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An Ancient Route Through the Tavşan Mountains

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 249 - 266, 21.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.934406

Abstract

Today, a traveller going from Çorum or Merzifon to Vezirköprü will follow the road through Havza, but in former times, a more direct route ran across the Tavşan range. The origin of the road may go back as far as the Neolithic period and it was certainly in use in the Old Hittite period, when a small fortress was established near the river crossing at Tepeören. It remained in use into the seventeenth century, when it was described in the Seyahatname of Evliya Çelebi.
In the Hittite period, the road connected the Hittite capital at Hattuşaş (Boğazköy) and the important sanctuary at Nerik (Oymaağaç Höyük). Later it formed part of the Roman highway connecting Neoklaudiopolis (Vezirköprü) to Havza and Amasya.
From the Düzyurt plateau in the Tavşan mountains, remains of the road are visible in the terrain as far as the crossing of the İstavroz Çayı south of Tepeören village, and again from a point north of Tepeören as far as Vezirköprü. Where possible, the course of the road follows the high ground. North of Vezirköprü, the road has mostly been ploughed over, but its general course can be reconstructed.
The road had a width of 2 to 4 meters and was passable for wheeled traffic. In Roman times, the section between Tepeören and Vezirköprü was rebuilt to Roman standards and provided with milestones, several of which are preserved. A section of the Roman road has been exposed just north of Tepeören, revealing a deep roadbed which is typical of Roman road construction.

References

  • ALP, S., 1991. Hethitische Briefe aus Maşat-Höyük, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara.
  • ANDERSON, J. G. C. – CUMONT, F. – GREGOIRE, H., 1910. Recueil des inscriptions grecques et latines du Pont et de l’Arménie, fascicule I (Studia Pontica, 3), Lamertin, Bruxelles.
  • BEKKER-NIELSEN, T., 2021. “Evliya Çelebi in Vezirköprü”, Cedrus, 9, pp. 459 – 472.
  • BEKKER-NIELSEN, T. – HØGEL, C., 2012. “Three Epitaphs from the Vezirköprü Region”, Epigraphica Anatolica 45, pp. 153 – 160.
  • BEKKER-NIELSEN, T. – WINTHER-JACOBSEN, K., 2013. Field Survey in Vezirköprü and Havza Districts, October 2013: Report = Yüzey araştırma Vezirköprü ve Havza ilçesinde, Ekim 2013: Rapor, University of Southern Denmark, Kolding. https://www.sdu.dk/en/om_sdu/institutter_centre/ih/forskning/forskningsprojekter/where_east_meets_west/reports
  • BEKKER-NIELSEN, T. – CZICHON, R. – HØGEL, C. – KIVRAK, B. – MADSEN, J. M. – SAUER, V. – SØRENSEN, S. L. – WINTHER-JACOBSEN, K., 2015. Ancient Neoklaudiopolis (Vezirköprü in Samsun Province): A Historical and Archaeological Guide, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • BELL, T. – LOCK, G., 2000. “Topographic and cultural influences on walking the Ridgeway in later prehistoric times”, Ed.: G. Lock, IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp. 85 – 100.
  • CAVAIGNAC, E., 1929. “Les Annales de Muršil II”, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale, 26/4, pp. 145 – 188.
  • ÇELEBİ, E., 1999. Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi Topkapi Saray Kütüphanesi Bağdat 304 Numaralı Yazmanın Transkripsiyonu, 2. kitap, Ed.: Z. Kurşun – S. Kahraman – Y. Dağli, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • ÇELEBİ, E., 2005. Günümüz Türkçesiyle Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi, 2. Cilt, 2. Kitap, translated by Y. Dağlı - S.A. Kahraman, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Istanbul.
  • CHEVALLIER, R., 1997. Les voies Romaines. Picard, Paris.
  • CZICHON, R. – KLINGER, J. – HNILA, P. – MIELKE, D. – BÖHM, H. – FORSTER, C. – GRIGGS, C. – KÄHLER, M. – KUNST, G. K. – LEHMANN, M. – LORENTZEN, B. – MANNING, S. – MARKLEIN, K. – MARQUARDT, H. – REICHMUTH, S. – RICHTER, J. – RÖSSNER, C. – SADIKLAR, B. – SEUFER, K. – YILMAZ, M., 2017. “Archäologische Forschungen am Oymaagaç Höyük/Nerik 2011–2015“, Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, 148, pp. 5 – 141.
  • FRENCH, D. H., 2013. Roman Roads and Milestones of Asia Minor Vol. 3: Milestones, Fasc. 3.4: Pontus et Bithynia (with Northern Galatia) (BIAA Electronic Monograph 4), British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, London, https://biaa.ac.uk/ckeditor/filemanager/userfiles/electronic_publications/P_et_B_final.pdf
  • GARSTANG, J. – GURNEY, O. R., 1959. The Geography of the Hittite Empire, British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, London.
  • GLATZ, C., 2017. ”The North: Archaeology”, Hittite Landscape and Geography, Ed.: M. Weeden – L. Z. Ullmann, Brill, Leiden, pp. 75 – 88.
  • HOFFNER, H. A., 2009. Letters from the Hittite Kingdom (Society for Biblical Literature, Writings from the Ancient World, 15), Brill, Leiden.
  • LORENZ, J., 2017. Moving through the Landscape in Hittite Texts, in Hittite Landscape and Geography, Ed.: M. Weeden – L. Z. Ullmann, Brill, Leiden, pp. 319 – 323.
  • OLSHAUSEN, E. – BILLER, J., 1984. Historisch-Geographische Aspekte der Geschichte des Pontischen und Armenischen Reiches, 1: Untersuchungen zur historischen Geographie von Pontos unter den Mithradatiden, Dr. Ludwig Reichert, Wiesbaden.
  • SAUER, V. – OLSHAUSEN, E., 2020. “Die Tätigkeit in Landwirtschaft und Staat als Tugend: Grabinschriften aus Neoklaudiopolis (Vezirköprü/Samsun İli, Türkei)“, Epigraphica Anatolica 53, pp. 141 – 162.
  • SINGER, I. – HOFFNER, H. A., 2002. Hittite Prayers, Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta.
  • TEMÜR, A. – YİĞİTPAŞA, D., 2020. “Neoklaudiopolis Antik Kenti ve Territoryumu 2018 Yüzey Araştırması ve Envanter Çalışmaları”, History Studies, 12/6, pp. 619 – 654.
  • WINTHER-JACOBSEN, K., 2015. “Contextualising Neoklaudiopolis: a glimpse at settlement dynamics in the city’s hinterland”, Landscape Dynamics and Settlement Patterns in northern Anatolia during the Roman and Byzantine Period (Geographica Historica, 31), Ed.: K. Winther-Jacobsen – L. Summerer, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 83-99.
  • WINTHER-JACOBSEN, K. – BEKKER-NIELSEN, T. – SAUER, V., 2017. “A Late Roman building complex in the Papaz Tarlası, Vezirköprü (ancient Neoklaudiopolis, northern Asia Minor), with an Appendix: Two Byzantine Coins from the Papaz Tarlası”, Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens, 8, pp. 25-58.

Tavşan Dağları’nda Antik Bir Yol

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 249 - 266, 21.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.934406

Abstract

Günümüzde, Çorum’dan veya Merzifon'dan Vezirköprü'ye giden bir yolcu, Havza güzergâhını takip eder fakat eski çağlarda Tavşan dağ silsilesi üzerinden daha müstakim bir yol geçiyordu. Bu yolun kökeni Neolitik döneme kadar uzanıyor olabilir ve Tepeören’den geçen bir nehir yakınlarında küçük bir kalenin kurulduğu Eski Hitit Döneminde kesinlikle kullanımdaydı. Burası on yedinci yüzyıla kadar kullanımda kalmıştır zira Evliya Çelebi Seyahatname’sinde bahsi geçmektedir.
Hitit döneminde yol, Hitit başkenti Hattuşaş (Boğazköy) ile Nerik’teki (Oymaağaç Höyük) önemli kutsal yerini birbirine bağlıyordu. Daha sonra Neoklaudiopolis’i (Vezirköprü) Havza ve Amasya'ya bağlayan Roma yolunun bir bölümünü oluşturdu.
Tavşan Dağı Düzyurt yaylasında ve Tepeören köyünün güneyinde İstavroz Çayı’nın geçişine kadar olan arazide yolun kalıntıları görünür vaziyettedir. Yine Tepeören’in kuzeyindeki bir noktadan Vezirköprü’ye kadar görülebilmektedir. Mümkün olan yerlerde, yol yüksek zemini takip eder. Vezirköprü’nün kuzeyinde yol sürülmüş durumda, ancak genel seyrinin takibini yapmak mümkündür.
Yol 2 ila 4 metre genişliğe sahipti ve tekerlekli araba geçişleri için elverişliydi. Roma döneminde Tepeören ile Vezirköprü arasındaki bölüm Roma standartlarına göre yeniden inşa edilmiş ve mil taşları ile donatılmıştır. Bunların bir kısmı korunabilmiştir. Tepeören'in hemen kuzeyinde Roma yolunun bir bölümü açığa çıkarıldı ve Roma yol yapımı için tipik olan kalın bir yol yatağı ortaya çıktı.

References

  • ALP, S., 1991. Hethitische Briefe aus Maşat-Höyük, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara.
  • ANDERSON, J. G. C. – CUMONT, F. – GREGOIRE, H., 1910. Recueil des inscriptions grecques et latines du Pont et de l’Arménie, fascicule I (Studia Pontica, 3), Lamertin, Bruxelles.
  • BEKKER-NIELSEN, T., 2021. “Evliya Çelebi in Vezirköprü”, Cedrus, 9, pp. 459 – 472.
  • BEKKER-NIELSEN, T. – HØGEL, C., 2012. “Three Epitaphs from the Vezirköprü Region”, Epigraphica Anatolica 45, pp. 153 – 160.
  • BEKKER-NIELSEN, T. – WINTHER-JACOBSEN, K., 2013. Field Survey in Vezirköprü and Havza Districts, October 2013: Report = Yüzey araştırma Vezirköprü ve Havza ilçesinde, Ekim 2013: Rapor, University of Southern Denmark, Kolding. https://www.sdu.dk/en/om_sdu/institutter_centre/ih/forskning/forskningsprojekter/where_east_meets_west/reports
  • BEKKER-NIELSEN, T. – CZICHON, R. – HØGEL, C. – KIVRAK, B. – MADSEN, J. M. – SAUER, V. – SØRENSEN, S. L. – WINTHER-JACOBSEN, K., 2015. Ancient Neoklaudiopolis (Vezirköprü in Samsun Province): A Historical and Archaeological Guide, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • BELL, T. – LOCK, G., 2000. “Topographic and cultural influences on walking the Ridgeway in later prehistoric times”, Ed.: G. Lock, IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp. 85 – 100.
  • CAVAIGNAC, E., 1929. “Les Annales de Muršil II”, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale, 26/4, pp. 145 – 188.
  • ÇELEBİ, E., 1999. Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi Topkapi Saray Kütüphanesi Bağdat 304 Numaralı Yazmanın Transkripsiyonu, 2. kitap, Ed.: Z. Kurşun – S. Kahraman – Y. Dağli, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • ÇELEBİ, E., 2005. Günümüz Türkçesiyle Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi, 2. Cilt, 2. Kitap, translated by Y. Dağlı - S.A. Kahraman, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Istanbul.
  • CHEVALLIER, R., 1997. Les voies Romaines. Picard, Paris.
  • CZICHON, R. – KLINGER, J. – HNILA, P. – MIELKE, D. – BÖHM, H. – FORSTER, C. – GRIGGS, C. – KÄHLER, M. – KUNST, G. K. – LEHMANN, M. – LORENTZEN, B. – MANNING, S. – MARKLEIN, K. – MARQUARDT, H. – REICHMUTH, S. – RICHTER, J. – RÖSSNER, C. – SADIKLAR, B. – SEUFER, K. – YILMAZ, M., 2017. “Archäologische Forschungen am Oymaagaç Höyük/Nerik 2011–2015“, Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, 148, pp. 5 – 141.
  • FRENCH, D. H., 2013. Roman Roads and Milestones of Asia Minor Vol. 3: Milestones, Fasc. 3.4: Pontus et Bithynia (with Northern Galatia) (BIAA Electronic Monograph 4), British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, London, https://biaa.ac.uk/ckeditor/filemanager/userfiles/electronic_publications/P_et_B_final.pdf
  • GARSTANG, J. – GURNEY, O. R., 1959. The Geography of the Hittite Empire, British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, London.
  • GLATZ, C., 2017. ”The North: Archaeology”, Hittite Landscape and Geography, Ed.: M. Weeden – L. Z. Ullmann, Brill, Leiden, pp. 75 – 88.
  • HOFFNER, H. A., 2009. Letters from the Hittite Kingdom (Society for Biblical Literature, Writings from the Ancient World, 15), Brill, Leiden.
  • LORENZ, J., 2017. Moving through the Landscape in Hittite Texts, in Hittite Landscape and Geography, Ed.: M. Weeden – L. Z. Ullmann, Brill, Leiden, pp. 319 – 323.
  • OLSHAUSEN, E. – BILLER, J., 1984. Historisch-Geographische Aspekte der Geschichte des Pontischen und Armenischen Reiches, 1: Untersuchungen zur historischen Geographie von Pontos unter den Mithradatiden, Dr. Ludwig Reichert, Wiesbaden.
  • SAUER, V. – OLSHAUSEN, E., 2020. “Die Tätigkeit in Landwirtschaft und Staat als Tugend: Grabinschriften aus Neoklaudiopolis (Vezirköprü/Samsun İli, Türkei)“, Epigraphica Anatolica 53, pp. 141 – 162.
  • SINGER, I. – HOFFNER, H. A., 2002. Hittite Prayers, Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta.
  • TEMÜR, A. – YİĞİTPAŞA, D., 2020. “Neoklaudiopolis Antik Kenti ve Territoryumu 2018 Yüzey Araştırması ve Envanter Çalışmaları”, History Studies, 12/6, pp. 619 – 654.
  • WINTHER-JACOBSEN, K., 2015. “Contextualising Neoklaudiopolis: a glimpse at settlement dynamics in the city’s hinterland”, Landscape Dynamics and Settlement Patterns in northern Anatolia during the Roman and Byzantine Period (Geographica Historica, 31), Ed.: K. Winther-Jacobsen – L. Summerer, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 83-99.
  • WINTHER-JACOBSEN, K. – BEKKER-NIELSEN, T. – SAUER, V., 2017. “A Late Roman building complex in the Papaz Tarlası, Vezirköprü (ancient Neoklaudiopolis, northern Asia Minor), with an Appendix: Two Byzantine Coins from the Papaz Tarlası”, Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens, 8, pp. 25-58.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Archaeology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Tönnes Bekker-nielsen 0000-0003-4628-5411

Publication Date September 21, 2021
Submission Date May 7, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bekker-nielsen, T. (2021). An Ancient Route Through the Tavşan Mountains. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, 3(2), 249-266. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.934406
AMA Bekker-nielsen T. An Ancient Route Through the Tavşan Mountains. OANNES. September 2021;3(2):249-266. doi:10.33469/oannes.934406
Chicago Bekker-nielsen, Tönnes. “An Ancient Route Through the Tavşan Mountains”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 3, no. 2 (September 2021): 249-66. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.934406.
EndNote Bekker-nielsen T (September 1, 2021) An Ancient Route Through the Tavşan Mountains. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 3 2 249–266.
IEEE T. Bekker-nielsen, “An Ancient Route Through the Tavşan Mountains”, OANNES, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 249–266, 2021, doi: 10.33469/oannes.934406.
ISNAD Bekker-nielsen, Tönnes. “An Ancient Route Through the Tavşan Mountains”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 3/2 (September 2021), 249-266. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.934406.
JAMA Bekker-nielsen T. An Ancient Route Through the Tavşan Mountains. OANNES. 2021;3:249–266.
MLA Bekker-nielsen, Tönnes. “An Ancient Route Through the Tavşan Mountains”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, vol. 3, no. 2, 2021, pp. 249-66, doi:10.33469/oannes.934406.
Vancouver Bekker-nielsen T. An Ancient Route Through the Tavşan Mountains. OANNES. 2021;3(2):249-66.

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