Akhaimenid Pers İmparatorluğu Sonrası Orta Anadolu’daki Mazdaizm ve Mazdaist Topluluklar Üzerine Düşünceler

Öz

Akhaimenid Pers İmparatorluğu’nun yıkılışından sonra Orta Anadolu’daki Mazdaizm’e bağlı toplulukların kendilerini nasıl var ettikleri, örgütlenme şekilleri ve inançlarındaki olası değişimin seyri hakkında sahip olduğumuz bilgiler maalesef kısıtlıdır. Arkeolojik kanıtlar ile tarihi kayıtlardan elde edilen bilgiler sorunlara dair doğrudan yanıtlar vermemekte, bunun yerine birtakım önerilerin geliştirilmesine olanak tanımaktadırlar. Merkezinde ateş tapınımı bulunan olası bağımsız yerel inanç ve dinlerin Mazdaizm’le olan ilişkisi, yanıt arayışında ciddi ve dikkat edilmesi gerekilen bir başka noktadır. Konuyla ilgili bilgi toplamının büyük çoğunluğu tarihi kayıtlardan elde edilmiştir. Farklı zaman dilimlerine dağılmış haldeki tarihi kayıtlar —ve az sayıdaki arkeolojik kanıt— en geniş haliyle Orta Anadolu’daki Mazdaizm’e bağlı toplulukların Geç Eski Çağ’a kadar var olduklarını işaret etmektedir. Çalışmada Akhaimenid Pers İmparatorluğu sonrası yaşanan birtakım tarihi etkinlikler yerel kimlik ve inanç temelinde ele alınmış, Mazdaizm’e bağlı toplulukların tarihleri ve Orta Anadolu’ya özgü bir Mazdaizm mezhebinin olasılığı üzerine bazı öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mazdaizm
• Orta Anadolu
• Kappadokia
• Eski Çağ
• Sasaniler
• Dinler Tarihi

Thoughts on Mazdaism and Mazdaist Societies in Central Anatolia after the Fall of the Achaemenid Persian Empire

Abstract

Our knowledge regarding how Mazdaist communities in Central Anatolia managed to survive, what kind of social organization they used to have and possible alterations over their beliefs after the fall of the Achaemenid Persian Empire is sadly limited. Archaeological evidence and information gleaned from historical records do not provide direct answers to the problems, but instead allow the development of some suggestions. The relationship between the possible independent local beliefs and religions that have had worship of fire at their center, and Mazdaism is another point that deserves serious attention in the search for answers. Most of the information on the subject has been taken from historical records. Historical records —and a small number of archaeological evidence— scattered across different time periods indicate, at its greatest extent, the existence of Mazdaist communities in Central Anatolia as far back as Late Antiquity. This paper aims to evaluate some historical events that occurred after the fall of the Achaemenid Persian Empire in terms of local identity and belief and to make some suggestions about the history of Mazdaist communities and the possibility of a sect of Mazdaism peculiar to Central Anatolia.

Keywords

• Mazdaism
• Central Anatolia
• Kappadokia
• Antiquity
• the Sassanids
• History of Religions

References

1. App. Mithr. (= Appianus, Mithridateios) Appian’s Roman History The Mithridatic Wars, translated by Horace White, 1962, Loeb Classical Library, New York.
2. Dio Cass. (= Dio Cassius) Dio Cassius’ Roman History, translated by Earnest Cary, 1927, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge.
3. Diod. (= Diodorus Siculus) Diodorus of Sicily, Books I and II, I-34, translated by Charles Oldfather, 1968, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge.
4. Diod. (= Diodorus Siculus) Diodorus of Sicily, in twelve volumes XI, fragments of books XXI-XXXII, translated by Francis Walton, 1980, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge.
5. Justin. Epit. (= Justinus, Epitomé Historiarum Philippicarum) Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, translated by the Rev. John Selby Watson with notes, 1853, Henry George Bohn (Bohn’s Libraries), London.
6. Strab. (= Strabon, Geographika) Geography, Volume VII: Books 15-16, translated by Horace Leonard Jones, 1930, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge.
7. Strab. (= Strabon, Geographika) The Geography of Strabo, Book X-XI-XII, translated by Horace Leonard Jones, 1961, Loeb Classical Library, London.
8. AINSWORTH, W. F., 1842. Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Armenia, John W. Parker, West Strand, London.

9. BACK, M., 1978. Die sassanidischen Staatsinschriften, Studien zur Orthographie und Phonologie des Mittelpersischen der Inschriften zusammen mit einem etymologischen Index des mittelpersischen Wortgutes und einem Textcorpus der behandelten Inschriften, Brill, Leiden.
10. BOYCE, M., 1979. Zoroastrianism, Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
11. BOYCE, M., 1984. Zoroastrianism, Textual Sources for the Study of Religion, The University of Chicago Press, Manchester.
12. BOYD, J. W. – CROSBY, D. A., 1979. ‘‘Is Zoroastrianism Dualistic or Monotheistic?’’, Journal of American Academy of Religion, 47, pp. 557 – 588.
13. BROSIUS, M., 2006. The Persians: An Introduction, Routledge, London.
14. CHAUMONT, M. L., 1973. ‘‘Conquêtes Sassanides et Propagande Mazdéenne (IIIème Siècle)’’, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 22, pp. 664-710.
15. DARYAEE, T. – REZAKHANI, K., 2016. From Oxus to Euphrates: The World of Late Antique Iran, Farhang Foundation, London.
16. DE JONG, A., 1997. Traditions of the Magi: Zoroastrianism in Greek and Latin Literature, Brill, Leiden.
17. DODGEON, M. H. – LIEU, S. N. C., 1994. The Roman Eastern Frotier and the Persian Wars (AD 226-363), A Documentary History, Routledge, London.
18. DOĞANBAŞ, M., 2009. ‘‘Amasya Merkez Harşena Kalesi 2007 Kurtarma Kazısı’’ 17. Müze Çalışmaları ve Kurtarma Kazıları Sempozyumu, pp. 11-28.
19. DÖNMEZ, Ş., 2013. ‘‘Öntarih ve Klasik Dönemlerde Amasya: Güncel Arkeolojik Bulgular’’, Tüba-Ar, 16, pp. 21-56.
20. DÖNMEZ, Ş., 2018. ‘‘Amasya-Oluz Höyük Ateşgedesi ve Erken Zerdüşt Dini Kutsal Alanı’’, Tüba-Ar, 22, pp. 145-160.
21. ENSSLIN, W., 1939. ‘‘Sassanid Persia: (IV) The Wars with Rome’’, the Cambridge Ancient History, XII, pp. 126-137.
22. FRAMROZE, D. – BODE, A. – NANAVUTTY, P., 1952. Songs of Zarathushtra. The Gathas (Translated from the Avesta), G. Allen and Unwin, London.
23. GÖRKAY, K., 2012. ‘‘Zeugma in Light of New Research’’, Stephanèphoros. De l'économie antique à l'Asie mineure. Hommages à Raymond Descat, Ed. K. Konuk, Ausonius, Bordeaux, pp. 275-300.
24. GÖRKAY, K., 2017. ‘‘Zeugma Lejyon Yerleşkesi: Yeni Araştırmalar, Sonuçlar ve Ön Değerlendirmeler’’, Anadolu/Anatolia, 43, pp. 147-178.
25. HALLOCK, R. T., 1969. Persepolis Fortification Tablets, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
26. HAUG, M., 1872. The Book of Arda Viraf, the Pahlavi Text, prepared by D. H. Jamaspji, assisted by E. W. West, Messrs: Trübner & Co., London.
27. HECKEL, W., 2002. The Wars of Alexander the Great, 336-323 BC, Osprey, Oxford.
28. KARPAT, K. H., 1985. Ottoman Population, 1830-1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
29. KING, L. W. – THOMPSON, R. C., 1907. The Sculptures and Inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock of Behistûn in Persia, Harrison and Sons, London.
30. MARICQ, A., 1958. ‘‘Res Gestae Divi Saporis’’, Classica et Orientalia, 5, pp. 295-360.
31. MOORE, G. F., 1912. ‘‘Zoroastrianism’’, The Harvard Theological Review, 5, pp. 180-226.
32. MOULTON, J. H., 1917. The Treasure of the Magi. A Study of Modern Zoroastrianism, H. Milford, Oxford University Press, London.
33. MÜLLER, K., 1883. Klaudiou Ptolemaiou Geographike Hyphegesis, Claudii Ptolemæi Geographia, Parisiis, Paris.
34. POTTER, D. S., 1990. Prophecy and History in the Crisis of the Roman Empire: A Historical Commentary on the Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
35. RAZMJOU, S., 2004. ‘‘The Lan Ceremony and Other Ritual Ceremonies in the Achaemenid Period: The Persepolis Fortification Tablets’’, Iran, 42, pp. 103-117.
36. REZAKHANI, K., 2015. ‘‘Mazdakism, Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism: in Search of Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy in Late Antique Iran’’, Iranian Studies, 48, pp. 55-70.
37. RUSSELL, J. R., 1982. Zoroastrianism in Armenia, Ph.D. dissertation, the University of London, London.
38. SEZER, O., 2019. ‘‘Central Anatolia in the 6th Century BC: The Transitional Period of the Achaemenid Persian Empire’’, Central and Eastern Anatolia Late Iron Age, Post-Urartu, Median and Achaemenid Empires, Eds. A. Özfırat, Ş. Dönmez, M. Işıklı and M. Saba, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 121-157.
39. ULLMANN, C., 1833. De Hypsistariis, Heidelberg.