AN EVALUATION ON THE TRACES OF THE SELEUKOS IN HELENISTIC PERIOD ANATOLIA

Abstract

After the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, a struggle for sovereignty began among the generals for control of the Macedonian Empire. The center of this struggle was Anatolia. As a matter of fact, Anatolia, which has been home to many civilizations since prehistoric times, is a suitable region for the birth, development and spread of cultures due to its fertile lands and geopolitical location. After the disintegration of the Macedonian Empire, Anatolia became the center of the struggle between the generals of Alexander the Great. After many years of struggle, the Seleucids emerged as a new power in Anatolia. Seleukos Nikator I, played an important role in the spread of Hellenistic culture in the region with the cities he founded after gaining political dominance in Anatolia. Seleukos I, who first established the city of Antakya in Anatolia, started intensive construction activities in order to place Greek and Macedonian culture in other Anatolian cities he had built, starting with Antakya after he declared Antakya the capital of the kingdom. Kings who came after Seleukos I also carried out various activities for the settlement of Hellenistic culture and civilization in the region. Thus, the Seleucids greatly changed the socio-political and socio-cultural history of Anatolia. The heyday of the Seleucid Kingdom in terms of culture and politics was experienced during the reign of Antiochus III. III. The Seleucids, who turned into an Epigon kingdom that ruled Asia Minor with Antiochus III, gave great struggles to maintain their political power in Anatolia. The Seleucids, competing with other Hellenistic Kingdoms and city-states since the 3rd century BC, confrontationed the Romans that were involved in Anatolian politics since the 2nd century BC. In our study, which will start with a brief analysis of the struggle of the Diadokhs after the disintegration of the Macedonian Empire, the establishment of the Seleucid Kingdom, its spreading area, its political phases and the socio-cultural traces they left in Anatolia will be tried to be explained in the light of domestic and foreign sources. At the end of the study, the reflections of Hellenistic culture on Anatolia will be analyzed through the example of the Seleucid Kingdom.

Keywords

• Alexander the Great
• Macedonia Empire
• Hellenistic Kingdoms
• Anatolia
• Seleucids

HELLENİSTİK DÖNEM ANADOLUSU’NDA SELEUKOSLARIN İZLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Öz

Büyük İskender’in MÖ 323 senesinde ölümünün ardından Makedonya İmparatorluğu’nun kontrolü için generaller arasında egemenlik mücadelesi başlamıştır. Söz konusu mücadelenin merkezi ise Anadolu olmuştur. Nitekim Prehistorik devirlerden beri birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapan Anadolu, sahip olduğu verimli topraklar ve jeopolitik konumu itibariyle kültürlerin doğması, gelişmesi ve yayılması için elverişli bir bölge niteliğindedir. Makedonya İmparatorluğu’nun parçalanmasından sonra Anadolu, Büyük İskender’in generalleri arasındaki mücadelenin merkezi haline gelmiştir. Uzun yıllar süren mücadelenin ardından Seleukoslar, Anadolu’da yeni bir güç olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. I. Seleukos Nikator, Anadolu’da siyasi üstünlüğü sağladıktan sonra kurduğu şehirler ile bölgede Hellenistik kültürün yayılmasında önemli rol oynamıştır. Anadolu’da ilk olarak Antakya şehrini kuran I. Seleukos, krallığın başkentini Antakya olarak ilan etmesinin ardından Antakya özelinde başlayarak, inşa ettirdiği diğer Anadolu şehirlerinde Hellen ve Makedon kültürünü yerleştirmek için yoğun imar faaliyetlerine girişmiştir. I. Seleukos’tan sonra gelen krallar da Hellenistik kültür ve medeniyetin bölgeye yerleşmesi adına çeşitli faaliyetlerde bulunmuşlardır. Böylece Seleukoslar, Anadolu’nun sosyo-politik ve sosyo-kültürel tarihini büyük ölçüde değiştirmiştir. Seleukoslar Krallığı’nın kültürel ve siyasi manada en parlak dönemi, III. Antiokhos zamanında yaşanmıştır. III. Antiokhos ile birlikte Ön Asya’ya hükmeden bir Epigon krallığa dönüşen Seleukoslar, Anadolu’daki siyasi gücünü korumak için büyük mücadeleler vermiştir. MÖ 3. yüzyıldan itibaren diğer Hellenistik Krallıklar ve kent devletleri ile rekabet eden Seleukoslar, MÖ 2. yüzyıldan itibaren ise Anadolu siyasetine dahil olan Romalılarla karşı karşıya gelmiştir. Makedonya İmparatorluğu’nun parçalanmasının ardından yaşanan Diadokhlar mücadelesinin kısa bir analizi ile başlayacak olan çalışmamızda, Seleukoslar Krallığı’nın kuruluşu, yayılım sahası, siyasi evreleri ve Anadolu’da bıraktıkları sosyo-kültürel izler, yerli ve yabancı kaynakların ışığında izah edilmeye çalışılacaktır. Çalışmanın sonunda Hellenistik kültürün Anadolu’ya yansımaları Seleukoslar Krallığı örneği üzerinden analiz edilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Büyük İskender
• Makedonya İmparatorluğu
• Hellenistik Krallıklar
• Anadolu
• Seleukoslar

References

1. Appianos. (1912-1913). Rhomaika. Kullanılan Metin: Appian's Roman History I-IV. (Transl. H. White), London-New York: The Loeb Classical Library.
2. Arrianos. (1996-1997). Alexandrou Anabasis. Kullanılan Metin: Arrian, I-II. (Transl. E. Iliff Robson), London-Cambridge: The Loeb Classical Library.
3. Diodorus. (1947). Bibliotheke Historike. Kullanılan Metin: Diodorus of Sicily. (Transl. T. E. Page), London - New York: The Loeb Classical Library.
4. Eusebios. (1875). Chronicorum. Kullanılan Metin: Eusebi, Chronicorum (Edit. A. Schoene), Berlin.
5. Frontinus. (1925). Strategematon. Kullanılan Metin: Iuli Frontini Strategematon. The Strategems and the Aqueducts of Rome. (Transl. C. E. Bennet), London - New York: The Loeb Classical Library.
6. Herodotos. (1975). Historiae. Kullanılan Metin: Herodotus. (Transl. A. D. Godley), London - New York: The Loeb Classical Library.
7. Herodotos. (2010). Herodotos Tarihi. (Çev. M. Ökmen), İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
8. Josephus, F. (1961). Antiquitates Judaicae. Kullanılan Metin: Jewish Antiquities. Volume. IV-IX. (Transl. H. S. Thackeray), London - New York: The Loeb Classical Library.

9. Justinus, (1853). M. Iuliani Iustini Epitoma Historiarum Philippicarum Pompei Trogi. Kullanılan Metin: Justin, Cornelius Nepos, and Eutropius. (Transl. R. J. Watson), London - New York: The Loeb Classical Library.
10. Livius, T. (1959) Ab urbe condita librorum periochae. Kullanılan Metin: Livy in Fourteen volumes. Vol.14: Summaries, Fragments, and Obsequens. (Transl. A. C. Schlesinger), London - New York: The Loeb Classical Library.
11. Lucian. (1959). Lucian, (Transl. K. Kilburn), London - New York: The Loeb Classical Library.
12. Memnon. (1843). Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum III. (Transl. C. Müller), Parisiis: Instıtutı France Typographo.
13. Pausanias. (1954). HelladosPeriegesos. Kullanılan Metin: Description of Greece I-IV. (Transl. W. H. Jones), London - New York: The Loeb Classical Library.
14. Plutarchos. (1914, 1954-55, 1959, 1967-68). Bioi Paralleloi. Kullanılan Metin: Plutarch’s Lives. I-XI. (Transl. B. Perrin), London - New York: The Loeb Classical Library.
15. Plutarchos. (1928-1967). Moralia. Kullanılan Metin: Plutarch's Moralia . I-XIV. (Transl. F. C. Babbitt-W. C. Helmbold), London - New York: The Loeb Classical Library.
16. Polyaenus. (1960). Strategemata. Kullanılan Metin: Stratagems of War. (Transl. R. Shepherd) Chicago.
17. Polybios. (1922). Historiai. Kullanılan Metin: The Histories. I-VI. (Transl. W. R. Paton), London - New York: The Loeb Classical Library.
18. Pompeius Trogus. (1994). Prologues. Kullanlan Metin: Prologues to the Philippic History of Trogus. (Transl. J. C. Yardley), Atlanta.
19. Strabon. (1949). Geographika. Kullanlan Metin: The Georaphy of Strabo I-VIII. (Transl. H. L. Jones), London - New York: The Loeb Classical Library.
20. Strabon. (1993). Antik Anadolu Coğrafyası. (Çev. A. Pekman), İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
21. Zonaras, J. (1868-1875). Epitome Historiarum. I-IV. (Edit. L. A. Dindorf), Leipzig: Teubner.
22. AGER, S. L., 2005. “An Uneasy Balance: from the Death of Seleukos to the Battle of Raphia”, A Companion to the Hellenistic World, Ed.: Andrew Erskine, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, ss. 35 - 51.
23. ALLEN, J., 2020. The Roman Republic and the Hellenistic Mediterranean. From Alexander to Caesar, Wiley Blackwell, New Jersey.
24. ALLEN, R. E., 1983. The Attalid Kingdom: A Constitutional History, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
25. ANSON, E. M., 2003. “The Dating of Perdiccas’ Death and the Assembly at Triparadeisus”, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 43 / 4, ss. 373 -390.
26. ARSLANTAŞ, Y. - YILMAZ, C. A., 2017. “Hellenizmin Gölgesinde Diadokhlar Dönemi”, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 27 /2, ss. 361 - 373.
27. AUSTIN, M., 2005. “The Seleukids and Asia”, A Companion to the Hellenistic World, Ed.: Andrew Erskine, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, (ss. 121 - 134).
28. AUSTIN, M., 2006. The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest. A Selection of Ancient Sourrces in Translation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
29. BABELON, E., 1890b. Catalogue des monnaies grecques de la Bibliothèque nationale: Les rois de Syrie, d'Arménie et de Commagène, Rollin et Feuardent, Paris.
30. BAGNALL, R. – DEROW, P., 2004. The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
31. BAHAR, H., 2019. Eskiçağ Uygarlıkları, Kömen Yayınları, Konya.
32. BAR-KOCHVA, B., 1973. “On the Sources and Chronology of Antiochus I’s Battle against the Galatians”, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, 199, ss. 1 - 8.
33. BAUER, S. W., 2007. The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome, W. W. Norton, New York – London.
34. BAUER, S. W., 2013. Antik Dünya Tarihi. İlk Kayıtlardan Roma’nın Dağılmasına Kadar, Çev.: M. Moralı, Alfa Tarih, İstanbul.
35. BEAN, G. E., 1968. Turkey's Southern Shore: An Archaeological Guide, New York.
36. BEAN, G. E., 2009. Eskiçağ’da Menderes’in Ötesi, Çev.: İ. Delemen, Arion Yayınevi, İstanbul.
37. BELL, K. S, 2005-2006. Seleucid Frontier Policy in the East: The Nature and extent of imperial control, University College London, Department of History, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, London.
38. BERNARD, P., 1990. “Nouvelle Contrıbutıon De L'épıgraphıe Cunéıforme À L'hıstoıre Hellénıstıque”, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 114 /1, ss. 513 - 541.
39. BEVAN, E. R., 1902. The House of Seleucus, Vol.1., London.
40. BICKERMAN, E. J., 1932. “Bellum Antiochicum”, Hermes, 67 / 1, ss. 47 – 76.
41. BICKERMAN, E. J., 1980. Chronology of the Ancient World, Cornell University Press, New York.
42. BIEŃKOWSKI, P., 1928. Les Celtes Dans Les Arts Mineurs Gréco-Romains, Université des Jagellons, Cracow.
43. BIKERMAN, E., 1938. “Sur les batailles navales de Cos et d'Andros”, Revue des Études Anciennes, 40 / 4, ss. 369 - 383.
44. BILLOWS, R. A., 1990. Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State, London.
45. BILLOWS, R. A., 1996. “The Succession of the Epigonoi”, Syllecta Classica, 6, ss. 1 - 11.
46. BOSCH, M. E., 1942). Hellenizm Tarihinin Anahatları I. Kısım. Büyük İskender İmparatorluğu, Çev.: A. Erzen, Rıza Koşkun Matbaası, İstanbul.
47. BOSCH, M. E., 1943. Hellenizm Tarihinin Anahatları II. Kısım Roma İmparatorluğuna Katıldıkları Tarihe Kadar Hellenizm Devletleri, Çev.: S. Atlan, Rıza Koşkun Matbaası, İstanbul.
48. BOSWORTH, A. B., 2002. The Legacy of Alexander. Politics, Warfare and Propaganda Under the Successors, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
49. BRAUND, D., 2005. “After Alexander: The Emergence of the Hellenistic World 323–281”, A Companion to the Hellenistic World, Ed.: Andrew Erskine, Blackwell Publishing, New Jersey, ss. 19 - 34.
50. BRODERSEN, K., 1986. “The Date of the Secession of Parthia from the Seleucid Kingdom”, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 35 / 3, ss. 378 - 381.
51. BRYCE, T., 2014. Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
52. BUGH, G. R., 2006. The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
53. BURN, A. R., 1951. Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Empire, English Universities Press, London.
54. BURSTEIN, S. M., 1976. Outpost of Hellenism: The Emergence of Heraclea on the Black Sea, University of California Press, Berkeley – Los Angeles – London.
55. BURSTEIN, S. M., 1998. The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of Ipsos to the Death of Kleopatra VII., Cambridge University Press, New York.
56. CAPDETREY, L., 2007. Le Pouvoır Séleucıde. Territoire, administration, finances d'un royaume hellénistique (312-129 av. J.-C.), Presses universitaires de Rennes.
57. CHAMOUX, F., 2002. Hellenistic Civilization, (Transl.: M. Roussel), Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
58. CHANIOTIS, A., 2005. War in the Hellenistic World. A Social and Cultural History, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
59. CHRUBASIK, B. 2013. The Attalids and the Seleukid Kings, 281-175 BC., Attalid Asia Minor: Money, International Relations, and the State. Ed.: P. J. Thonemann, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ss. 83-119.
60. CHRUBASIK, B., 2016. Kings and Usurpers in the Seleukid Empire. The Men who would be King, Oxford.
61. CLINE, E. H. - GRAHAM, M. W., 2017. Antikçağ İmparatorlukları. Mezepotamya'dan İslamiyet'in Doğuşuna, Çev.: E. Duru, Say Yayınları, İstanbul.
62. COHEN, G. M., 1978. The Seleucid Colonies: Studies in Founding, Administration and Organization, Steiner, Wiesbaden.
63. COHEN, G. M., 1995. The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, and Asia Minor, University of California Press, Oxford.
64. COLORU, O., 2013. “Seleukid Settlements: Between Ethnic Identity And Mobility”, Electrum, 20, ss. 37 – 56.
65. COŞKUN, A., 2011. “Galatians and Seleucids: A Century of Conflict and Cooperation”, Seleucid Dissolution The Sinking of the Anchor, Ed.: K. Erickson, G. Ramsey, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, ss. 85 - 107.
66. COŞKUN, A., 2012. “Deconstructing a Myth of Seleucid History: The So-Called ‘Elephant Victory’ Revisited”, Phoenix, 66 (1/2), ss. 57 - 73.
67. COŞKUN, A., 2018. “The War of Brothers, The Third Syrian War, and The Battle of Ankyra (246–241 BC): A Re-Appraisal”, The Seleukid Empire, 281–222 BC: War Within The Family, Ed.: K. Erickson, The Classical Press of Wales, London, ss. 197 - 252.
68. D’AGOSTINI, M., 2016. “Representation and Agency of Royal Women in Hellenistic Dynastic Crises. The case of Berenike and Laodike”, Femmes influentes dans le monde hellénistique et à Rome IIIe siècle avant J.-C. – Ier après J.-C., Ed.: I. Cogitore, A. Kolb, A. B. Sánchez, Ellug Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, ss. 35 - 59.
69. D’AGOSTINI, M., 2018. “Asia Minor and the many shades of a civil war. Observations on Achaios the Younger and his claim to the kingdom of Anatolia”, The Seleukid Empire 281-222 BC War Within the Family, Ed.: Kyle Erickson, The Classical Press of Wales, Swansea, ss. 59 - 81.
70. DEROW, P., 2003. “The Arrival of Rome: from the Illyrian Wars to the Fall of Macedon”, A Companion to the Hellenistic World, Ed.: A. Erskine, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, ss. 51 – 70.
71. DIAKOV, V. – KOVALEV, S., 1987. İlkçağ Tarihi I. Ortadoğu, Uzakdoğu, Eski Yunan, Çev.: Ö. İnce, V Yayınları, Ankara.
72. DMITRIEV, S., 2005. City Government in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
73. DOWNEY, G. 1961. A History of Antioch in Syria from Seleucus to the Arab Conquest, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
74. ECKSTEIN, A. M., 2008. Rome Enters the Greek East. From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230–170 BC., Blackwell Publishing, Malden.
75. ERCIYAS, D. B., 2006. Wealth Aristocracy and Royal Propaganda Under The Hellenistic Kingdom of Mithradatids in Central Black Sea Region in Turkey Colloquia Pontica Vol 12., Brill, Leiden.
76. ERGİN, G., 2019. Anadolu’da Roma Hakimiyeti. Direniş ve Düzen, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
77. ERICKSON, K., 2018. The Seleukid Empire, 281–222 BC: War Within The Family. The Classical Press of Wales, London.
78. ERRINGTON, R. M., 1970. “From Babylon to Triparadeisos, 323-320 BC.”, Journal of Hellenic Studies, 90, ss. 49 - 77.
79. ERRINGTON, R. M., 2008a. A History of the Hellenistic World: 323 - 30 BC., Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
80. ERRINGTON, R. M., 2008b. “Rome against Philip and Antiochus”, The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. VIII/2., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ss. 244 - 290.
81. ERRINGTON, R. M., 2017. Hellenistik Dünya Tarihi MÖ 323-30., Çev.: G. Günata, Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul.
82. ERSKINE, A., 2001. Troy Between Greece and Rome: Local Tradition and Imperial Power, Oxford University Press, New York.
83. ERSKINE, A., 2005. A Companion to the Hellenistic World, Blackwell Publishing, Malden.
84. ERSKINE, A. - LLEWELLYN-JONES, L. – WALLACE, S., 2017. The Hellenistic Court. Monarchic Power and Elite Society from Alexander to Cleopatra, The Classical Press of Wales, Swansea.
85. FREEMAN, C., 2018. Mısır, Yunan ve Roma. Antik Akdeniz Uygarlıkları, Çev.: S. K. Angı, Dost Kitabevi, Ankara.
86. GARDNER, P., 1878. Catalogue of Greek Coins. Seleucıd Kıngs Of Syria, London.
87. GARGOLA, D. J., 2006. “Mediterranean Empire (264–134)”, A Companion to the Roman Republic, Ed.: Nathan Rosenstein, Robert Morstein-Marx, Blackwell Publishing, Wiley, ss. 147 - 167.
88. GERA, D., 1987. “Ptolemy Son of Thraseas and the Fifth Syrian War”, Ancient Society, 18, ss. 63 - 73.
89. GIOVANNINI, A., 1982. “La Clause Territoriale de La Paix D’Apamée”, Athenaeum, 60, ss. 224 - 236.
90. GRABOWSKI, T., 2019. “Küçük Asya’da Ptolemaioslar Hanedanı”, Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemlerinde Anadolu Krallar, İmparatorlar, Kent Devletleri, Ed.: Oğuz Tekin, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul, ss. 28 - 51.
91. GRAINGER, J. D., 2002. The Roman War of Antiochos the Great, Brill, Leiden-Boston.
92. GRAINGER, J. D., 2010. The Syrian Wars, Brill, Leiden-Boston.
93. GRAINGER, J. D., 2014a. Alexander the Great Failure, The Collapse of the Macedonian Empire, New York.
94. GRAINGER, J. D., 2014b. Seleukos Nikator: Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom, Routledge, New York.
95. GRAINGER, J. D., 2014c. The Rise of the Seleukid Empire (323-223 BC): Seleukos I to Seleukos III., Pen & Sword History, Yorkshire.
96. GRAINGER, J. D., 2015a. The Fall of the Seleukid Empire, 187-75 BC., Pen & Sword Military, Yorkshire.
97. GRAINGER, J. D., 2015b. The Seleukid Empire of Antiochus III (223-187 BC)., Pen & Sword Military, Yorkshire.
98. GRAINGER, J. D., 2016. Great Power Diplomacy in the Hellenistic World, Routledge, Londra-New York.
99. GRAINGER, J. D., 2019. Antipater’s Dynasty Alexander the Great’s Regent and his Successors, Pen & Sword Mitary, Yorkshire.
100. GRANDJEAN C. - HOFFMANN, G. - CAPDETREY, L. - CARREZ-MARATRAY, J.-Y., 2017. Le monde hellénistique, Collection U, Université de Clermont.
101. GREEN, P., 2007. Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
102. GRUEN, E. S., 1984. The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome, Cilt 1, University of California Press, Berkeley – Los Angeles – London.
103. GÜLER, E. A., 2019. “Seleukos Krallığı’nda İsyan ve İhanet Çemberi: Akhaios İsyanı ve Sardeis Kuşatması”, Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 9 / 2, ss. 95 - 105.
104. HABICHT, C., 2006. The Hellenistic Monarchies: Selected Papers, Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press.
105. HABICHT, C. 2008. “The Sekucids and Their Rivals”, CAH.VIII/2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ss. 324 - 382.
106. HAMMOND, N. G. L. - WALBANK, F. W. – GRIFFITH, G. T., 1988. A History of Macedonia: 336-167 B.C., Larendon Press, Oxford.
107. HANFMANN, G. M., 1972. Letters from Sardis, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
108. HARMATTA, J., 1994. History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. 2, The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations 700 B.C. to A.D. 250., Unesco Publishing, Paris.
109. HARRIS, W. V., 1979. War and Imperialism in Republican Rome: 327-70 B.C., Clarendon Press, Oxford.
110. HEINEN, H., 2008a. “Attalus I (241-197 B.C.) and the ‘War of the Brothers”, CAH. VII 7/1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ss. 428-432.
111. HEINEN, H., 2008b. “The Syrian Egyptian Wars and the New Kingdoms of Asia Minor”, CAH. VII/1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ss. 412 -445.
112. HOLLEAUX, M., 1930. “Rome and Macedon: The Romans Against Philip”, CAH. VIII/1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ss. 166 - 173.
113. HOLTON, J. R., 2018. “The ideology of Seleukid joint kingship: the case of Seleukos, son of Antiochos I.”, The Seleukid Empire 281-222 BC War Within the Family, Ed.: Kyle Erickson, The Classical Press of Wales, Swansea, ss. 101 - 128.
114. HOUGHTON, A. – LORBER, C., 2002. Seleucid Coins: A Comprehensive Catalogue: Part I: Seleucus I Through Antiochus III: Volume I: Introduction, Maps, and Catalogue, American Numismatic Society, New York.
115. HOLBL, G., 2001. A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, Çev.: T. Saavedra, Routledge, Londra.
116. İPLİKÇİOĞLU, B., 2007. Hellen ve Roma Tarihinin Ana Hatları, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
117. İPLİKÇİOĞLU, B., 2015. Eski Batı Tarihi I: Giriş, Kaynaklar, Bibliyografya, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara.
118. JONES, A. H. M., 1971. The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
119. JONES, C. P., 1999. Kinship Diplomacy in the Ancient World, Harvard University Press, London.
120. KARAHAN, O., 2018. “Seleukosların Anadolu’daki Hâkimiyet Mücadelesi”, History Studies International Journal Of History, 10 / 9, ss. 207 - 230.
121. KAYA, M. A., 1996. “III. Makedonya Savaşına Kadar Roma’nın Anadolu Politikası”, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 11, ss. 211 - 232.
122. KAYA, M. A., 2000a. “Batı Anadolu’daki Galat Terörü”, Tepekule Tarih-Yerel Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2, ss. 79 - 85.
123. KAYA, M. A., 2000b. “Suriye Krallığı’nın Büyük Menderes Havzasındaki Kolonileri”, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 15, ss. 121 - 136.
124. KAYA, M. A., 2011. Anadolu’da Galatlar ve Galatya Tarihi, Çizgi Kitabevi, Konya.
125. KAYA, M. A., 2012. “Büyük İskender'in Halefleri (Diadokhoi): Savaş ve Siyaset (İÖ 323-306)”, Ömer Çapar'a Armağan, Ed.: T. Yiğit, M. Ali Kaya, A. Sina), Ankara, ss. 177 – 202.
126. KAYA, M. A., 2019. Türkiye’nin Eskiçağ Tarihi –III- Hellenistik Dönem, Bilge Kültür Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
127. KOSMIN, P. J., 2014. The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire, Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire, Harward University Press, London.
128. LENDERING, J., 2018. Büyük İskender, Çev.: B. Sengir, Kronik Kitap, İstanbul.
129. LERNER, J. D., 1999. The İmpact of Seleucid Decline on the Eastern Iranian Plateau, Historia Einzelschriften 123., Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart.
130. LUND, H. S., 1992. Lysimachus. A Study in Early Hellenistic Kingship, London.
131. MA, J., 1999. Antiochos III and the Cities of Western Asia Minor, Oxford University Press, New York.
132. MA, J., 2013. “The Attalids: A Militay History”, Attalid Asia Minor: Money, İnternational Relations, and the State, Ed.: Peter Thonemann, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ss. 49 – 82.
133. MACURDY, G. H., 1985. Hellenistic Queens: A Study of Woman-Power in Macedonia, Seleucid Syria, and Ptolemaic Egypt, Chicago.
134. MAGIE, D., 1939. “The ‘Agreement’ Between Philip V and Antiochus III for the Partition of the Egyptian Empire”, Journal of Roman Studies, 29 / 1, ss. 32 - 44.
135. MAGIE, D., 1950. Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century after Christ, I-II., Princeton.
136. MALAY, H., 1987. “Letter of Antiochos III to Zeuxis with two Covering Letters (209 B.C.)”, Epigraphica Anatolica, 10, ss. 8 - 17.
137. MANSEL, A. M., 1999. Ege ve Yunan Tarihi, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara.
138. MAREK, C., 2010. Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike, Verlag C.H.Beck, München.
139. MARTIN, T. R., 1996. Ancient Greece From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times, Yale University Press, New Haven – London.
140. MARTINEZ-SÈVE, L., 2003. “Laodice, Femme D'antiochos Ii : Du Roman À La Reconstruction Historique”, Revue des Études Grecques, 116 / 2, ss. 690 - 706.
141. MASTROCINQUE, A., 1993. “Guerra di successione’ E Prima Guerra di Celesiria”, Ancient Society, 24, ss. 27 - 39.
142. MATYSZAK, P., 2019. The Rise Of The Hellenistic Kingdoms 336-250 BC., Pen & Sword Books, Yorkshire.
143. MCAULEY, A., 2017. “Once A Seleucid, Always a Seleucid: Seleucid Princesses and Their Nuptial Courts”, The Hellenistic Court Monarchic Power and Elite Society from Alexander to Cleopatra, Ed.: A. Erskibe, L. Llewellyn-Jones, S. Wallace, The Classical Press of Wales, Swansea, ss. 189 - 212.
144. MCAULEY, A., 2018. “The House of Achaios: reconstructing an early client dynasty of Seleukid Anatolia”, The Seleukid Empire 281-222 BC War Within the Family, Ed.: Kyle Erickson. The Classical Press of Wales, Swansea, ss.11 - 35.
145. MCDONALD, A. H., 1967. “The Treaty of Apamea (188 B.C.)”, Journal of Roman Studies, 57 (1/2), ss. 1 - 8.
146. MEADOWS, A., 2012. “Deditio in Fidem: The Ptolemaic Conquest of Asia Minor”, Imperialism, Cultural Politics, and Polybius, Ed.: Christopher Smith, Liv Mariah Yarrow, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ss. 113 - 133.
147. MITCHELL, S., 1993. Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor. The Celts and the Impact of Roman Roman Rule I., Clarendon Press, Oxford.
148. MITCHELL, S., 2018. “Dispelling Seleukid phantoms: Macedonians in Western Asia Minor from Alexander to the Attalids”, The Seleukid Empire 281-222 BC War Within the Family, Ed.: Kyle Erickson, The Classical Press of Wales, Swansea, ss. 37 - 58.
149. MITTAG, P. F., 2017. “Misconduct and Disloyalty in The Seleucid Court”, The Hellenistic Court Monarchic Power and Elite Society from Alexander to Cleopatra, Ed.: A. Erskibe, L. Llewellyn-Jones, S. Wallace, The Classical Press of Wales, Swansea, ss. 359 - 372.
150. MOMMSEN, T., 1862. The History of Rome, Cilt 2, (Transl: W. P. Dicson, Richard Bentley), London
151. MORKOT, R., 1996. The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece, Penguin Books, London.
152. MUSTI, D., 2008. “Syria And The East”, CAH. VII/1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ss. 175 - 220.
153. OGDEN, D., 1999. Polygamy Prostitutes and Death: The Hellenistic Dynasties, London.
154. OTTO, W., 1928. Beiträge zur Seleukidengeschichte des 3. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Vol.34.1., Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, München.
155. PARKER, V., 2014. A History of Greece 1300 to 30 BC., Wiley Blackwell, Malden.
156. PARMAKSIZOĞLU, İ. – ÇAĞLAYAN, Y., 1976. Genel Tarih I Eski Çağlar ve Türk Tarihinin İlk Dönemleri, Funda Yayınları, Ankara.
157. PEREMANS, W., 1939. “La Date De La Bataille Navale De Cos”, L'Antiquité Classique, 8 / 2, ss. 401 - 408.
158. PIEJKO, F., 1990. “Episodes from the Third Syrian War in a Gurob Papyrus, 246 B.C.”, Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete, 36, ss. 13 - 27.
159. POMEROY, S. B., 1984. Women in Hellenistic Egypt: From Alexander to Cleopatra, Schocken Books, New York.
160. RAWLINSON, G., 1869. A Manual of Ancient History: From the Earliest Times to the Fall of the Western Empire, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
161. REGER, G., 1985. “The Date of the Battle of Kos”, American Journal of Ancient History, 10 / 2, ss. 155 - 177.
162. REGER, G., 2004. “Sympoliteiai In Hellenistic Asia Minor”, The Greco-Roman East: Politics, Culture, Society, Ed.: Stephen Colvin, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ss. 145 – 181.
163. RHODES, P. J., 2019. Antik Yunan’ın Kısa Tarihi, Çev.: C. Atay, İletişim Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
164. RIGSBY, K. J., 1996. Asylia: Territorial Inviolability in the Hellenistic World, University of California Press, Berkeley.
165. ROBERT, J. – ROBERT, L., 1983. Fouilles D'Amyzon En Carie. Tome 1. Exploration, Histoire, Monnaies, Et İnscriptions, Diffusion De Boccard, Paris.
166. ROBERT, L., 1974. Opera Minora Selecta: Épigraphie et Antiquités Grecques IV., Amsterdam.
167. SACHS, A. J. – HUNGER, H., 1988. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia, Vol. 1. Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C., Verlag Der Osterreıchıschen Akademıe Der Wıssenschaften, Wien.
168. SARIKAYA, S., 2019. “Diadokhoi Kaynaklarından Heidelberg Epitome’si: Metin ve Çevirisi Heidelberg Epitome From the Sources of Diadochi: Text and Translation”, Cedrus, 7, ss. 389 - 414.
169. SARTRE, M., 2003. L'Anatolie Hellénistique. De L’Égée au Caucase, Armand Colin, Paris.
170. SAVALLI-LESTRADE, I., 1998. Les Philoi Royaux Dans L'Asie Hellénistique, Geneva.
171. SAYAR, M. H., 2019. “Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemlerinde Trakya”, Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemlerinde Anadolu Krallıklar, İmparatorluklar ve Kent Devletleri, Ed.: Oğuz Tekin, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul, ss. 52 - 70.
172. SCHULER, C., 2019. “Küçük Asya’da Seleukoslar Egemenliği” Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemlerinde Anadolu Krallıklar, İmparatorluklar ve Kent Devletleri, Ed.: Oğuz Tekin, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul, ss. 12- 25.
173. SCHWERTHEİM, E., 2009. Antikçağda Anadolu, Çev.: N. Batu, Kitap Yayınevi, İstanbul.
174. SEIBERT, J., 1976. “Die Schlacht bei Ephesos”, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschicht, 25 / 1, ss. 45 - 61.
175. SHERWIN-WHITE, S. – KUHRT, A. 1993. From Samarkhand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire, London.
176. STROOTMAN, R., 2011. “Hellenistic Court Society: The Seleukid Imperial Court under Antiochos the Great, 223–187 BC.”, Royal Courts in Dynastic States and Empires, Ed.: Jeroen Duindam, Tülay Artan, Metin Kunt, Brill, Leiden-Boston, ss. 63 - 89.
177. STROOTMAN, R., 2013a. “Antiochos III Megas”, The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Blackwell Publishing, New York, ss. 476 - 479.
178. STROOTMAN, R., 2013b. “Seleucids”, The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Blackwell Publishing, New York, ss. 6119–6125.
179. STROOTMAN, R., 2018. “The coming of the Parthians: crisis and resilience in the reign of Seleukos II.”, The Seleukid Empire 281-222 BC War Within the Family, Ed.: Kyle Erickson, The Classical Press of Wales, Swansea, ss. 129 - 150.
180. TANİLLİ, S., 1994. Yüzyılların Gerçeği ve Mirası. İnsanlık Tarihine Giriş. I İlkçağ, Cem Yayınevi, İstanbul.
181. TARN, W. W., 1913. Antigonos Gonatas, The Clarendon Press, Oxford.
182. TARN, W. W., 1926. “First Syrian Wars”, Journal of Hellenic Studies, 46, ss. 155 - 162.
183. TARN, W. W., 1961. Hellenistic Civilisation, Meridian Books, Cleveland and New York.
184. TAŞDÖNER, K., 2017. Anadolu’da Roma Eyaletleri. Augustus Dönemi, Bilgi Kültür Sanat, İstanbul.
185. TAYLOR, M., 2013. Antiochus the Great, Pen and Sword Books, Yorkshire.
186. TEKİN, O., 2006. Eski Yunan Tarihi, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
187. TEKİN, O., 2007. Eski Anadolu ve Trakya, Ege Göçlerinden Roma İmparatorluğu'nun İkiye Ayrılmasına Kadar (MÖ 12. - MS 4. yüzyıllar arası), İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
188. TEKİN, O., 2019a. Eski Yunan ve Roma Tarihine Giriş, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
189. TEKİN, O., 2019b. Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemlerinde Anadolu Krallar, İmparatorlar, Kent Devletleri, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
190. TEKİN, O., 2019c. “Büyük İskender: Doğu Seferi ve Hellenistik Çağ”, Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemlerinde Anadolu Krallar, İmparatorluklar, Kent Devletleri, Ed.: Oğuz Tekin, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul, ss. 1 - 13.
191. THONEMAN, P., 2016. The Hellenistic Age, Oxford.
192. TREVELYAN, R. C., 1947. A Translation of the Idylls of Theocritus, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
193. WALBANK, F. W., 1993. The Hellenistic World, Harward University Press, Cambridge.
194. WALLACE, C., 2005. The Letter from Antıochus III to Zeuxis. (JOS. AJ 12.147-153) and Its Hİstorical Context, McMaster University, Thesis Master of Art.
195. WELLES, C. B., 1934. Royal Correspondence in the Hellenistic Period: A Study in Greek Epigraphy, Yale University Press, New Haven.
196. WENGHOFER, R., 2018. “Rethinking the relationship between Hellenistic Baktria and the Seleukid Empire”, The Seleukid Empire 281-222 BC War Within the Family, Ed.: Kyle Erickson, The Classical Press of Wales, Swansea, ss. 151 - 171.
197. WILL, E., 1962. “Les Premières Années Du Règne D'Antiochos III (223-219 av. J.-C.)”, Revue des Études Grecques, 75, ss. 72 - 129.
198. WILL, E., 1979-1982. Histoire politique du monde hellénistique (323-30 av. J.-C.), Faculte des Lettres, Nancy.
199. WILL, E., 1984. “The Formation of the Hellenistic Kingdoms”, CAH. VII/1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ss. 101 - 117.
200. WILL, E., 2006. “The Succession To Alexander”, CAH. VII/1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ss. 23 - 61.
201. WILLIAMS, F., 1993. Ege Medeniyetleri Tarihi. (mitolojik dönem sonrası), Çev.: M. Kalaycıoğlu, Düşünen Adam Yayınları, İstanbul.
202. WINNICKI, K., 1990. “Bericht Von Einem Feldzug Des Ptolemaios Philadelphos In Der Pithom-Stele”, The Journal of Juristic Papyrology, 20, ss. 157 -167.
203. WRIGHT, N. L., 2018. “Seleukos, Zeus and the dynastic cult at Seleukeia in Pieria”, The Seleukid Empire 281-222 BC War Within the Family, Ed.: Kyle Erickson, The Classical Press of Wales, Swansea, ss. 83 – 99.
204. YILDIRIM, N. – TEMİZKAN, M., 2017. “Seleukoslar Döneminde Yaşanan Suriye Savaşları Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14 / 39, ss. 117 - 131.
205. YILMAZ, C. A., 2021. Büyük İskender’in Hayatı ve Seferleri, Gece Kitaplığı, Ankara.
206. YILMAZ, C. A. – GÜLERDOĞAN, F., 2021. “Helenistik Dönemin Metropol Şehri: Pergamon”, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 31 /1, ss. 455 - 476.
207. I Erythrai: Engelmann H., R. Merkelbach. Die Inschriften von Erythrai und Klazomenai. 2 vols., Bonn, 1972-1973.
208. I Milet: Hermann, P., A. Rehm, Inschriften von Milet 1, Walter De Gruyter, Berlin-New York, 1997.
209. I Smyrna: Petzl, G. Die Inschriften von Smyrna teil I : Grabschriften, postume Ehrungen, Grabepigramme, Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt Gmbh, 1982.
210. IG : Inscriptiones Graecae. http://telota.bbaw.de/ig/ (31. 07. 2022).
211. OGIS: Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae, http://www.attalus.org/docs/ogis/index.html (31. 07. 2022)
212. RC: Royal Correspondence in the Hellenistic Period, http://www.attalus.org/docs/rc/index.html (31. 07. 2022)
213. SEG: Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. http://www.attalus.org/docs/seg/index.html (31. 07. 2022)
214. Syll. (SIG): Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum. http://www.attalus.org/docs/sig.html (31. 07. 2022)
215. TAM : Tutuli Asiae Minoris. Vindobonae 1901-1989.