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Mikro Mimik İfadeler ve Karakter Analizinin İmparator Portrelerine Uygulanabilirliği Üzerine Bir Öneri

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 1 - 18, 26.03.2025

Abstract

Roma tarihinde siyasi ve sosyal olaylar oldukça ilgi çekici ve günümüzle karşılaştırılabilecek kadar benzerdir. Bu durum Roma İmparatorluk Tarihine merak ve ilgi uyandırmaktadır. Ek olarak Roma tarihine yön veren başta imparatorlar olmak üzere imparatoriçeler, senatörler vb kişilerin yaşamları, siyasi ve sosyal gelişmeler kadar merak edilen ve araştırılan konular arasında yer almaktadır. Roma döneminde hemen hemen her olayın yazılı bir şekilde kayıt altına alınmış olması bu kişilerin sadece başından geçen olayları değil bu olaylar karşısında verdikleri tepkileri de kısmen öğrenmemizi sağlamıştır. Bunun sonucu olarak bize aktarılan bilgilerin doğruluğu ve verilen tepkilerin hangi psikolojik çerçevede verildikleri merak uyandırmıştır. Roma Dönemi heykel sanatında imparator portreleri en çok tanımı ve sınıflandırması yapılan eserler olmuşlardır. İmparator portrelerinin tipolojisi oluşturulurken iktidarları süresince gerçekleşen kritik olaylara ek olarak saç ve sakal işlenişindeki detaylar göz önüne alınmıştır. Bununla birlikte imparatorların yüz ifadelerindeki duygu ve durumların anlatımları yeterli biçimde değerlendirilememiştir. Bu çalışmada Roma İmparatorlarından dört tanesi seçilerek portreleri üzerinde mimikler ve yüz ifadelerinin taşıdığı anlamlar psikoloji biliminin yardımıyla yorumlanmıştır. Değerlendirmelerde antik metinlerde aktarılan karakter özelliklerinin imparator portrelerine yansıyıp yansımadığını tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışılan portrelerde, küçümseme, tiksinme ve öfke gibi duyguların yüze yansımaları belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak elde edilen verilerle antik el yazmalarında aktarılan bilgilerin doğruluğu analiz edilmiş ve imparator portrelerinin tanımlanmasına ek bir bakış açısı getirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

References

  • Barrett, A. A. (1989). Caligula: The Corruption of Power. Yale University Press.
  • Benediktson, D. T. (1989). Caligula’s Madness: Madness or Interictal Temporal Lobe Epilepsy? The Classical World, 82(5), 370–375. https://doi.org/10.2307/4350416
  • Bernoulli, J. J. (1891). Romische Ikonographie (Band 2.2) Die Bildnisse Romischen Kaiser: Von Galba bis Commodus. Stuttgart.
  • Bowman, A. K., Champlin, E. & Lintott, A. (2008). The Cambridge Ancient History Second edition Volume X, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C—A.D. 69. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bowman, A. K., Garnsey, P. & Cameron, A. (2008). The Cambridge Ancient History Second edition Volume XII The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193–337. Cambridge University Press.
  • Charlesworth, M. P. (1971). Gaius and Claudius. S. A. Cook, F. E. Adcock, and M. P. Charlesworth (Eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History: The Augustan Empire, 44 B.C.-A.D. 70, vol. 10.
  • Dio Cassius, Dio's Roman History VII. The Loeb Classical Library. (Translate Carry. E 1925).
  • Dio Cassius, Dio's Roman History VIII. The Loeb Classical Library. (Translate Carry. E 1925).
  • Dio Cassius, Dio's Roman History VIII. The Loeb Classical Library. (Translate Carry. E 1955).
  • Ehrenheim, H. & Prusac, L. M. (2020). Reading Roman emotions: Visual and textual interpretations. Skrıfter Utgıvna Av Svenska Instıtutet I Rom, 4º, 64, Stockholm.
  • Ekman, P. (2007). Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to İmprove Communication and Emotional Life. Holt Paperbacks.
  • Ekman, P., Frıesen, W.V. & Hager, J.C. (1978). Facial Action Coding System (FACS). A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Action. Consulting, Palo Alto, 22.
  • Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. (2003). Unmasking the Face. A Guide to Recognizing Emotions from Facial Clues. Los Altos, Malor Books
  • Ekman, P. & Rosenberg, E. L. (2005). What the face reveals: Basic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) (2.ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Ekman, P. & Cordaro, D. (2011). What is Meant by Calling Emotions Basic. Emotion Review, 3(4), 364–370. https://doi: 10.1177/1754073911410740
  • Ferrill, A. (1991). Caligula: Emperor of Rome. Thames & Hudson.
  • Fittschen, K. & Zanker, P. (1985). Katalog der Römischen Porträts in den Capitolinischen Museen und den Anderen kommunalen Sammlungen der Stadt Rom, I. Mainz.
  • Goldsworthy, A. (2016). The last great conqueror: Trajan and the Dacian Wars. In In the name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire (Chap. 13). Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300221831-017
  • İnan, J.& Rosenbaum, E. (1966). Roman and Early Byzantine Portrait Sculpture in Asia Minor. The Oxford University Press / The British Academy.
  • Katz, R. S. (1972). The Illness of Caligula. The Classical World, 65(7), 223–225. https://doi.org/10.2307/4347670
  • Keaveney, A. & Madden, J. A. (1998). The Crimen Maiestatis under Caligula: The Evidence of Dio Cassius. The Classical Quarterly, 48(1), 316–320. https://doi.org/10.1093/cq/48.1.316
  • Kersauson, K. (1996). Catalogue des Portraits Romains. Tome II, Edition de la Renuion des Musées Nationaux Paris.
  • Kleiner, D. E. E. (1992). Roman Sculpture. Yale University Press.
  • Lightfoot, C. S. (1990). Trajan’s Parthian War and the Fourth-Century Perspective. The Journal of Roman Studies, 80, 115–126. https://doi.org/10.2307/300283
  • Lindstrøm, C. T. (2010). Facial expressions (and non-expressions in Roman faces. Bollettino di Archeologia Online, I 2010/Volume Speciale/Poster Session 7. http://www.uib.no/sites/w3.uib.no/files/roman_facial_expressions_aiac_2008_-_2011_lindstrom1.pdf
  • L ‘Orange, H. P. (1933). Studien Zur Geschiche des Spätantike Porträt, Oslo.
  • Magie, D. (1991). Scriptores Historiae Augustae, Volume I Loeb Classical Library. No. 139.
  • Magie, D. (1993). Scriptores Historiae Augustae, Volume II Loeb Classical Library. No. 140.
  • Massaro, V. & Montgomery, I. (1978). Gaius — Mad, Bad, III, or all Three? Latomus, 37(4), 894–909. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41531093
  • Matsumoto, D. (2001). Culture and emotion. The handbook of culture and psychology, Oxford University Press.
  • Mazzarino, S. (2007). L'Impero Romano. Volume secondo, Laterza, Bari Italy.
  • Mccann, A. M. (1968). The Portraits of Septimius Severus (A.D. 193-211). Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome.
  • Metin, A. (2019). Yüz İfadelerindeki Duygular: Derleme Çalışması. Opus 10(17), 2027-2055. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.514880
  • Özgan, R. (2013a). Roma Portre Sanatı I. Ege Yayınları.
  • Özgan, R. (2013b). Roma Portre Sanatı II. Ege Yayınları.
  • Özgan, R. (2015). Roma Portre Sanatı III. Ege Yayınları.
  • Penella, R. (1980). Caracalla and His Mother in the Historia Augusta. Historia Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 29(3), 382-384.
  • Pollini, J. (2005). A Portraıt Of Caracalla From The Mellerıo Collectıon And The Iconography Of Caracalla And Geta. Revue Archéologique, 1, 55–77. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41017503
  • Poulsen, V. (1974). Les Portraits Romains Vol II. Glyptotheque Ny Carlsberg.
  • Prusac, M. (2011). From face to face: Recarving of Roman portraits and the late-Antique portrait arts. Monumenta Graeca et Romana, 18. Brill.
  • Prusac, L. M. (2020). Through the looking glass: Collective emotions and psychoiconography in Roman portrait studies. In H. V. Ehrenheim & M. Prusac-Lindhagen (Eds.), Reading Roman emotions: Visual and textual interpretations (Acta Instituti Romani Regni Sueciae, Series in 4º, 64).
  • Rozin, P., Lowery, L., & Ebert, R. (1994). Varieties of disgust face and the structure of disgust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 870–881. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.870
  • Sandison, A. (1958). The Madness Of The Emperor Caligula. Medical History, 2(3), 202–209. http://doi:10.1017/S0025727300023759
  • Sidwell, B. (2010). Gaius Caligula’s Mental Illness. The Classical World, 103(2), 183–206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40599927
  • Suetonius (2021). On İki Caesar’ın Yaşamı. (Translate Gül Özaktürk & Ü. Fafo Telatar), Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Wegner, M. (1956). Das römische Herrscherbild, Abteilung 2, 3, Berlin.
  • Wiggers, H. B. & Wegner, M. (1971). Caracalla bis Balbinus (Das römische Herrscherbild, 3.1). Deustsches Arhäologisches Institut, Berlin.
  • Woods, D., (2014). Caligula Displays Caesonia (Suet. Calıg. 25.3). Rheinisches Museum Für Philologie, 157(1), 27–36. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24392820

A Suggestion on the Applicability of Micro Mimic Expressions and Character Analysis on Emperor Portraits

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 1 - 18, 26.03.2025

Abstract

In the history of Roman, political and social events are very interesting and similar enough to be compared with the present day. In addition, the lives of people, senators, etc., especially emperors who shape Roman history, continue to be a subject of curiosity. The recording of almost every incident in the Roman period has enabled us to learn not only the situations of these people but also their reactions in the face of these events. As a result of this, the accuracy of the information transferred to us and the psychological framework of the reactions given it has aroused curiosity. In Roman sculpture, emperor portraits are the most defined and categorized works. The typology of the emperors' portraits is based on the critical events that took place during their reign, as well as the details of their hair and beard. However, the expression of emotion and state of mind in the emperors' facial expressions has not been adequately analyzed. In this study, four Roman emperors were selected, and the meanings conveyed by the facial expressions and gestures in their portraits were interpreted with the help of psychology science. In the evaluations, it was tried to determine whether the character traits transferred in ancient texts are reflected in the portraits of Emperor. As a result, the accuracy of the information transferred in ancient manuscripts was analyzed with the data obtained. In addition, an attempt has been tried to be given an additional perspective to the identification of the emperors's portraits.

References

  • Barrett, A. A. (1989). Caligula: The Corruption of Power. Yale University Press.
  • Benediktson, D. T. (1989). Caligula’s Madness: Madness or Interictal Temporal Lobe Epilepsy? The Classical World, 82(5), 370–375. https://doi.org/10.2307/4350416
  • Bernoulli, J. J. (1891). Romische Ikonographie (Band 2.2) Die Bildnisse Romischen Kaiser: Von Galba bis Commodus. Stuttgart.
  • Bowman, A. K., Champlin, E. & Lintott, A. (2008). The Cambridge Ancient History Second edition Volume X, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C—A.D. 69. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bowman, A. K., Garnsey, P. & Cameron, A. (2008). The Cambridge Ancient History Second edition Volume XII The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193–337. Cambridge University Press.
  • Charlesworth, M. P. (1971). Gaius and Claudius. S. A. Cook, F. E. Adcock, and M. P. Charlesworth (Eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History: The Augustan Empire, 44 B.C.-A.D. 70, vol. 10.
  • Dio Cassius, Dio's Roman History VII. The Loeb Classical Library. (Translate Carry. E 1925).
  • Dio Cassius, Dio's Roman History VIII. The Loeb Classical Library. (Translate Carry. E 1925).
  • Dio Cassius, Dio's Roman History VIII. The Loeb Classical Library. (Translate Carry. E 1955).
  • Ehrenheim, H. & Prusac, L. M. (2020). Reading Roman emotions: Visual and textual interpretations. Skrıfter Utgıvna Av Svenska Instıtutet I Rom, 4º, 64, Stockholm.
  • Ekman, P. (2007). Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to İmprove Communication and Emotional Life. Holt Paperbacks.
  • Ekman, P., Frıesen, W.V. & Hager, J.C. (1978). Facial Action Coding System (FACS). A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Action. Consulting, Palo Alto, 22.
  • Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. (2003). Unmasking the Face. A Guide to Recognizing Emotions from Facial Clues. Los Altos, Malor Books
  • Ekman, P. & Rosenberg, E. L. (2005). What the face reveals: Basic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) (2.ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Ekman, P. & Cordaro, D. (2011). What is Meant by Calling Emotions Basic. Emotion Review, 3(4), 364–370. https://doi: 10.1177/1754073911410740
  • Ferrill, A. (1991). Caligula: Emperor of Rome. Thames & Hudson.
  • Fittschen, K. & Zanker, P. (1985). Katalog der Römischen Porträts in den Capitolinischen Museen und den Anderen kommunalen Sammlungen der Stadt Rom, I. Mainz.
  • Goldsworthy, A. (2016). The last great conqueror: Trajan and the Dacian Wars. In In the name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire (Chap. 13). Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300221831-017
  • İnan, J.& Rosenbaum, E. (1966). Roman and Early Byzantine Portrait Sculpture in Asia Minor. The Oxford University Press / The British Academy.
  • Katz, R. S. (1972). The Illness of Caligula. The Classical World, 65(7), 223–225. https://doi.org/10.2307/4347670
  • Keaveney, A. & Madden, J. A. (1998). The Crimen Maiestatis under Caligula: The Evidence of Dio Cassius. The Classical Quarterly, 48(1), 316–320. https://doi.org/10.1093/cq/48.1.316
  • Kersauson, K. (1996). Catalogue des Portraits Romains. Tome II, Edition de la Renuion des Musées Nationaux Paris.
  • Kleiner, D. E. E. (1992). Roman Sculpture. Yale University Press.
  • Lightfoot, C. S. (1990). Trajan’s Parthian War and the Fourth-Century Perspective. The Journal of Roman Studies, 80, 115–126. https://doi.org/10.2307/300283
  • Lindstrøm, C. T. (2010). Facial expressions (and non-expressions in Roman faces. Bollettino di Archeologia Online, I 2010/Volume Speciale/Poster Session 7. http://www.uib.no/sites/w3.uib.no/files/roman_facial_expressions_aiac_2008_-_2011_lindstrom1.pdf
  • L ‘Orange, H. P. (1933). Studien Zur Geschiche des Spätantike Porträt, Oslo.
  • Magie, D. (1991). Scriptores Historiae Augustae, Volume I Loeb Classical Library. No. 139.
  • Magie, D. (1993). Scriptores Historiae Augustae, Volume II Loeb Classical Library. No. 140.
  • Massaro, V. & Montgomery, I. (1978). Gaius — Mad, Bad, III, or all Three? Latomus, 37(4), 894–909. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41531093
  • Matsumoto, D. (2001). Culture and emotion. The handbook of culture and psychology, Oxford University Press.
  • Mazzarino, S. (2007). L'Impero Romano. Volume secondo, Laterza, Bari Italy.
  • Mccann, A. M. (1968). The Portraits of Septimius Severus (A.D. 193-211). Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome.
  • Metin, A. (2019). Yüz İfadelerindeki Duygular: Derleme Çalışması. Opus 10(17), 2027-2055. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.514880
  • Özgan, R. (2013a). Roma Portre Sanatı I. Ege Yayınları.
  • Özgan, R. (2013b). Roma Portre Sanatı II. Ege Yayınları.
  • Özgan, R. (2015). Roma Portre Sanatı III. Ege Yayınları.
  • Penella, R. (1980). Caracalla and His Mother in the Historia Augusta. Historia Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 29(3), 382-384.
  • Pollini, J. (2005). A Portraıt Of Caracalla From The Mellerıo Collectıon And The Iconography Of Caracalla And Geta. Revue Archéologique, 1, 55–77. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41017503
  • Poulsen, V. (1974). Les Portraits Romains Vol II. Glyptotheque Ny Carlsberg.
  • Prusac, M. (2011). From face to face: Recarving of Roman portraits and the late-Antique portrait arts. Monumenta Graeca et Romana, 18. Brill.
  • Prusac, L. M. (2020). Through the looking glass: Collective emotions and psychoiconography in Roman portrait studies. In H. V. Ehrenheim & M. Prusac-Lindhagen (Eds.), Reading Roman emotions: Visual and textual interpretations (Acta Instituti Romani Regni Sueciae, Series in 4º, 64).
  • Rozin, P., Lowery, L., & Ebert, R. (1994). Varieties of disgust face and the structure of disgust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 870–881. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.870
  • Sandison, A. (1958). The Madness Of The Emperor Caligula. Medical History, 2(3), 202–209. http://doi:10.1017/S0025727300023759
  • Sidwell, B. (2010). Gaius Caligula’s Mental Illness. The Classical World, 103(2), 183–206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40599927
  • Suetonius (2021). On İki Caesar’ın Yaşamı. (Translate Gül Özaktürk & Ü. Fafo Telatar), Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Wegner, M. (1956). Das römische Herrscherbild, Abteilung 2, 3, Berlin.
  • Wiggers, H. B. & Wegner, M. (1971). Caracalla bis Balbinus (Das römische Herrscherbild, 3.1). Deustsches Arhäologisches Institut, Berlin.
  • Woods, D., (2014). Caligula Displays Caesonia (Suet. Calıg. 25.3). Rheinisches Museum Für Philologie, 157(1), 27–36. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24392820
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Greek and Roman Period Archeology, Archaeology (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Özge Altun 0000-0002-7491-5794

Publication Date March 26, 2025
Submission Date June 3, 2024
Acceptance Date March 26, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Altun, Ö. (2025). A Suggestion on the Applicability of Micro Mimic Expressions and Character Analysis on Emperor Portraits. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, 7(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1494964
AMA Altun Ö. A Suggestion on the Applicability of Micro Mimic Expressions and Character Analysis on Emperor Portraits. OANNES. March 2025;7(1):1-18. doi:10.33469/oannes.1494964
Chicago Altun, Özge. “A Suggestion on the Applicability of Micro Mimic Expressions and Character Analysis on Emperor Portraits”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7, no. 1 (March 2025): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1494964.
EndNote Altun Ö (March 1, 2025) A Suggestion on the Applicability of Micro Mimic Expressions and Character Analysis on Emperor Portraits. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7 1 1–18.
IEEE Ö. Altun, “A Suggestion on the Applicability of Micro Mimic Expressions and Character Analysis on Emperor Portraits”, OANNES, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–18, 2025, doi: 10.33469/oannes.1494964.
ISNAD Altun, Özge. “A Suggestion on the Applicability of Micro Mimic Expressions and Character Analysis on Emperor Portraits”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7/1 (March 2025), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1494964.
JAMA Altun Ö. A Suggestion on the Applicability of Micro Mimic Expressions and Character Analysis on Emperor Portraits. OANNES. 2025;7:1–18.
MLA Altun, Özge. “A Suggestion on the Applicability of Micro Mimic Expressions and Character Analysis on Emperor Portraits”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, vol. 7, no. 1, 2025, pp. 1-18, doi:10.33469/oannes.1494964.
Vancouver Altun Ö. A Suggestion on the Applicability of Micro Mimic Expressions and Character Analysis on Emperor Portraits. OANNES. 2025;7(1):1-18.

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