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Küçük Asya’da Antik Bir Sinagog: Sardis Sinagogu

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 817 - 857, 29.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1318484

Abstract

Hellenistik Devletler ve Roma İmparatorluğu Dönemi’nde Anadolu coğrafyasındaki Yahudi varlığının tespiti konusunun yöntemi üzerinde ciddi tartışmalar yapılmaktadır. Yahudi kültürü ile yerel halk kültürünü ayırmadaki zorluklar tartışmaların ana noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Küçük Asya Bölgesi, Yahudi örgütlenmesinin ve nüfusunun en etkin olduğu Diasporalardan birisidir. Yahudi varlığının daha iyi anlaşılması için bölge genelinde ilk bakmamız gereken iki Yahudi kültürel öğesinden bahsedebiliriz; birincisi Yahudi kültürüne yönelik atıflar, ikincisi ise ibadet merkezlerinden elde edilen malzemelerdir. Sardis Sinagogu hem Roma İmparatorluğu’nun şehir yönetimini anlamada, hem de şehirdeki Yahudi nüfusunun kültürel öğelerini görme noktasında bize oldukça değerli bilgiler sağlamaktadır. Türkçe dışındaki dillerde yazılmış Sardis Sinagogu ve Küçük Asya Diasporası ile ilgili fazlaca çalışma bulunmakla birlikte Türkçe eserlerin çok kısıtlı olması Türk tarihçileri ve tarih öğrencileri açısından yabancı dillerdeki geniş literatür içerisinde kaybolmalarına ve konuya karşı ön yargılı davranmalarına sebep olmaktadır. Diğer yandan yurtdışında yapılan araştırmaların sinagog yapısını değerlendirme aşamasında Filistin Bölgesindeki Yahudi yaşamına fazlaca bağlı kalmaları Küçük Asya’daki Yahudi kültürünü anlama noktasında yanlış değerlendirmeler yapmalarına neden olmaktadır. Bölgeden bölgeye değişen kültürel öğelerin Yahudi dini anlayışını etkilediği unutulmamalıdır. Bu çalışma ile Sardis Sinagogu’nu ve Yahudi kültürünü tüm yönleriyle değerlendirmeye olanak sağlamayı ayrıca Küçük Asya içerisindeki Yahudi buluntuları ile Sardis Sinagogu’ndan elde ettiğimiz malzemeyi karşılaştırmalı değerlendirmenin önemini göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • AKTÜRE, S., 2018. Büyük İmparatorluklar Döneminde Anadolu Kentleri, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • ARRIAN, The Anabasis of Alexander, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/46976/46976-h/46976-h.htm#Page_47, son erişim tarihi: 11.02.2023.
  • BELLEN, H., 1998. “Συναγωγή τῶν Ἰουδαίων καὶ Θεοσεβῶν”, Die Aussage einer bosporanischen Freilassungsinschrift (CIRB 71) zum Problem der “Gottfürchtigen”, JAC 8/9, ss. 171-176.
  • BILDE, P., 1993. “The Jews in the Diaspora of the Roman Empire”, Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies, 14/2, ss. 103-124.
  • BLAKE, E., – EDMONDS, A., 1977. Biblical Sites in Turkey, Redhouse Press, İstanbul.
  • BONZ, M., 1990. “The Jewish Community of Ancient Sardis: A Reassessment of Its Rise to Prominence”, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 93, ss. 343-359.
  • BONZ, M., 1994. “The Jewish Donor Inscriptions from Aphrodisias: Are They Both Third-Century, and Who Are the Theosebeis?”, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 96 , ss. 281-299.
  • BURKHARDT, N., 2014. “Uncomparable Buildings the Synagogues in Priene and Sardis”, Journal of Ancient Judaism, 5, ss. 167-203.
  • CRAWFORD, S., 1990. The Byzantine Shops at Sardis, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • EDWARDS, J., 2009. “A Nomen Sacrum in the Sardis Synagogue”, Journal of Biblical Literature, 128/4, ss. 813-821.
  • FINE, S., 2005. Jews, Christians, and Polytheists in the Ancient Synagogue, Routledge, London.
  • FOLGADO-ALVAREZ, M., 2018. “The Jewish Diaspora in the Roman Empire”. EX NOVO, 3, ss. 59-78.
  • FREEMAN, C., 2005. Mısır, Yunan ve Roma, çev. Suat Kemal Angı, Dost Yayınevi, Ankara. Greek New Testament - SBL Edition, 2010. ed. Michael W. Holmes, Society of Biblical Literature and Logos Bible Software, Atlanta.
  • HACHLILI, R., 1998. Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology in the Diaspora, Brill, Leiden.
  • HACHLILI, R., 2014 Ancient Synagogues – Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research, Brill, Leiden.
  • HANFMANN, G., 1968. “The Tenth Campaing at Sardis”, BASOR, 191, ss. 1-42.
  • HANFMANN, G. – Thomas, R., 1971. “The Thirteeth Campaign at Sardis 1970”, BASOR, 203, ss. 5-22.
  • HANFMANN, G., 1972. Letters from Sardis, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • HANFMANN, G. – MIERSE, W., 1983 Sardis: from Prehistoric to Roman Times, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • HARLAND, P. A., 2013 Associations, Synagogues, and Congregations: Claiming a Place in Ancient Mediterranean Society, Fortress Press, Minneapolis.
  • HARPER, R. P., 1968. “Tituli Comanorum Cappadociae”. Anatolian Studies, 18, ss. 93-147.
  • HOMEROS, 2013. İlyada, çev. Azra Erhat - A. Kadir, Can Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • HORST, P., 1994. Studies in Early Jewish Epigraphy, ed. Jan Willem van Henten-Pieter van der Horst, Brill, Leiden.
  • IOSEPHUS, 1957. Jewish Antiquities, çev. Ralph Marcus, Harvard University Press - LOEB, Cambridge.
  • IOSEPHUS, Jewish Antiquities, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0145%3Abook%3D20%3Awhiston+chapter%3D8%3Awhiston+section%3D11 son erişim tarihi: 16.02.2023.
  • KAYA, M. A., 2005 “Anadolu’da Roma Eyaletleri: Sınırlar ve Roma Yönetimi”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 24/38, ss. 11-30.
  • KAYA, M. A., 2019. Türkiye’nin Eskiçağ Tarihi III, Bilge Kültür Sanat, İstanbul.
  • KRAABEL, A. T., 1979 “The Diaspora Synagogue: Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence since Sukenik”, Halbband Religion, ed. Wolfgang Haase, De Gruyter, Boston, ss. 477-511.
  • KRAABEL, A. T., 1981 “The Disappearance of the God-fearers”. Numen, 28/2, ss.113-126. LAST, R., 2016. “The Other Synagogues”, Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period, 47/3, ss. 330-363.
  • LEVINE, L. I., 2001. “The First-Century Synagogue: New Perspectives”, Svensk Teologisk Kvartalskrift, 77, ss. 22-30.
  • LEVINE, L. I., 2005 “Sardis”, A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations, ed. Edward Kessler – Neil Wenborn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ss. 397-398.
  • LEVINE, L. I., 2005. The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years, Yale University Press, New Haven.
  • MAGNESS, J., 2005 “The Date of the Sardis Synagogue in Light of the Numismatic Evidence”, American Journal of Archaeology, 109/3. ss. 443-475.
  • MAREK, C., 2016. In the Land of a Thousand Gods, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • MEYERS, E. M., 2012. “The Torah Shrine in the Ancient Synagogue”, Jews, Christians, and Polytheists in the Ancient Synagogue, ed. Steven Fine, Routledge, London, ss. 178-197.
  • MITTEN, D., 1965. The Ancient Synagogue of Sardis, Committee to Preserve the Ancient Synagogue of Sardis, New York.
  • ÖNGEN, S. – AYSAL, N., 2017. “Malzeme ve Rengin Dili: Mermer Kaplama Tekniği Skoutlosis ile Giydirme”, Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Çalışmaları Dergisi, 20, ss. 24-32.
  • RAJAK, T. – NOY, D., 1993. “Archisynagogoi: Office, Title and Social Status in the Greco-Jewish Synagogue”, The Journal of Roman Studies, 83, ss. 75-93.
  • ROBERT, L., 1994. Nouvelles inscriptions de Sardes. Librairie d’Amerique et d’Orient Adrien Maisonneuve, Paris.
  • ROMANOFF, P., 1942. “Jewish Symbols on Ancient Jewish Coins”, The Jewish Quartely Review, 33/1, ss. 1-15.
  • ROSENFELD, B. – MENIRAV, J., 1999. “The Ancient Synagogue as an Economic Center”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 58/4, ss. 259-276.
  • RUNESSON, A. – Binder, D. D. – Olsson, B., The Ancient Synagogue from its Origins to 200 C.E., Brill, Leiden, 2008.
  • SCHALIT, A., 1960. “The Letter of Antiochus III to Zeuxis regarding the Establishment of Jewish Military Colonies in Phrygia and Lydia”, The Jewish Quarterly Review, 50/4, ss. 289-318.
  • SEAGER, A., 1972. “The Building History of the Sardis Synagogue”, American Journal of Archaeology, 76/4, ss. 425, 435.
  • Septuagint, 2019. Hendrickson Publishers-Brenton, Massachusetts.
  • SEVİN, V., 2016. Anadolu’nun Tarihi Coğrafyası I, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara.
  • STERN, M., 2007. “Diaspora”, Encyclopaedia Judaica, C 5, Detroit, ss. 637-643.
  • STRABON, 2018. Geographika, çev. Adnan Pekman, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • TACITUS, 1831. History, çev. Arthur Murphy, A.J. Valpy Printed, London.
  • TÜRKOĞLU, İ., 2001. Antik Çağdan Günümüze Türkiye’de Sinagog Mimarisi, T.C. Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir.
  • TÜRKOĞLU, İ., 2003. “Yahudi Geleneğinde Sinagog”, Toplumsal Tarih, 112, ss. 10-17.
  • VITRUVIUS, 2020. De Architectura, çev. Çiğdem Dürüşken, ALFA, İstanbul. https://sardisexpedition.org/en/publications/kst (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/Harvard University) son erişim tarihi: 14.02.2023.
  • https://sardis-images.s3.amazonaws.com/Archit/Syn-0125c.2021.09.06.png (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/Harvard University) son erişim tarihi: 18.02.2023.
  • https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/view/400954976 (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/Harvard University) son erişim tarihi: 18.02.2023.
  • https://sardisexpedition.org/en/essays/about-synagogue#bema-or-baldachin (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/Harvard University) son erişim tarihi: 18.02.2023.
  • https://sardisexpedition.org/en/essays/about-synagogue#wall-decoration-in the-forecourt (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/Harvard University) son erişim tarihi: 18.02.2023.

An Ancient Synagogue in Asia Minor: Sardis Synagogue

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 817 - 857, 29.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1318484

Abstract

There are serious discussions on the method of detecting the Jewish presence in the Anatolian geography during the Hellenistic States and Roman Empire Periods. Although quite controversial the Asia Minor Region is one of the Diasporas where the Jewish organization and population is the most effective. The Sardis synagogue provides us with very valuable information both in understanding the city administration of the Roman Empire and in seeing the cultural elements of the Jewish population in the city. Although there is a wide corpus of Sardis synagogue and the Asia Minor Diaspora written in languages other than Turkish, the limited number of Turkish works causes Turkish historians and history students to be lost in the extensive corpus in foreign languages, and to be prejudiced against the subject. On the other hand, the fact that the studies carried out abroad are too attached to the Jewish life in the Palestinian Region during the evaluation of the synagogue structure causes them to make a wrong assessment in terms of understanding the Jewish culture of Asia Minor. This study aims to provide an opportunity to evaluate the Sardis Synagogue and Jewish culture in all its aspects, and to show the importance of comparative evaluation of the Jewish finds in Asia Minor and the material we obtained from the Sardis Synagogue.

References

  • AKTÜRE, S., 2018. Büyük İmparatorluklar Döneminde Anadolu Kentleri, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • ARRIAN, The Anabasis of Alexander, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/46976/46976-h/46976-h.htm#Page_47, son erişim tarihi: 11.02.2023.
  • BELLEN, H., 1998. “Συναγωγή τῶν Ἰουδαίων καὶ Θεοσεβῶν”, Die Aussage einer bosporanischen Freilassungsinschrift (CIRB 71) zum Problem der “Gottfürchtigen”, JAC 8/9, ss. 171-176.
  • BILDE, P., 1993. “The Jews in the Diaspora of the Roman Empire”, Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies, 14/2, ss. 103-124.
  • BLAKE, E., – EDMONDS, A., 1977. Biblical Sites in Turkey, Redhouse Press, İstanbul.
  • BONZ, M., 1990. “The Jewish Community of Ancient Sardis: A Reassessment of Its Rise to Prominence”, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 93, ss. 343-359.
  • BONZ, M., 1994. “The Jewish Donor Inscriptions from Aphrodisias: Are They Both Third-Century, and Who Are the Theosebeis?”, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 96 , ss. 281-299.
  • BURKHARDT, N., 2014. “Uncomparable Buildings the Synagogues in Priene and Sardis”, Journal of Ancient Judaism, 5, ss. 167-203.
  • CRAWFORD, S., 1990. The Byzantine Shops at Sardis, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • EDWARDS, J., 2009. “A Nomen Sacrum in the Sardis Synagogue”, Journal of Biblical Literature, 128/4, ss. 813-821.
  • FINE, S., 2005. Jews, Christians, and Polytheists in the Ancient Synagogue, Routledge, London.
  • FOLGADO-ALVAREZ, M., 2018. “The Jewish Diaspora in the Roman Empire”. EX NOVO, 3, ss. 59-78.
  • FREEMAN, C., 2005. Mısır, Yunan ve Roma, çev. Suat Kemal Angı, Dost Yayınevi, Ankara. Greek New Testament - SBL Edition, 2010. ed. Michael W. Holmes, Society of Biblical Literature and Logos Bible Software, Atlanta.
  • HACHLILI, R., 1998. Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology in the Diaspora, Brill, Leiden.
  • HACHLILI, R., 2014 Ancient Synagogues – Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research, Brill, Leiden.
  • HANFMANN, G., 1968. “The Tenth Campaing at Sardis”, BASOR, 191, ss. 1-42.
  • HANFMANN, G. – Thomas, R., 1971. “The Thirteeth Campaign at Sardis 1970”, BASOR, 203, ss. 5-22.
  • HANFMANN, G., 1972. Letters from Sardis, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • HANFMANN, G. – MIERSE, W., 1983 Sardis: from Prehistoric to Roman Times, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • HARLAND, P. A., 2013 Associations, Synagogues, and Congregations: Claiming a Place in Ancient Mediterranean Society, Fortress Press, Minneapolis.
  • HARPER, R. P., 1968. “Tituli Comanorum Cappadociae”. Anatolian Studies, 18, ss. 93-147.
  • HOMEROS, 2013. İlyada, çev. Azra Erhat - A. Kadir, Can Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • HORST, P., 1994. Studies in Early Jewish Epigraphy, ed. Jan Willem van Henten-Pieter van der Horst, Brill, Leiden.
  • IOSEPHUS, 1957. Jewish Antiquities, çev. Ralph Marcus, Harvard University Press - LOEB, Cambridge.
  • IOSEPHUS, Jewish Antiquities, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0145%3Abook%3D20%3Awhiston+chapter%3D8%3Awhiston+section%3D11 son erişim tarihi: 16.02.2023.
  • KAYA, M. A., 2005 “Anadolu’da Roma Eyaletleri: Sınırlar ve Roma Yönetimi”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 24/38, ss. 11-30.
  • KAYA, M. A., 2019. Türkiye’nin Eskiçağ Tarihi III, Bilge Kültür Sanat, İstanbul.
  • KRAABEL, A. T., 1979 “The Diaspora Synagogue: Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence since Sukenik”, Halbband Religion, ed. Wolfgang Haase, De Gruyter, Boston, ss. 477-511.
  • KRAABEL, A. T., 1981 “The Disappearance of the God-fearers”. Numen, 28/2, ss.113-126. LAST, R., 2016. “The Other Synagogues”, Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period, 47/3, ss. 330-363.
  • LEVINE, L. I., 2001. “The First-Century Synagogue: New Perspectives”, Svensk Teologisk Kvartalskrift, 77, ss. 22-30.
  • LEVINE, L. I., 2005 “Sardis”, A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations, ed. Edward Kessler – Neil Wenborn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ss. 397-398.
  • LEVINE, L. I., 2005. The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years, Yale University Press, New Haven.
  • MAGNESS, J., 2005 “The Date of the Sardis Synagogue in Light of the Numismatic Evidence”, American Journal of Archaeology, 109/3. ss. 443-475.
  • MAREK, C., 2016. In the Land of a Thousand Gods, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • MEYERS, E. M., 2012. “The Torah Shrine in the Ancient Synagogue”, Jews, Christians, and Polytheists in the Ancient Synagogue, ed. Steven Fine, Routledge, London, ss. 178-197.
  • MITTEN, D., 1965. The Ancient Synagogue of Sardis, Committee to Preserve the Ancient Synagogue of Sardis, New York.
  • ÖNGEN, S. – AYSAL, N., 2017. “Malzeme ve Rengin Dili: Mermer Kaplama Tekniği Skoutlosis ile Giydirme”, Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Çalışmaları Dergisi, 20, ss. 24-32.
  • RAJAK, T. – NOY, D., 1993. “Archisynagogoi: Office, Title and Social Status in the Greco-Jewish Synagogue”, The Journal of Roman Studies, 83, ss. 75-93.
  • ROBERT, L., 1994. Nouvelles inscriptions de Sardes. Librairie d’Amerique et d’Orient Adrien Maisonneuve, Paris.
  • ROMANOFF, P., 1942. “Jewish Symbols on Ancient Jewish Coins”, The Jewish Quartely Review, 33/1, ss. 1-15.
  • ROSENFELD, B. – MENIRAV, J., 1999. “The Ancient Synagogue as an Economic Center”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 58/4, ss. 259-276.
  • RUNESSON, A. – Binder, D. D. – Olsson, B., The Ancient Synagogue from its Origins to 200 C.E., Brill, Leiden, 2008.
  • SCHALIT, A., 1960. “The Letter of Antiochus III to Zeuxis regarding the Establishment of Jewish Military Colonies in Phrygia and Lydia”, The Jewish Quarterly Review, 50/4, ss. 289-318.
  • SEAGER, A., 1972. “The Building History of the Sardis Synagogue”, American Journal of Archaeology, 76/4, ss. 425, 435.
  • Septuagint, 2019. Hendrickson Publishers-Brenton, Massachusetts.
  • SEVİN, V., 2016. Anadolu’nun Tarihi Coğrafyası I, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara.
  • STERN, M., 2007. “Diaspora”, Encyclopaedia Judaica, C 5, Detroit, ss. 637-643.
  • STRABON, 2018. Geographika, çev. Adnan Pekman, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • TACITUS, 1831. History, çev. Arthur Murphy, A.J. Valpy Printed, London.
  • TÜRKOĞLU, İ., 2001. Antik Çağdan Günümüze Türkiye’de Sinagog Mimarisi, T.C. Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir.
  • TÜRKOĞLU, İ., 2003. “Yahudi Geleneğinde Sinagog”, Toplumsal Tarih, 112, ss. 10-17.
  • VITRUVIUS, 2020. De Architectura, çev. Çiğdem Dürüşken, ALFA, İstanbul. https://sardisexpedition.org/en/publications/kst (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/Harvard University) son erişim tarihi: 14.02.2023.
  • https://sardis-images.s3.amazonaws.com/Archit/Syn-0125c.2021.09.06.png (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/Harvard University) son erişim tarihi: 18.02.2023.
  • https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/view/400954976 (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/Harvard University) son erişim tarihi: 18.02.2023.
  • https://sardisexpedition.org/en/essays/about-synagogue#bema-or-baldachin (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/Harvard University) son erişim tarihi: 18.02.2023.
  • https://sardisexpedition.org/en/essays/about-synagogue#wall-decoration-in the-forecourt (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/Harvard University) son erişim tarihi: 18.02.2023.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Ancient History (Other)
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Umut Dinç 0000-0002-7368-7697

Early Pub Date September 24, 2023
Publication Date September 29, 2023
Submission Date June 22, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Dinç, U. (2023). Küçük Asya’da Antik Bir Sinagog: Sardis Sinagogu. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, 5(2), 817-857. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1318484
AMA Dinç U. Küçük Asya’da Antik Bir Sinagog: Sardis Sinagogu. OANNES. September 2023;5(2):817-857. doi:10.33469/oannes.1318484
Chicago Dinç, Umut. “Küçük Asya’da Antik Bir Sinagog: Sardis Sinagogu”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 5, no. 2 (September 2023): 817-57. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1318484.
EndNote Dinç U (September 1, 2023) Küçük Asya’da Antik Bir Sinagog: Sardis Sinagogu. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 5 2 817–857.
IEEE U. Dinç, “Küçük Asya’da Antik Bir Sinagog: Sardis Sinagogu”, OANNES, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 817–857, 2023, doi: 10.33469/oannes.1318484.
ISNAD Dinç, Umut. “Küçük Asya’da Antik Bir Sinagog: Sardis Sinagogu”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 5/2 (September 2023), 817-857. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1318484.
JAMA Dinç U. Küçük Asya’da Antik Bir Sinagog: Sardis Sinagogu. OANNES. 2023;5:817–857.
MLA Dinç, Umut. “Küçük Asya’da Antik Bir Sinagog: Sardis Sinagogu”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, vol. 5, no. 2, 2023, pp. 817-5, doi:10.33469/oannes.1318484.
Vancouver Dinç U. Küçük Asya’da Antik Bir Sinagog: Sardis Sinagogu. OANNES. 2023;5(2):817-5.

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