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ESKİ ÇAĞ’DA DÖRT “EŞKIYA” HALK

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 67 - 82, 26.03.2020

Abstract

Eşkıyalık konusu son yıllarda tarihçilerin üzerinde çalıştığı önemli bir sosyal olgudur. Fakat bu konuyla ilgili yapılan çalışmalar, yakın dönem tarih alanlarında yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Eski Çağ dünyasındaki eşkıyalık olgusu dört Eski Çağ halkı üzerinden incelenmiştir. Bu halklar konar-göçer hayat tarzını tercih etmiş Habbatum, Habiru, Shasu ve Kaškalardır. Daha çok yerleşik unsurlar tarafından bu halklara “eşkıya”, “hırsız”, “çapulcu” ve “düşman” gibi sıfatlar takılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, yerleşik halklar ve göçebeler arasındaki çatışmaların bir sonucu olarak eşkıyalık olgusunun Eski Çağda da karşımıza çıkabileceği görülecektir.

References

  • AYDIN, N., 2017. Hammurabi Yasaları, İstanbul: Alfa Tarih.
  • BADINY, Jós F., 2008. The Scythian, “Study Notes On The Historical Jesus Based On The Works Of Professor Badiny”, Jós Ferenc, And Other Esteemed Scholars: 21-42.
  • BOTTÉRO, J., 1981. “Les Habiru, les nomades et les sédentaires, Nomads And Sedentary Peoples”, Editor: Jorge Silva Castillo, Colegio de Mexico: 89-107.
  • BOZGUN, Ş., 2017. “CTH 89: Çiviyazılı Belgelerde Hitit Sınır Kenti Tiliura (I)”, Archivum Anatolicum (ArAn), 11/1: 29-74.
  • BRANDAU, Birgit; Schickert, H., 2015. Hititler-Bilinmeyen Bir Dünya İmparatorluğu, Çeviren: Nazife Mertoğlu, Ankara: Arkadaş Yayınları.
  • BURNEY, C. F., 2004. The Book of Judges: With Introduction And Notes, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publisher, Eugene.
  • BÜLBÜL, C., 2019. “Amurru Göçleri ve Amurruların Eski Önasya Tarihindeki Rolleri”, http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/18/1575/17086.pdf, 02.11.2019: 29-49
  • ÇOBAN, H., 2011. “Arami Göçleri”, TÜBAR-XXIX: 91-103.
  • DAVIES, David P., 2003. The Taking Of Joppa, Submitted for the degree of MPhil in Archaeology, , Durham: University of Durham.
  • DEMİREL, S.,2013. Hitit-Kaška İlişkilerinde Yanıtı Aranan Bazı Sorular, Gazi Akademik Barış, C. 6, S:12: 193-203.
  • DERCKSEN, J. G. Ve Donbaz, V., 2000. “Merchants In Distress An Old Assyrian Text Mentioning Habbatu”, Jaarbericht “Ex Oriente Lux” 35-36: 103-110.
  • DOAK, Brian R., 2011. “Some Worthless And Reckless Fellows”: Landlessness And Parasocial Leadership In Judges”, Journal Of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 11, A: 2: 1-29.
  • DURAND, J.-M., 2009. La Fondation D’une Lignée Royale Syrienne, Le jeune héros, Ed.: Jean-Marie Durand, Thomas Römer et Michael Langlois, Paris: Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis.
  • EIDEM, J., 2001. Jørgen Læssøe, The Shemshara Archives 1 The Letters, Selskab: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes.
  • EIDEM, J., 2011. The Royal Archives From Tell Leilan, Leiden.
  • EROL, H., 2017. “Kültepe’den Bir Metne Göre Asur Bölgesinde Yaşanan Bir İsyan Ve Anadolu’daki Diğer İsyanlarla İlgili Kayıtlar”, Archivum Anatolicum, 11/2: 23-38.
  • GERÇEK, N. İ., 2018. “Hittite Geographers: Geographical Perceptions and Practices in Hittite Anatolia”, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, 26, Ankara: 1-22.
  • GERÇEK, N. İ., 2012. The Kaška And The Northern Frontier of Hatti, A Dissertation Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Near Eastern Studies), Michigan: University of Michigan.
  • GOETZE, A., 1951. “The Problem of Chronology and Early Hittite History”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 122: 18-25.
  • GORDON, Alex. R., 1920. “Israel's Settlement in Canaan by C. F. Burney Review”, The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 13, No: 1 :87-89.
  • GUICHARD, M., 2009. “L’ascension du jeune héros à la royauté”, Le Jeune Héros, édités par Jean-Marie Durand, Thomas Römer et Michael Langlois, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Paris: 29-93.
  • GÜNBATTI, C., 2012. Kültepe-Kaniş Anadolu’da İlk Yazı, İlk Belgeler, Kayseri: Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yayınları.
  • GÜNBATTI, C., 2017. Kültepe-Kaniş Anadolu’da İlk Yazı, İlk Belgeler, Kayseri: Kayseri Büyük Şehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları.
  • GÜNBATTI, C., 2011. “Eski Anadolu’da Yapılan İlk Antlaşmalar”, Anadolu’nun Önsözü Kültepe Kaniş Karum, Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yayınları, İstanbul: 70-72
  • HARPER, Robert F., 1904. The Code Of Hammurabi King Of Babylon, Chicago: The University Of Chicago Press Callaghan Company.
  • HOFFNER, Harry A., 2009. Letters from the Hittite Kingdom, Edited: Gary M. Beckman, Atlanta.
  • HOPKINS, David C., 1993. “Pastoralists in Late Bronze Age Palestine: Which Way Did They Go?”, The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 56, No. 4, Nomadic Pastoralism: Past and Present: 200-211.
  • KEEL, O., 2008. “Shasu-Habiru”, BAR Biblical Archaeological Review, 34: 06, Nov/Dec. :51-55.
  • KITCHEN, K. A., 1972. “Les Bédouins Shosou des documents égyptiens by Raphael Giveon”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol.: 58: 322-323.
  • KLINE, Meredith G., 1956. “The Ha-Bi-Ru -Kin Or Foe Of Israel?”, Westminster Theological Journal Vol.: 19: 1-24.
  • MATTHEWS, Roger Ve Glatz, C., 2009. “The Historical Geography Of North-Central Anatolia In The Hittite Period: Texts And Archaeology In Concert”, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 59, Ankara: 51-72.
  • MEMİŞ, E., 2010. Eskiçağ Türkiye Tarihi, 10. Baskı. Bursa: Ekin Yayınları.
  • NAAMAN, N., 1986. “Habiru And Hebrew: The Transfer Of A Social Term To The Literary Sphere”, Journal Of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 45, No: 4: 271-288.
  • ÖZGÜÇ, T., 2005. Kültepe Kaniş/Neşa, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • ROVIRA, L., 2016. “Hapirum y munnabtum Identidades “en fuga” a partir de las fuentes de Mari”, Historiae, Vol. 13: 21-32.
  • SCHAELER, Ray R. J., 1998. Bandits, Nomads And The Formation Of Highland Polities: Hinterland Activity In Palastine In The Late Bronze And Early Iron Age, A Thesis Doctor Of Philosphy, University Of Stirling, Scotland.
  • SMITH, JJ. Ve Powis, M., 1916. “Some Problems in the Early History of Hebrew Religion”, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 32, No. 2, Chicago: 81-97.
  • SPALINGER, Anthony J., 1979. “The Northern Wars of Seti I: An Integrative Study”, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol.: 16: 29-47.
  • ÜNAL, A., 2003. Hititler Devrinde Anadolu, Kitap 2, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • VAN DEN HOUT, Theo P. J., 2013. “Hitit Krallığı Ve İmparatorluğunun Kısa Tarihi, Hititler-Bir Anadolu İmparatorluğu”, Editörler, Meltem Doğan Alparslan, Metin Alparslan, Tapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul: 22-47.
  • VEENHOF, Klaas R., 2017. “Old Assyrian History”, A Companion To Assyria, Editör: Eckart Frahm, Wiley Blackwell, Yale University, New Haven: 60-79.
  • VEENHOF, Klaas R., 2013. “The Archives Of Old Assyrian Traders: Their Nature, Functions And Use”, The Archives Of Old Assyrian Traders: 27-61.
  • VEENHOF, Klaas R., 2011. “Eski Asur Kara Ticaretinin Yapısı”, Anadolu’nun Önsözü Kültepe Kaniş Karum, Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yayınları, İstanbul: 56- 62.
  • WEST, Stuart A., “The Habiru And The Hebrews From A Social Class To An Ethnic Group”, DOR le DOR, Editor: Louis Katzoff, Jerusalem: 101-107.

FOUR “BANDIT” PUBLICS IN ANCIENT AGE

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 67 - 82, 26.03.2020

Abstract

The subject of banditry is an important social phenomenon that historians have been working on in recent years. However, studies on this subject are concentrated in recent history. In this study, the phenomenon of banditry in the Ancient World was examined over the four the Ancient People. These peoples are Habbatum, Habiru, Shasu and Kaškian who preferred the nomadic lifestyle. Ephitet such as “bandit”, “thief”, “marauder” and “enemy” were attached to these peoples by mostly settled elements. In this study, it will be seen that banditry phenomenon can be encountered as a result of conflicts between settled peoples and nomads also in the Ancient Age.

References

  • AYDIN, N., 2017. Hammurabi Yasaları, İstanbul: Alfa Tarih.
  • BADINY, Jós F., 2008. The Scythian, “Study Notes On The Historical Jesus Based On The Works Of Professor Badiny”, Jós Ferenc, And Other Esteemed Scholars: 21-42.
  • BOTTÉRO, J., 1981. “Les Habiru, les nomades et les sédentaires, Nomads And Sedentary Peoples”, Editor: Jorge Silva Castillo, Colegio de Mexico: 89-107.
  • BOZGUN, Ş., 2017. “CTH 89: Çiviyazılı Belgelerde Hitit Sınır Kenti Tiliura (I)”, Archivum Anatolicum (ArAn), 11/1: 29-74.
  • BRANDAU, Birgit; Schickert, H., 2015. Hititler-Bilinmeyen Bir Dünya İmparatorluğu, Çeviren: Nazife Mertoğlu, Ankara: Arkadaş Yayınları.
  • BURNEY, C. F., 2004. The Book of Judges: With Introduction And Notes, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publisher, Eugene.
  • BÜLBÜL, C., 2019. “Amurru Göçleri ve Amurruların Eski Önasya Tarihindeki Rolleri”, http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/18/1575/17086.pdf, 02.11.2019: 29-49
  • ÇOBAN, H., 2011. “Arami Göçleri”, TÜBAR-XXIX: 91-103.
  • DAVIES, David P., 2003. The Taking Of Joppa, Submitted for the degree of MPhil in Archaeology, , Durham: University of Durham.
  • DEMİREL, S.,2013. Hitit-Kaška İlişkilerinde Yanıtı Aranan Bazı Sorular, Gazi Akademik Barış, C. 6, S:12: 193-203.
  • DERCKSEN, J. G. Ve Donbaz, V., 2000. “Merchants In Distress An Old Assyrian Text Mentioning Habbatu”, Jaarbericht “Ex Oriente Lux” 35-36: 103-110.
  • DOAK, Brian R., 2011. “Some Worthless And Reckless Fellows”: Landlessness And Parasocial Leadership In Judges”, Journal Of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 11, A: 2: 1-29.
  • DURAND, J.-M., 2009. La Fondation D’une Lignée Royale Syrienne, Le jeune héros, Ed.: Jean-Marie Durand, Thomas Römer et Michael Langlois, Paris: Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis.
  • EIDEM, J., 2001. Jørgen Læssøe, The Shemshara Archives 1 The Letters, Selskab: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes.
  • EIDEM, J., 2011. The Royal Archives From Tell Leilan, Leiden.
  • EROL, H., 2017. “Kültepe’den Bir Metne Göre Asur Bölgesinde Yaşanan Bir İsyan Ve Anadolu’daki Diğer İsyanlarla İlgili Kayıtlar”, Archivum Anatolicum, 11/2: 23-38.
  • GERÇEK, N. İ., 2018. “Hittite Geographers: Geographical Perceptions and Practices in Hittite Anatolia”, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, 26, Ankara: 1-22.
  • GERÇEK, N. İ., 2012. The Kaška And The Northern Frontier of Hatti, A Dissertation Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Near Eastern Studies), Michigan: University of Michigan.
  • GOETZE, A., 1951. “The Problem of Chronology and Early Hittite History”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 122: 18-25.
  • GORDON, Alex. R., 1920. “Israel's Settlement in Canaan by C. F. Burney Review”, The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 13, No: 1 :87-89.
  • GUICHARD, M., 2009. “L’ascension du jeune héros à la royauté”, Le Jeune Héros, édités par Jean-Marie Durand, Thomas Römer et Michael Langlois, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Paris: 29-93.
  • GÜNBATTI, C., 2012. Kültepe-Kaniş Anadolu’da İlk Yazı, İlk Belgeler, Kayseri: Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yayınları.
  • GÜNBATTI, C., 2017. Kültepe-Kaniş Anadolu’da İlk Yazı, İlk Belgeler, Kayseri: Kayseri Büyük Şehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları.
  • GÜNBATTI, C., 2011. “Eski Anadolu’da Yapılan İlk Antlaşmalar”, Anadolu’nun Önsözü Kültepe Kaniş Karum, Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yayınları, İstanbul: 70-72
  • HARPER, Robert F., 1904. The Code Of Hammurabi King Of Babylon, Chicago: The University Of Chicago Press Callaghan Company.
  • HOFFNER, Harry A., 2009. Letters from the Hittite Kingdom, Edited: Gary M. Beckman, Atlanta.
  • HOPKINS, David C., 1993. “Pastoralists in Late Bronze Age Palestine: Which Way Did They Go?”, The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 56, No. 4, Nomadic Pastoralism: Past and Present: 200-211.
  • KEEL, O., 2008. “Shasu-Habiru”, BAR Biblical Archaeological Review, 34: 06, Nov/Dec. :51-55.
  • KITCHEN, K. A., 1972. “Les Bédouins Shosou des documents égyptiens by Raphael Giveon”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol.: 58: 322-323.
  • KLINE, Meredith G., 1956. “The Ha-Bi-Ru -Kin Or Foe Of Israel?”, Westminster Theological Journal Vol.: 19: 1-24.
  • MATTHEWS, Roger Ve Glatz, C., 2009. “The Historical Geography Of North-Central Anatolia In The Hittite Period: Texts And Archaeology In Concert”, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 59, Ankara: 51-72.
  • MEMİŞ, E., 2010. Eskiçağ Türkiye Tarihi, 10. Baskı. Bursa: Ekin Yayınları.
  • NAAMAN, N., 1986. “Habiru And Hebrew: The Transfer Of A Social Term To The Literary Sphere”, Journal Of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 45, No: 4: 271-288.
  • ÖZGÜÇ, T., 2005. Kültepe Kaniş/Neşa, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • ROVIRA, L., 2016. “Hapirum y munnabtum Identidades “en fuga” a partir de las fuentes de Mari”, Historiae, Vol. 13: 21-32.
  • SCHAELER, Ray R. J., 1998. Bandits, Nomads And The Formation Of Highland Polities: Hinterland Activity In Palastine In The Late Bronze And Early Iron Age, A Thesis Doctor Of Philosphy, University Of Stirling, Scotland.
  • SMITH, JJ. Ve Powis, M., 1916. “Some Problems in the Early History of Hebrew Religion”, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 32, No. 2, Chicago: 81-97.
  • SPALINGER, Anthony J., 1979. “The Northern Wars of Seti I: An Integrative Study”, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol.: 16: 29-47.
  • ÜNAL, A., 2003. Hititler Devrinde Anadolu, Kitap 2, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • VAN DEN HOUT, Theo P. J., 2013. “Hitit Krallığı Ve İmparatorluğunun Kısa Tarihi, Hititler-Bir Anadolu İmparatorluğu”, Editörler, Meltem Doğan Alparslan, Metin Alparslan, Tapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul: 22-47.
  • VEENHOF, Klaas R., 2017. “Old Assyrian History”, A Companion To Assyria, Editör: Eckart Frahm, Wiley Blackwell, Yale University, New Haven: 60-79.
  • VEENHOF, Klaas R., 2013. “The Archives Of Old Assyrian Traders: Their Nature, Functions And Use”, The Archives Of Old Assyrian Traders: 27-61.
  • VEENHOF, Klaas R., 2011. “Eski Asur Kara Ticaretinin Yapısı”, Anadolu’nun Önsözü Kültepe Kaniş Karum, Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yayınları, İstanbul: 56- 62.
  • WEST, Stuart A., “The Habiru And The Hebrews From A Social Class To An Ethnic Group”, DOR le DOR, Editor: Louis Katzoff, Jerusalem: 101-107.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Muhammed Fazıl Himmetoğlu 0000-0002-1315-5736

Publication Date March 26, 2020
Submission Date January 26, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Himmetoğlu, M. F. (2020). ESKİ ÇAĞ’DA DÖRT “EŞKIYA” HALK. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, 2(1), 67-82.
AMA Himmetoğlu MF. ESKİ ÇAĞ’DA DÖRT “EŞKIYA” HALK. OANNES. March 2020;2(1):67-82.
Chicago Himmetoğlu, Muhammed Fazıl. “ESKİ ÇAĞ’DA DÖRT ‘EŞKIYA’ HALK”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 2, no. 1 (March 2020): 67-82.
EndNote Himmetoğlu MF (March 1, 2020) ESKİ ÇAĞ’DA DÖRT “EŞKIYA” HALK. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 2 1 67–82.
IEEE M. F. Himmetoğlu, “ESKİ ÇAĞ’DA DÖRT ‘EŞKIYA’ HALK”, OANNES, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 67–82, 2020.
ISNAD Himmetoğlu, Muhammed Fazıl. “ESKİ ÇAĞ’DA DÖRT ‘EŞKIYA’ HALK”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 2/1 (March 2020), 67-82.
JAMA Himmetoğlu MF. ESKİ ÇAĞ’DA DÖRT “EŞKIYA” HALK. OANNES. 2020;2:67–82.
MLA Himmetoğlu, Muhammed Fazıl. “ESKİ ÇAĞ’DA DÖRT ‘EŞKIYA’ HALK”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, vol. 2, no. 1, 2020, pp. 67-82.
Vancouver Himmetoğlu MF. ESKİ ÇAĞ’DA DÖRT “EŞKIYA” HALK. OANNES. 2020;2(1):67-82.

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