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PIG, PIG BREEDING AND VARIOUS RECORDS RELATED USE OF PIG IN RITUAL TEXTS IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 185 - 209, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1234031

Abstract

In Mesopotamia, the pig was an animal that was raised mainly for its meat and oil. Pigs, which could produce many offspring in a short time, were an important source of meat. Pig is frequently mentioned in Ancient Mesopotamian sources, especially in archives with economic content found in important cities such as Ur, Garšana, Umma, Lagaš, Puzriš Dagan, which date back to the Ur III/New Sumerian period, and in some sources from the Old Babylonian period.
It is widely believed that pig farming is not well supported by the local government, as pigs are not suitable animals for long-distance journeys, cannot be redistributed, and are also not an animal that provides essential products such as milk and eggs. Pig farming is thought to be an activity, usually on a small scale, in which more modest farming families are engaged. The richest information on pig breeding comes from the Lagaš archive of the Ur III period and the records of the Old Babylonian period. It is recorded in cuneiform documents that bovines and ovines from various towns, as well as pigs, are among the animals ordered in order to present to the participants in festivals, feasts and funerals held in Mesopotamia.
Pigs were not consumed only for their meat and fat. It was also an animal used in rituals of expelling/destroying evil/magic, as an object of negativity, that is, in rituals of "replacing".
Along with cuneiform documents, it is possible to see depictions of pigs on reliefs, amulets, clay figures and various archaeological artifacts, especially cylinder seals.
The boundaries of this study have been shaped within the framework of the Ur III period texts and some documents from the Old Babylonian period, which are information about pigs. Some texts on the use of pigs in rituals are also discussed in this study.

References

  • ALBAYRAK, İ., 2006b. Kültepe Tabletleri IV (Kt o/k), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara.
  • BLACK, J.-GEORGE, A.-POSTGATE, N., 1999. A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian (CDA), London.
  • BORDREUIL, P.- CHATONNET, F.B.- MICHEL, C., 2015. Tarihin Başlangıçları, Eski Yakındoğu Kültür ve Uygarlıkları, Çev.: Levent Başaran, Alfa-Tarih Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • BOTTÉRO, J., 2004. The Oldest Cuisine in the World, Cooking in Mesopotamia, University of Chicago, Chicago.
  • BOTTÉRO, J.- KRAMER, S.N., 2020. Mezopotamya Mitolojisi, Çev.: Alp Tümertekin, İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • BUREN, E.D., 1939. The Fauna of Ancient Mesopotamia As Represented in Art, Analecta Orientalia 18, Roma.
  • DAHL, J., 2006. “Early Swine Herding”, De la domestication au tabou: Le cas des suidés dans le Proche-Orient ancien, Ed.: Brigitte Lion-Cécile Michel, Paris, ss. 31-38.
  • DİLEK, Y., 2019. Eski Mezopotamya Dini Ritüeller ve Kullanılan Objeler, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • ENGLUND, R.K., 1995. “Late Uruk Pigs and Other Herded Animals”, Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte Vorderasiens (=Festchrift Boehmer, Philipp von Zabern), Ed.: U. Finkbeiner, R. Dittmann and H. Hauptmann, Mainz, ss. 121-133.
  • FOSTER, B. R., 2002. “Animals in Mesopotamia Literatüre”, A History of the Animal World in the Ancient Near East, Ed.: Billie Jean Collins, Brill, Leiden-Boston-Köln, ss. 271-288.
  • FOSTER, B. – SALGUES, E., 2006. “Everything Except the Squeal, Pigs in Early Mesopotamia”, De la domestication au tabou, le cas des suidés dans le Proche-Orient ancien, Ed.: Brigitte Lion-Cécile Michel, Paris, ss. 283-291.
  • GELB, I.J.-JACOBSEN, T.-LANDSBERGER, B.-OPPENHEIM, A.L.,1956. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago/CAD H). Published by the Oriental Institute, Chicago.
  • GILBERT, A. S., 2002. “The Native Fauna of the Ancient Near East”, A History of the Animal World in the Ancient Near East, Ed.: Billie Jean Collins, Brill, Leiden-Boston-Köln, ss. 3-80.
  • GIUFFRA, E.–KIJAS, J.M.H. – AMARGES, V. – CARLBORG, Ö.- JEAN, J.-T.- ANDERSON, L., 2000. “The Origin of the Domestic Pig: Independent Domestication and Subsequent Introgression”, Genetics 145, ss. 1785-1791.
  • GÖKÇEK, L.G., 2004. “Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı’nda (MÖ. 1975-1723) Anadolu’da Hayvancılık ve Hayvan Ticareti”, Archivum Anatolicum 7/1, ss. 59-78.
  • GRIGSON, C., 2007. “Culture, Ecology, and Pigs from the 5 th to the 3rd Millennium BC Around the Fertile Crescent”, Pigs and Human 10.000 Years of Interactioni, Ed.: Umberto Albarella, Keith Dobney, Anton Ervynck & Peter Rowley-Conwy, Oxford, ss. 83-108.
  • HILGERT, M., 1998. Drehem Administrative Documents from The Reign of Šulgi, Vol. 1, Oriental Institute Publications, Chicago.
  • KANG, S.T., 1972. Sumerian Economic Texts from the Drehem Archive Administrative Documents from Reign of Šulgi, Vol. 1, University of Illionois Press, Urbana, Chicago, London.
  • KANG, S.T., 1973. Sumerian Economic Texts from the Umma Archive, Vol. 1, University of Illionois Press, Urbana, Chicago, London.
  • KOPPEN, F. V., 2006. “Pigs in Lower Mesopotamia during the Old Babylonian Period”, De la domestication au tabou, le cas des suidés dans le Proche-Orient ancien, Ed.: Brigitte Lion-Cécile Michel, Paris, ss. 181-194.
  • KÖROĞLU, K., 2012. Eski Mezopotamya Tarihi, Başlangıcından Perslere Kadar, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • KRAMER, S.N., 2002. Tarih Sümer’de Başlar, Çev.: Hamide Koyukan, Kabalcı Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • LEWIS, S. – JONES, L. L., 2018. The Culture of Animals in Antiquity, A Sourcebook with Commentaries, Routledge Yayınları, London- New York.
  • MAUL, S., 1999. “How the Babylonias Protested Themselves Against Calamities Announced by Omens”, Mesopotamia Magic Textual, Historical and Interpretative Perspectives, Ancient Magic and Divination I, Ed.: Tzvi Abusch-Karel van der Toorn, STYX Publications, Groningen, ss. 123-129.
  • MICHEL, C., 2006. “Les suidés dans la documentation de Kaniš au début du II millénaire av. J.-C”, De la domestication au tabou, le cas des suidés dans le Proche-Orient ancien, Ed.: Brigitte Lion-Cécile Michel, Paris, ss.169-180.
  • NEMET-NEJAT, K. R., 1998. Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, Handrickson Publishers.
  • OWEN, D., 2006. “Pigs and Pig By-Products at Garšana in the Ur III Period”, De la domestication au tabou, le cas des suidés dans le Proche-Orient ancien, Ed.: Brigitte Lion-Cécile Michel, Paris, ss. 283-291.
  • ÖZ, E., 2014. Kültepe Metinleri Işığında Eski Anadolu’da Tarım ve Hayvancılık, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara.
  • ÖZGÜÇ, T., 2005. Kültepe-Kaniš/Neša, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • PRICE, M., 2016. Pigs and Power: Pig Husbandry in Northern Mesopotamia During the Emergence of Social Complexity (6500-2000 BC). Harvard Univesity, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Cambridge.
  • PRICE, M.- GROSSMAN, K.- PAULETTE, T., 2017. “Pigs and the pastorial bias: The Other Animal Economy in Northern Mesopotamia (3000-2000 BC)”, Journal of Antropological Archaeology 48, ss. 46-62.
  • REDDING, R. W., 2015. The Pig and the Chicken in the Middle East: Modeling Human Subsistence Behavior in the Archaeological Record Using Historical and Animal Husbandry Data. Kelsey Museum of Archaelogy University of Michigan An Arbor Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Michigan.
  • REINER, E – CIVIL, M., 1974. MSL (Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon) XI, The Series HAR-ra: hubullu, Tablets XX-XXIV, Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, Roma.
  • STEPIEN, M., 2006. Animal Husbandry in the Ancient Near East. A Prosopograhic Study of Third-Millenium Umma, CDL Press, Maryland.
  • STOL, M., 1999. “Psychomatic Suffering in Ancient Mesopotamia”, Mesopotamian Magic Textual, Historical, and Interpretative Perspectives”, Ancient Magic and Divination I, Ed.: Tzvi Abusch-Karel van der Toorn, STYX Publications, Groningen, ss. 57-68.
  • VERDERAME, L., 2013. “Means of Substitution. The Use of Figurines, Animals, and Human Beings as Substitutes in Assyrian Rituals.”, Rivista Studi Orientali Supplemento 2, ss. 301-323.
  • ZEDER, M., 2008. “Domestication and Early Agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, Diffusion and Impact”, PNAS, 105/33, ss. 11597-11604.
  • WOOLLEY, C. L., 1924. Ur Cemetery, Ur Excavations, The Royal Cemetery, Vol. 2, The Trustees of the Two Museum, New York.
  • WYK, K.V., 2014. “Pig Taboes in the Ancient Near East”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4/13, ss. 111-134.

ESKİ MEZOPOTAMYA’DA DOMUZ, DOMUZ YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİ VE DOMUZUN RİTÜEL METİNLERİNDE KULLANIMIYLA İLGİLİ ÇEŞİTLİ KAYITLAR

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 185 - 209, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1234031

Abstract

Mezopotamya’da domuz, daha çok eti ve yağı için yetiştirilen bir hayvandı. Kısa zaman içerisinde çok yavru yapabilen domuzlar önemli bir et kaynağıydı. Domuz, Eski Mezopotamya kaynaklarında özellikle III.Ur/Yeni Sumer dönemine tarihlenen Ur, Garšana, Umma, Lagaš, Puzriš Dagan gibi önemli kentlerde ele geçen ekonomik içerikli arşivlerde ve Eski Babil döneminden bazı kaynaklarda sıklıkla geçmektedir.
Domuzlar, uzak mesafe yolculukları için uygun hayvanlar olmadığından, yeniden dağıtımı yapılamadığından ve aynı zamanda süt ve yumurta gibi temel ürün sağlayan bir hayvan olmaması sebebiyle domuz yetiştiriciliğinin yerel yönetim tarafından pek desteklenmediği görüşü yaygındır. Domuz yetiştiriciliğinin, genellikle küçük ölçekte, daha mütevazi çiftçi ailelerin uğraştığı bir faaliyet olduğu düşünülmektedir. Domuz yetiştiriciliği konusunda en zengin bilgiler III.Ur dönemine ait Lagaš arşivinden ve Eski Babil dönemi kayıtlarından gelmektedir. Mezopotamya’da düzenlenen festivallerde, bayramlarda ve cenaze törenlerinde katılımcılara sunmak amacıyla çeşitli kasabalardan büyükbaş ve küçükbaşlarla birlikte domuzların da sipariş verilen hayvanlar arasında olduğu çivi yazılı belgelerde kayıtlıdır.
Domuzlar, sadece eti ve yağı için tüketilmiyordu. Aynı zamanda kötülüğü/büyüyü kovma/bozma ritüellerinde, olumsuzluğun yüklendiği nesne olarak yani “yerini alma” ritüellerinde de kullanılan bir hayvandı.
Çivi yazılı belgelerle birlikte, başta silindir mühürler olmak üzere rölyeflerde, muskalarda, kil figürlerde ve çeşitli arkeolojik eserlerin üzerinde domuz betimlemelerini görmek mümkündür.
Bu çalışmamızın sınırları, ağırlıklı olarak domuzlarla ilgili bilgilerin en sık kaydedildiği III.Ur dönemi metinleri ve Eski Babil döneminden bazı belgeler çerçevesinde şekillenmiştir. Domuzların ritüellerde kullanımına ilişkin birtakım metinler de bu çalışmada ele alınmıştır.

References

  • ALBAYRAK, İ., 2006b. Kültepe Tabletleri IV (Kt o/k), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara.
  • BLACK, J.-GEORGE, A.-POSTGATE, N., 1999. A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian (CDA), London.
  • BORDREUIL, P.- CHATONNET, F.B.- MICHEL, C., 2015. Tarihin Başlangıçları, Eski Yakındoğu Kültür ve Uygarlıkları, Çev.: Levent Başaran, Alfa-Tarih Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • BOTTÉRO, J., 2004. The Oldest Cuisine in the World, Cooking in Mesopotamia, University of Chicago, Chicago.
  • BOTTÉRO, J.- KRAMER, S.N., 2020. Mezopotamya Mitolojisi, Çev.: Alp Tümertekin, İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • BUREN, E.D., 1939. The Fauna of Ancient Mesopotamia As Represented in Art, Analecta Orientalia 18, Roma.
  • DAHL, J., 2006. “Early Swine Herding”, De la domestication au tabou: Le cas des suidés dans le Proche-Orient ancien, Ed.: Brigitte Lion-Cécile Michel, Paris, ss. 31-38.
  • DİLEK, Y., 2019. Eski Mezopotamya Dini Ritüeller ve Kullanılan Objeler, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • ENGLUND, R.K., 1995. “Late Uruk Pigs and Other Herded Animals”, Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte Vorderasiens (=Festchrift Boehmer, Philipp von Zabern), Ed.: U. Finkbeiner, R. Dittmann and H. Hauptmann, Mainz, ss. 121-133.
  • FOSTER, B. R., 2002. “Animals in Mesopotamia Literatüre”, A History of the Animal World in the Ancient Near East, Ed.: Billie Jean Collins, Brill, Leiden-Boston-Köln, ss. 271-288.
  • FOSTER, B. – SALGUES, E., 2006. “Everything Except the Squeal, Pigs in Early Mesopotamia”, De la domestication au tabou, le cas des suidés dans le Proche-Orient ancien, Ed.: Brigitte Lion-Cécile Michel, Paris, ss. 283-291.
  • GELB, I.J.-JACOBSEN, T.-LANDSBERGER, B.-OPPENHEIM, A.L.,1956. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago/CAD H). Published by the Oriental Institute, Chicago.
  • GILBERT, A. S., 2002. “The Native Fauna of the Ancient Near East”, A History of the Animal World in the Ancient Near East, Ed.: Billie Jean Collins, Brill, Leiden-Boston-Köln, ss. 3-80.
  • GIUFFRA, E.–KIJAS, J.M.H. – AMARGES, V. – CARLBORG, Ö.- JEAN, J.-T.- ANDERSON, L., 2000. “The Origin of the Domestic Pig: Independent Domestication and Subsequent Introgression”, Genetics 145, ss. 1785-1791.
  • GÖKÇEK, L.G., 2004. “Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı’nda (MÖ. 1975-1723) Anadolu’da Hayvancılık ve Hayvan Ticareti”, Archivum Anatolicum 7/1, ss. 59-78.
  • GRIGSON, C., 2007. “Culture, Ecology, and Pigs from the 5 th to the 3rd Millennium BC Around the Fertile Crescent”, Pigs and Human 10.000 Years of Interactioni, Ed.: Umberto Albarella, Keith Dobney, Anton Ervynck & Peter Rowley-Conwy, Oxford, ss. 83-108.
  • HILGERT, M., 1998. Drehem Administrative Documents from The Reign of Šulgi, Vol. 1, Oriental Institute Publications, Chicago.
  • KANG, S.T., 1972. Sumerian Economic Texts from the Drehem Archive Administrative Documents from Reign of Šulgi, Vol. 1, University of Illionois Press, Urbana, Chicago, London.
  • KANG, S.T., 1973. Sumerian Economic Texts from the Umma Archive, Vol. 1, University of Illionois Press, Urbana, Chicago, London.
  • KOPPEN, F. V., 2006. “Pigs in Lower Mesopotamia during the Old Babylonian Period”, De la domestication au tabou, le cas des suidés dans le Proche-Orient ancien, Ed.: Brigitte Lion-Cécile Michel, Paris, ss. 181-194.
  • KÖROĞLU, K., 2012. Eski Mezopotamya Tarihi, Başlangıcından Perslere Kadar, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • KRAMER, S.N., 2002. Tarih Sümer’de Başlar, Çev.: Hamide Koyukan, Kabalcı Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • LEWIS, S. – JONES, L. L., 2018. The Culture of Animals in Antiquity, A Sourcebook with Commentaries, Routledge Yayınları, London- New York.
  • MAUL, S., 1999. “How the Babylonias Protested Themselves Against Calamities Announced by Omens”, Mesopotamia Magic Textual, Historical and Interpretative Perspectives, Ancient Magic and Divination I, Ed.: Tzvi Abusch-Karel van der Toorn, STYX Publications, Groningen, ss. 123-129.
  • MICHEL, C., 2006. “Les suidés dans la documentation de Kaniš au début du II millénaire av. J.-C”, De la domestication au tabou, le cas des suidés dans le Proche-Orient ancien, Ed.: Brigitte Lion-Cécile Michel, Paris, ss.169-180.
  • NEMET-NEJAT, K. R., 1998. Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, Handrickson Publishers.
  • OWEN, D., 2006. “Pigs and Pig By-Products at Garšana in the Ur III Period”, De la domestication au tabou, le cas des suidés dans le Proche-Orient ancien, Ed.: Brigitte Lion-Cécile Michel, Paris, ss. 283-291.
  • ÖZ, E., 2014. Kültepe Metinleri Işığında Eski Anadolu’da Tarım ve Hayvancılık, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara.
  • ÖZGÜÇ, T., 2005. Kültepe-Kaniš/Neša, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • PRICE, M., 2016. Pigs and Power: Pig Husbandry in Northern Mesopotamia During the Emergence of Social Complexity (6500-2000 BC). Harvard Univesity, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Cambridge.
  • PRICE, M.- GROSSMAN, K.- PAULETTE, T., 2017. “Pigs and the pastorial bias: The Other Animal Economy in Northern Mesopotamia (3000-2000 BC)”, Journal of Antropological Archaeology 48, ss. 46-62.
  • REDDING, R. W., 2015. The Pig and the Chicken in the Middle East: Modeling Human Subsistence Behavior in the Archaeological Record Using Historical and Animal Husbandry Data. Kelsey Museum of Archaelogy University of Michigan An Arbor Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Michigan.
  • REINER, E – CIVIL, M., 1974. MSL (Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon) XI, The Series HAR-ra: hubullu, Tablets XX-XXIV, Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, Roma.
  • STEPIEN, M., 2006. Animal Husbandry in the Ancient Near East. A Prosopograhic Study of Third-Millenium Umma, CDL Press, Maryland.
  • STOL, M., 1999. “Psychomatic Suffering in Ancient Mesopotamia”, Mesopotamian Magic Textual, Historical, and Interpretative Perspectives”, Ancient Magic and Divination I, Ed.: Tzvi Abusch-Karel van der Toorn, STYX Publications, Groningen, ss. 57-68.
  • VERDERAME, L., 2013. “Means of Substitution. The Use of Figurines, Animals, and Human Beings as Substitutes in Assyrian Rituals.”, Rivista Studi Orientali Supplemento 2, ss. 301-323.
  • ZEDER, M., 2008. “Domestication and Early Agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, Diffusion and Impact”, PNAS, 105/33, ss. 11597-11604.
  • WOOLLEY, C. L., 1924. Ur Cemetery, Ur Excavations, The Royal Cemetery, Vol. 2, The Trustees of the Two Museum, New York.
  • WYK, K.V., 2014. “Pig Taboes in the Ancient Near East”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4/13, ss. 111-134.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Esma Öz Kiriş 0000-0002-4330-5547

Publication Date March 29, 2023
Submission Date January 14, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Öz Kiriş, E. (2023). ESKİ MEZOPOTAMYA’DA DOMUZ, DOMUZ YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİ VE DOMUZUN RİTÜEL METİNLERİNDE KULLANIMIYLA İLGİLİ ÇEŞİTLİ KAYITLAR. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, 5(1), 185-209. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1234031
AMA Öz Kiriş E. ESKİ MEZOPOTAMYA’DA DOMUZ, DOMUZ YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİ VE DOMUZUN RİTÜEL METİNLERİNDE KULLANIMIYLA İLGİLİ ÇEŞİTLİ KAYITLAR. OANNES. March 2023;5(1):185-209. doi:10.33469/oannes.1234031
Chicago Öz Kiriş, Esma. “ESKİ MEZOPOTAMYA’DA DOMUZ, DOMUZ YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİ VE DOMUZUN RİTÜEL METİNLERİNDE KULLANIMIYLA İLGİLİ ÇEŞİTLİ KAYITLAR”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 5, no. 1 (March 2023): 185-209. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1234031.
EndNote Öz Kiriş E (March 1, 2023) ESKİ MEZOPOTAMYA’DA DOMUZ, DOMUZ YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİ VE DOMUZUN RİTÜEL METİNLERİNDE KULLANIMIYLA İLGİLİ ÇEŞİTLİ KAYITLAR. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 5 1 185–209.
IEEE E. Öz Kiriş, “ESKİ MEZOPOTAMYA’DA DOMUZ, DOMUZ YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİ VE DOMUZUN RİTÜEL METİNLERİNDE KULLANIMIYLA İLGİLİ ÇEŞİTLİ KAYITLAR”, OANNES, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 185–209, 2023, doi: 10.33469/oannes.1234031.
ISNAD Öz Kiriş, Esma. “ESKİ MEZOPOTAMYA’DA DOMUZ, DOMUZ YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİ VE DOMUZUN RİTÜEL METİNLERİNDE KULLANIMIYLA İLGİLİ ÇEŞİTLİ KAYITLAR”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 5/1 (March 2023), 185-209. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1234031.
JAMA Öz Kiriş E. ESKİ MEZOPOTAMYA’DA DOMUZ, DOMUZ YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİ VE DOMUZUN RİTÜEL METİNLERİNDE KULLANIMIYLA İLGİLİ ÇEŞİTLİ KAYITLAR. OANNES. 2023;5:185–209.
MLA Öz Kiriş, Esma. “ESKİ MEZOPOTAMYA’DA DOMUZ, DOMUZ YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİ VE DOMUZUN RİTÜEL METİNLERİNDE KULLANIMIYLA İLGİLİ ÇEŞİTLİ KAYITLAR”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, vol. 5, no. 1, 2023, pp. 185-09, doi:10.33469/oannes.1234031.
Vancouver Öz Kiriş E. ESKİ MEZOPOTAMYA’DA DOMUZ, DOMUZ YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİ VE DOMUZUN RİTÜEL METİNLERİNDE KULLANIMIYLA İLGİLİ ÇEŞİTLİ KAYITLAR. OANNES. 2023;5(1):185-209.

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