. Türk Hipertansiyon Prevalans Çalışması: 2. Erişim Tarihi:11.01.2020. http://www.turkhipertansiyon.org/prevelans_calismasi_2.php.
19. [19] World Health Organzation. Diabetes. Erişim Tarihi:09.01.2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes.
20. [20] Jiamset, I. and Hanprasertpong, J., (2016). Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Oncological Outcomes After Radical Hysterectomy for Early Stage Cervical Cancer. Journal of Gynecologic Oncology, 27(3):1-13. doi: 10.3802/jgo.2016.27.e28.
21. [21] Anastasi, E., Filardi, T., Tartaglione, S., Lenzi, A., Angeloni, A., and Morano, S., (2018). Linking Type 2 Diabetes and Gynecological Cancer: an Introductory Overview. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM), 56(9):1413-1425. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0982.
22. [22] Oberaigner, W., Ebenbichler, C., Oberaigner, K., Juchum, M., Schönherr, H.R., and Lechleitner, M., (2014). Increased Cancer Incidence Risk in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Results from a Cohort Study in Tyrol/Austria. BMC Public Health, 4(1):1058. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1058.
23. [23] IDF Diabetes Atlas Seventh Edition 2015. International Diabetes Federation. ISBN: 978-2-930229-81-2.
24. [24] Al-Madani, W., Ahmed, A.E., Arabi, H., Al Khodairy, S., Al Mutairi, N., and Jazieh, A.R., (2019). Modelling Risk Assessment for Cervical Cancer in Symptomatic Saudi Women. Saudi Medical Journal, 40(5):447–451. doi: 10.15537/smj.2019.5.24085.
25. [25] Jain, A., Ganesh, B., Bobdey, S. C., Sathwara, J. A., Saoba, S., (2017). Sociodemographic and Clinical Profile of Cervical Cancer Patients Visiting in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India. Official Journal of Indian Society of Medical & Paediatric Oncology, 38(3):291. doi: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_20_16.
26. [26] Kanbur, A. ve Çapık, C., (2011). Servikal Kanserden Korunma, Erken Tanı-Tarama Yöntemleri ve Ebe/Hemşirenin Rolü. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(1):61-72.
27. [27] T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, (2018). Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı 2017. Ankara.
28. [28] T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Kurumu. Ulusal Kanser Kontrol Planı 2013-2018. Ankara.
29. [29] Somé, O.R., Zongo, N., Ka, S., Wardini, R., and Dem, A., (2016). Dépistage de Masse Par Frottis Cervicovaginal: Résultats d’une Expérience Africaine. Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité, 44(6):336-340.
30. [30] American Cancer Society. Cancer A-Z. Risk Factors for Cervical c-Cancer. Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2020. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervical-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html.
31. [31] Yazıcı, S., Jinekolojik Neoplaziler (Serviks Ca). Olgularla Jinekolojik Hastalarda Bakım. (2015). Saydam, B.K., (Ed.). 1, Ankara: Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri.
32. [32] Cortessis, V.K., Barrett, M., Wade, N.B., Enebish, T., Perrigo, J.L., Tobin, J., Zhong, C., Zink, J., Isiaka, V., Murderspach, L.I., Natavio, M., and McKean-Cowdin, R., (2017). Intrauterine Device Use and Cervical Cancer Risk: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 130(6):1226-1236. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002307.
33. [33] Pérez, C.M., González-Barrios, D., Ramos-Cartagena, J.M., and Ortiz, A.P., (2020). Association of Body Mass Index With Adherence to Cervical Cancer Screening Recommendations in Hispanic Women. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease, 24(1):14-20. doi: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000504.
34. [34] Sarı, O. ve Aydoğan, Ü., (2015). Obezite ve Kanserler. Türkiye Klinikleri Aile Hekimliği Özel Dergisi, 6(3):90-95.
35. [35] Karadag Arli, S., Bakan, A.B., and Aslan, G., (2019). Distribution of Cervical and Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Women and Their Screening Behaviours. European Journal of Cancer Care, 28(2):e12960. doi: 10.1111/ecc.12960.
36. [36] 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension (2014). Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars, 42(4):1-72. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht151.
37. [37] Byers, T., Bales, V., Ford, E., Massoudi, B., Mokdad, A., Myers, G., Pruden, J., Smith, S. J., Will, J., Bolduc, B., Doctor, L. J., Economos, C., Garces, C., Katz, D., Lowney, K., Madison, M., Palombo, R., Stoddard, A., Coe, K., and Fleming, K., (1999). Cardiovascular Disease Prevention for Women Attending Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Programs: The Wisewoman Projects. Preventive Medicine, 28(5):496-502. doi: 10.1006/pmed.1999.0462.
38. [38] World Health Organization, (2016). Global Report on Diabetes. Geneva.
39. [39] Schoofs, J., Krijger, K., Vandevoorde, J., Rossem, I.V., and Devroey, D., (2015). Health-related Factors Associated with the Participation in Cervical Cancer Screening. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 15(1):11-16.
40. [40] Wang, L., Jin, G., Yu, C., Lv, J., Guo, Y., Bian, Z., Yang, L., Chen, Y., Hu, Z., Chen, F., Chen, Z., Li, L., and Shen, H., (2019). Cancer Incidence in relation to Body Fatness among 0.5 Million Men and Women: Findings from the China Kadoorie Biobank. International Journal Of Cancer, 146:987-998. doi: 10.1002/ijc.32394.
41. [41] Eroğlu, C., Keşli, R., Eryılmaz, M. A., Ünlü, Y., Gönenç, O. ve Çelik, Ç., (2011). Serviks Kanseri İçin Riski Olan Kadınlarda HPV tiplendirmesi ve HPV Sıklığının Risk Faktörleri Ve Servikal Smearle İlişkisi. Nobel Medicus, 3(7):66-71.
42. [42] Açmaz, G., Özyurt, S., Albayrak, E., Başar, M., Aksoy, H., Aksoy, Ü., Medendağ, Y., and Müderris, İ., (2014). The evaluation of risk factors in premenopausal patients with Endometrial Hyperplasia. İKSST Dergisi, 6(2):83-89. doi: 10.5222/iksst.2014.083 .
43. [43] Choi, Y., Ahn, K.J., Park, S.K., Cho, H., and Lee, J.Y., (2017). Adverse Effect of Excess Body Weight on Survival in Cervical Cancer Patients After Surgery and Radiotherapy. Radiation Oncology Journal, 35(1):48. doi: 10.3857/roj.2016.01977.
44. [44] Park, J.K., Park, H.A., Park, J.J., and Cho, Y.G., (2012). Obesity and Screening Compliance for Breast and Cervical Cancer in Korean Women. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 13(7):3271-3274. doi: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.7.3271.
45. [45] Constantinou, P., Dray-Spira, R., and Menvielle, G., (2016). Cervical and Breast Cancer Screening Participation for Women with Chronic Conditions in France: Results from a National Health Survey. BMC Cancer, 16(1):255. doi: 10.1186/s12885-016-2295-0.
46. [46] Chang, H.K., Myong, J.P., Byun, S.W., Lee, S.J., Lee, Y.S., Lee, H.N., Lee, K.H., Park, D.C., Kim, C.J., Hur, S.Y., Park, J.S., and Park, T.C., (2017). Factors Associated with Participation in Cervical Cancer Screening among Young Koreans: a Nationwide Cross-sectional Study. BMJ Open, 7(4):e013868. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013868.
47. [47] Christakoudi, S., Kakourou, A., Markozannes, G., Tzoulaki, I., Weiderpass, E., Brennan, P., ... and Tjønneland, A., (2019). Blood Pressure and Risk of Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. International Journal of Cancer. 146:2680-2693. doi:10.1002/ijc.32576.
48. [48] Stocks, T., Bjørge, T., Ulmer, H., Manjer, J., Häggström, C., Nagel, G., Engeland, A., Johansen, D., Hallmans, G., Selmer, R., Concin, H., Tretli, S., Konsson, H., and Stattin, P., (2015). Metabolic risk score and Cancer Risk: Pooled Analysis of Seven Cohorts. International Journal of Epidemiology, 44(4):1353-1363. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyv001.
49. [49] Ulmer, H., Bjorge, T., Concin, H., Lukanova, A., Manjer, J., Hallmans, G., Borena, W., Häggström, C., Engeland, A., Jonsson, H., Selmer, R., Stattin, P., Tretli, S., Kleiner, A., Stocks, T., and Nagel, G., (2012). Metabolic Risk Factors and Cervical Cancer in the Metabolic Syndrome and Cancer Project (Me–Can). Gynecologic Oncology, 125(2):330-335. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.01.052.
50. [50] Liu, B.Y., O'malley, J., Mori, M., Fagnan, L.J., Lieberman, D., Morris, C.D., Buckley, D.I., Heintzman, J.D., and Carney, P.A., (2014). The Association of Type and number of Chronic Diseases with Breast, Cervical, and Colorectal Cancer Screening. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 27(5):669-681. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2014.05.140005.
51. [51] Penaranda, E.K., Shokar, N., and Ortiz, M., (2013). Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and History of Cervical Cancer among a US National Population. ISRN Oncology, 840964. doi:10.1155/2013/840964.
52. [52] Stocks, T., Rapp, K., Bjorge, T., Manjer, J., Ulmer, H., Selmer, R., Lukanova, A., Johansen, D., Concin, H., Tretli, S., Hallmans, G., and Stattin, P., (2009). Blood Glucose and Risk of Incident and Fatal Cancer in the Metabolic Syndrome and Cancer Project (me-can): Analysis of Six Prospective Cohorts. PLoS Medicine, 6(12):e1000201. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000201.
53. [53] Zhang, H., Pelzer, A.M., Kiang, D.T., and Yee, D., (2007). Down-Regulation of Type I Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptor İncreases Sensitivity of Breast Cancer Cells to İnsulin. Cancer Research, 67(1):391-397. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1712.
54. [54] Kitiş, Y., Bilgili, N., Hisar, F. ve Ayaz, S., (2010). Yirmi Yaş ve Üzeri Kadınlarda Metabolik Sendrom Sıklığı ve Bunu Etkileyen Faktörler. Anatolian Journal of Cardiology/Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi, 10(2):111-119.
55. [55] Okamoto, K., Nakamura, K., Matsuoka, H., Matsubara, Y., Haraga, J., Ogawa, C., Masuyama, H., (2020). The presence of chronic diseases contributes to the occurrence risk factors for gynecological cancers in Japan. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 12(4): 336–342. doi: 10.3892/mco.2020.1989.