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Matiate Antik Kenti Şarap Atölyeleri ve Üretim Teknikleri

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 131 - 145, 26.03.2025

Abstract

Şarap hem ritüel hem de tüketim ürünü olarak binlerce yıllık geçmişe sahiptir. Antik literatürde bir ritüel ürünü olarak tanrılara sunu göstergesi olarak kullanıma sahiptir. Ritüel noktasında kullanımının yanı sıra günlük hayatta ise düzenlenen eğlence ve toplantıların başlıca içeceği durumundaydı. Çalışmaya konu olan Matiate, Midyat ilçe sınırları içerisinde konumlanmaktadır. Midyat’ın bulunduğu bölge Klasik Çağ’da Masius, Orta Çağ’da ise Tur Abdin olarak anılmaktadır. Hitit yazılı belgelerinde ise Kaşyari Bölgesi’nin kenti olarak aktarılmaktadır. Kentte şarap üretiminin geçmişi Assur yazılı belgelerine dayanmaktadır. Assur yazılı belgelerinde MÖ 900 yıllarında kentin ele geçirildiği ve vergiye bağlandığı bilinmektedir. Kent sakinlerinin vergilerini büyük oranda üretmiş oldukları şarap ile ödediği kayıtlara geçmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalarda ortaya çıkartılan iki adet işlik ışığında üretim, ihracat ve organizasyonun şeklinin irdelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. İşliklerden birisi a-1 yapısında, diğeri ise a-10 kompleksi içerisinde konumlanmaktadır. Hem a-1 hem de a-10 yapıları Geç Roma Dönemi’ne tarihlendirilmektedir. Bilindiği üzere şarap üretiminde üç teknik ile üretim gerçekleştirilmekteydi. Bunlar sırasıyla; vida pres, takoz pres ve levye pres tekniği olarak bilinmektedir. Kentte ortaya çıkarılan işlikler değerlendirildiğinde a-1 yapısında takoz pres yöntemiyle üretimin gerçekleştirilmekte olduğu görülmektedir. A-10 kompleksinde ise vida pres yöntemi ile üretim gerçekleştirilmekteydi. Bu çalışma ile Matiate kentinde ortaya çıkarılan işliklerde hangi teknikler kullanılarak üretimin gerçekleştirilmiş olduğu ve üretim fazlası ürünün ithalat organizasyonu incelenmiştir.

References

  • Akgül, A., Şenol, G. S., Yıldırım, H., Seçmen, Ö., & Doğan, Y. (2018). An ethnobotanical study in Midyat (Turkey), a city on the Silk Road where cultures meet. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 14(12), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-017-0201-8
  • Ayalon, E. (2015). Twin-screw olive oil presses from Israel. Israel Exploration Journal, 65(1), 100–110.
  • Aydınoğlu, Ü. (2009). Dağlık Kilikia bölgesinde antik çağda zeytinyağı ve şarap üretimi : Üretimin arkeolojik kanıtları. Zero Books.
  • Baratta, G. (2005). Römische kelteranlagen auf der Italienischen halbinsel. Tabularium.
  • Ben Zvi, I. (2012). Wine production in Eretz Israel in antiquity: Advancement in research or a completely new approach. E. Ayalon, R. Frankel & A. Kloner (Eds.), Cathedra: For the history of Eretz Israel and its Yishuv (pp.15–36). Irm.
  • Bowden, W., & Lavan, L. (2004). Recent research on the late antique countryside. Brill.
  • Brun, J.P. (2020). From oil to wine? A balanced view on the production of the most representative agricultural products of antiquity. N. Garnier & G. Olcese (Eds.), Making wine in western-Mediterranean, production and the trade of amphorae: Some new data from Italy (pp. 3-22). Propylaeum.
  • Bryce, T. (2009). The routledge handbook of the peoples and places of ancient western Asia: The near east from the early bronze age to the fall of the Persian empire. Routledge.
  • Comfort, A. (2017). Fortresses of the Tur Abdin and the confrontation between Rome and Persia. Anatolian Studies, (67), 181-229.
  • Çakmak, Ü. (2010). Dağlık Kilikia bölgesin’nde Karakabaklı antik yerleşimi: Arkeolojik buluntular, bölgesel yerleşim düzenlemesi ve tarımsal organizasyon açısından incelenmesi [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Mersin University.
  • Çevik, A. (2007). İlkçağlardan orta çağın sonuna kadar Midyat ve yöresi (Tur Abdin)’nin tarihi coğrafyası. İ. Özcoşar (Ed.), Makalelerle tarih I, tarih-coğrafya (pp. 105-140). Mardin Tarihi İhtisas Kütüphanesi.
  • Dikçınar, S. B., & Yazgan, G. A. (2009). Uniformification of urban spaces: The Midyat case. Megaron, 4(2), 79-89.
  • Diler, A. (2010). Olive oil and wine production of the Halikarnassos Peninsula in Karia. AK Şenol & Ü. Aydınoğlu (Eds.), Olive oil and wine production in Anatolia during antiquity (pp. 135–174). Zero Books.
  • Dodd, E. (2020). Roman and late antique wine production in the eastern Mediterranean: A comparative archaeological study at Antiochia ad Cragum and Delos. Archaeopress.
  • Dodd, E., & Limbergen, D. V. (2014). Methods in ancient wine archaeology: Scientific approaches in Roman contexts. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Erickson Gini, T., & Mamalya, H. (2022). A late Roman caravanserai and early Byzantine winepress near Be’er Mas’abim (Bir ‘Asluj) in the central Negev. A. Golani, D. Varga, Y. Tchekhanovets & M. Birkenfeld (Eds.), Archaeological excavations and research studies in southern Israel (pp. 139-167). Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.
  • Erkanal, H. (2007). Mezopotamya’ya açılan kapı: Nusaybin. İ. Özcoşar (Ed.), Makalelerle tarih I, tarih-coğrafya (pp. 1-16). Mardin Tarihi İhtisas Kütüphanesi.
  • Ernest, J. W. H., Mundell, M. C., & Mango, C. (1973). The mosaics of the monastery of Mar Samuel, Mar Simeon and Mar Gabriel near Katmin with a note on the Greek inscription. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, (27), 279-296.
  • Ersun, D. (2024). Figür ve mekân ilişkisi: Matiate şehri örneği. Journal of Literature and Humanities, (73), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.55590/ literatureandhumanities.1458730
  • Forlanini, M. (2006). Etapes et itineraries entre Assur et l’Anatolie des marchands paleo-a-Assyriens : Nouveaux documents et nouveaux problems. Kaskal, (3), 147-175.
  • Frankel, R. (1992). Some oil presses from western Galilee. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, (286), 39–71.
  • Frankel, R. (1997). Presses for oil and wine in the southern Levant in the Byzantine period. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, (51), 73–84.
  • Frankel, R. (1999). Wine and oil production in antiquity in Israel and other Mediterranean countries. Sheffield Academic Press.
  • Ghazal, A., & Hanssen, J. (2021). The Oxford handbook of contemporary Middle Eastern and North African history. Oxford University Press.
  • Güneş, H. (2012). Tur Abdin yöresinin islamlaşma süreci. Şırnak Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(6), 71-101.
  • Hirschfeld, Y. (1983). Ancient wine presses in the park of Aijalon. Israel Exploration Journal, 33(3), 207-218.
  • Hitchner, R. B. (2022). A companion to North Africa in antiquity. John Wiley.
  • Kessler, K. (1978). Nawala und Nabula. Archiv für Orientforschung, (26), 99-103.
  • Koparal, E., & İplikçi, E. (2004). Archaic olive oil extraction plant in Klazomenai. A. Moustaka, ME Skarlatidou, MC Tazannes & Y. Ersoy (Eds.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and colony (pp. 221-234). Archaeological Museum of Abdera.
  • Korkut, T., & Elyiğit, U. (2018). Günümüz Süryani dini mimarisi araştırmaları. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(6), 35-47.
  • Laflı, E. (2017). Antik Hellen ve Roma dönemlerinde Anadolu’da bağcılık ve şarapçılık. E. Akpınar & E. Tükenmez (Eds.), Üzümün Akdeniz’deki yolculuğu I: Tarih öncesi ve antik çağlarda üzüm, bağcılık ve şarapçılık (pp. 19-40). Dinç Ofset.
  • Laneri, N. (2018). The Impact of wine production in the social transformation of northern Mesopotamian societies during the third and second millennia BC. Die Welt des Orients, 48(2), 225-237.
  • Lightfoot, C. (2007). Trade and industry in Byzantine Anatolia: The evidence from Amorium. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, (61), 269–286.
  • Luckenbill, D. D. (1927). Ancient records of Assyria and Babylonia I. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Mcgovern, P. E. (2019). Ancient wine: The search for the origins of viniculture. Princeton University Press.
  • Olmstead, A. T. (1918). The calculated frightfulness of Ashur Nasir Apal. Journal of the American Oriental Society, (38), 209–263.
  • Palmer, A. (1990). Monk and Mason on the Tigris frontier. Cambridge University Press. Papakonstantinou, Z. (2009). Wine and wine drinking in the Homeric world. L'Antiquité Classique, (78), 1-24.
  • Reade, J. E. (1982). Reviewed work(s): Untersuchungen zur historischen topographie Nordmesopotamiens nach keilschriftlichen quellen des 1. jahrtausends v. chr. beihefte zum tübinger atlas des vorderen orients, reihe b nr. 26 by Karlheinz Kessler. Die Welt des Orients, (13), 146-147.
  • Serin, U. (2019). Erken Hıristiyanlıkta ritüel, simge ve kimlik: Mekânsal bir çerçeve olarak ‘Katakomb’lar. topoğrafya, mimari ve ikonografya üzerine bazı değerlendirmeler. Arkeoloji’de Ritüel ve Toplum, (5), 285-318.
  • Söğüt, Y. (2024). Mersin 34. cadde kazısı Roma ve geç antik dönem ticari amphoraları. The Journal of Ceramic Research, (6), 220–251. https://doi.org/10.55061/srmka.1567986
  • Uygun, Ç., Özdemir, B., & Sezgin, K. (2015). Zeytin ve şarap işlikleri. T. Korkut (Ed.), Arkeoloji, epiğrafi, jeoloji, doğal ve kültürel peyzaj yapısıyla Tlos antik kenti ve teritoryumu (pp. 496-501). Seydikemer Kaymakamlığı.
  • Waliszewski, T. (2014). Elaion: Olive oil production in Roman and Byzantine Syria Palestine (Polish center of Mediterranean archaeology/monograph). Archeobooks.
  • Wallis Budge, E. A. (2005). Annals of the kings of Assyria: The cuneiform texts with translations and transliterations from the original documents. Columbia University Press.
  • Yağiz, K., Tosun, M., & Doğan, T. (2022). Seramik buluntuları işığında Perre işliklerinin kullanım evreleri üzerine bir ön değerlendirme. Höyük, (10), 145-175. https://doi.org/10.37879/hoyuk.2022.2.145
  • Yeğin, Y. (2016). Olba manastırı’nda işlik kazısı ve sonuçların değerlendirilmesi. Seleucia ad Calycadnum, (6), 203-220.

The Wine Workshops and Production Techniques in the Ancient City of Matiate

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 131 - 145, 26.03.2025

Abstract

Wine has a history of thousands of years as both a ritual and consumer product. As a ritual production, it is used as an offering to the gods in ancient literature. It was also the main drink of entertainment and meetings in daily life. Matiate is located within the borders of Midyat district. The region where Midyat is located was called as Masius in the Classical period and Tur Abdin in the Middle Ages. It is mentioned as the city of the Kaschiari region in Hittite inscriptions. The history of wine production is based on Assyrian inscriptions in Matiate. It is known from Assyrian inscriptions that the city was captured and taxed in 900 BC. It is recorded that the city’s residents paid their taxes largely with the wine. Two workshops have been discovered. One of them is located in building a-1 and the other is in the complex a-10. Both building a-1 and a-10 are dated to the late Roman period. The production was carried out using three techniques. These are known as screw press, wedge press and lever press. When the workshops unearthed in the city are evaluated, it is seen that production is carried out using the wedge press in the building a-1. The production is carried out by the screw press technique in the building a-10. In this study, it is revealed what kind of techniques are used in production and the import organization of the surplus product is examined in the city of Matiate.

References

  • Akgül, A., Şenol, G. S., Yıldırım, H., Seçmen, Ö., & Doğan, Y. (2018). An ethnobotanical study in Midyat (Turkey), a city on the Silk Road where cultures meet. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 14(12), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-017-0201-8
  • Ayalon, E. (2015). Twin-screw olive oil presses from Israel. Israel Exploration Journal, 65(1), 100–110.
  • Aydınoğlu, Ü. (2009). Dağlık Kilikia bölgesinde antik çağda zeytinyağı ve şarap üretimi : Üretimin arkeolojik kanıtları. Zero Books.
  • Baratta, G. (2005). Römische kelteranlagen auf der Italienischen halbinsel. Tabularium.
  • Ben Zvi, I. (2012). Wine production in Eretz Israel in antiquity: Advancement in research or a completely new approach. E. Ayalon, R. Frankel & A. Kloner (Eds.), Cathedra: For the history of Eretz Israel and its Yishuv (pp.15–36). Irm.
  • Bowden, W., & Lavan, L. (2004). Recent research on the late antique countryside. Brill.
  • Brun, J.P. (2020). From oil to wine? A balanced view on the production of the most representative agricultural products of antiquity. N. Garnier & G. Olcese (Eds.), Making wine in western-Mediterranean, production and the trade of amphorae: Some new data from Italy (pp. 3-22). Propylaeum.
  • Bryce, T. (2009). The routledge handbook of the peoples and places of ancient western Asia: The near east from the early bronze age to the fall of the Persian empire. Routledge.
  • Comfort, A. (2017). Fortresses of the Tur Abdin and the confrontation between Rome and Persia. Anatolian Studies, (67), 181-229.
  • Çakmak, Ü. (2010). Dağlık Kilikia bölgesin’nde Karakabaklı antik yerleşimi: Arkeolojik buluntular, bölgesel yerleşim düzenlemesi ve tarımsal organizasyon açısından incelenmesi [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Mersin University.
  • Çevik, A. (2007). İlkçağlardan orta çağın sonuna kadar Midyat ve yöresi (Tur Abdin)’nin tarihi coğrafyası. İ. Özcoşar (Ed.), Makalelerle tarih I, tarih-coğrafya (pp. 105-140). Mardin Tarihi İhtisas Kütüphanesi.
  • Dikçınar, S. B., & Yazgan, G. A. (2009). Uniformification of urban spaces: The Midyat case. Megaron, 4(2), 79-89.
  • Diler, A. (2010). Olive oil and wine production of the Halikarnassos Peninsula in Karia. AK Şenol & Ü. Aydınoğlu (Eds.), Olive oil and wine production in Anatolia during antiquity (pp. 135–174). Zero Books.
  • Dodd, E. (2020). Roman and late antique wine production in the eastern Mediterranean: A comparative archaeological study at Antiochia ad Cragum and Delos. Archaeopress.
  • Dodd, E., & Limbergen, D. V. (2014). Methods in ancient wine archaeology: Scientific approaches in Roman contexts. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Erickson Gini, T., & Mamalya, H. (2022). A late Roman caravanserai and early Byzantine winepress near Be’er Mas’abim (Bir ‘Asluj) in the central Negev. A. Golani, D. Varga, Y. Tchekhanovets & M. Birkenfeld (Eds.), Archaeological excavations and research studies in southern Israel (pp. 139-167). Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.
  • Erkanal, H. (2007). Mezopotamya’ya açılan kapı: Nusaybin. İ. Özcoşar (Ed.), Makalelerle tarih I, tarih-coğrafya (pp. 1-16). Mardin Tarihi İhtisas Kütüphanesi.
  • Ernest, J. W. H., Mundell, M. C., & Mango, C. (1973). The mosaics of the monastery of Mar Samuel, Mar Simeon and Mar Gabriel near Katmin with a note on the Greek inscription. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, (27), 279-296.
  • Ersun, D. (2024). Figür ve mekân ilişkisi: Matiate şehri örneği. Journal of Literature and Humanities, (73), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.55590/ literatureandhumanities.1458730
  • Forlanini, M. (2006). Etapes et itineraries entre Assur et l’Anatolie des marchands paleo-a-Assyriens : Nouveaux documents et nouveaux problems. Kaskal, (3), 147-175.
  • Frankel, R. (1992). Some oil presses from western Galilee. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, (286), 39–71.
  • Frankel, R. (1997). Presses for oil and wine in the southern Levant in the Byzantine period. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, (51), 73–84.
  • Frankel, R. (1999). Wine and oil production in antiquity in Israel and other Mediterranean countries. Sheffield Academic Press.
  • Ghazal, A., & Hanssen, J. (2021). The Oxford handbook of contemporary Middle Eastern and North African history. Oxford University Press.
  • Güneş, H. (2012). Tur Abdin yöresinin islamlaşma süreci. Şırnak Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(6), 71-101.
  • Hirschfeld, Y. (1983). Ancient wine presses in the park of Aijalon. Israel Exploration Journal, 33(3), 207-218.
  • Hitchner, R. B. (2022). A companion to North Africa in antiquity. John Wiley.
  • Kessler, K. (1978). Nawala und Nabula. Archiv für Orientforschung, (26), 99-103.
  • Koparal, E., & İplikçi, E. (2004). Archaic olive oil extraction plant in Klazomenai. A. Moustaka, ME Skarlatidou, MC Tazannes & Y. Ersoy (Eds.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and colony (pp. 221-234). Archaeological Museum of Abdera.
  • Korkut, T., & Elyiğit, U. (2018). Günümüz Süryani dini mimarisi araştırmaları. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(6), 35-47.
  • Laflı, E. (2017). Antik Hellen ve Roma dönemlerinde Anadolu’da bağcılık ve şarapçılık. E. Akpınar & E. Tükenmez (Eds.), Üzümün Akdeniz’deki yolculuğu I: Tarih öncesi ve antik çağlarda üzüm, bağcılık ve şarapçılık (pp. 19-40). Dinç Ofset.
  • Laneri, N. (2018). The Impact of wine production in the social transformation of northern Mesopotamian societies during the third and second millennia BC. Die Welt des Orients, 48(2), 225-237.
  • Lightfoot, C. (2007). Trade and industry in Byzantine Anatolia: The evidence from Amorium. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, (61), 269–286.
  • Luckenbill, D. D. (1927). Ancient records of Assyria and Babylonia I. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Mcgovern, P. E. (2019). Ancient wine: The search for the origins of viniculture. Princeton University Press.
  • Olmstead, A. T. (1918). The calculated frightfulness of Ashur Nasir Apal. Journal of the American Oriental Society, (38), 209–263.
  • Palmer, A. (1990). Monk and Mason on the Tigris frontier. Cambridge University Press. Papakonstantinou, Z. (2009). Wine and wine drinking in the Homeric world. L'Antiquité Classique, (78), 1-24.
  • Reade, J. E. (1982). Reviewed work(s): Untersuchungen zur historischen topographie Nordmesopotamiens nach keilschriftlichen quellen des 1. jahrtausends v. chr. beihefte zum tübinger atlas des vorderen orients, reihe b nr. 26 by Karlheinz Kessler. Die Welt des Orients, (13), 146-147.
  • Serin, U. (2019). Erken Hıristiyanlıkta ritüel, simge ve kimlik: Mekânsal bir çerçeve olarak ‘Katakomb’lar. topoğrafya, mimari ve ikonografya üzerine bazı değerlendirmeler. Arkeoloji’de Ritüel ve Toplum, (5), 285-318.
  • Söğüt, Y. (2024). Mersin 34. cadde kazısı Roma ve geç antik dönem ticari amphoraları. The Journal of Ceramic Research, (6), 220–251. https://doi.org/10.55061/srmka.1567986
  • Uygun, Ç., Özdemir, B., & Sezgin, K. (2015). Zeytin ve şarap işlikleri. T. Korkut (Ed.), Arkeoloji, epiğrafi, jeoloji, doğal ve kültürel peyzaj yapısıyla Tlos antik kenti ve teritoryumu (pp. 496-501). Seydikemer Kaymakamlığı.
  • Waliszewski, T. (2014). Elaion: Olive oil production in Roman and Byzantine Syria Palestine (Polish center of Mediterranean archaeology/monograph). Archeobooks.
  • Wallis Budge, E. A. (2005). Annals of the kings of Assyria: The cuneiform texts with translations and transliterations from the original documents. Columbia University Press.
  • Yağiz, K., Tosun, M., & Doğan, T. (2022). Seramik buluntuları işığında Perre işliklerinin kullanım evreleri üzerine bir ön değerlendirme. Höyük, (10), 145-175. https://doi.org/10.37879/hoyuk.2022.2.145
  • Yeğin, Y. (2016). Olba manastırı’nda işlik kazısı ve sonuçların değerlendirilmesi. Seleucia ad Calycadnum, (6), 203-220.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Greek and Roman Period Archeology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Durmuş Ersun 0000-0001-9559-8313

Publication Date March 26, 2025
Submission Date December 4, 2024
Acceptance Date March 26, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ersun, D. (2025). The Wine Workshops and Production Techniques in the Ancient City of Matiate. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, 7(1), 131-145. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1596031
AMA Ersun D. The Wine Workshops and Production Techniques in the Ancient City of Matiate. OANNES. March 2025;7(1):131-145. doi:10.33469/oannes.1596031
Chicago Ersun, Durmuş. “The Wine Workshops and Production Techniques in the Ancient City of Matiate”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7, no. 1 (March 2025): 131-45. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1596031.
EndNote Ersun D (March 1, 2025) The Wine Workshops and Production Techniques in the Ancient City of Matiate. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7 1 131–145.
IEEE D. Ersun, “The Wine Workshops and Production Techniques in the Ancient City of Matiate”, OANNES, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 131–145, 2025, doi: 10.33469/oannes.1596031.
ISNAD Ersun, Durmuş. “The Wine Workshops and Production Techniques in the Ancient City of Matiate”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7/1 (March2025), 131-145. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1596031.
JAMA Ersun D. The Wine Workshops and Production Techniques in the Ancient City of Matiate. OANNES. 2025;7:131–145.
MLA Ersun, Durmuş. “The Wine Workshops and Production Techniques in the Ancient City of Matiate”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, vol. 7, no. 1, 2025, pp. 131-45, doi:10.33469/oannes.1596031.
Vancouver Ersun D. The Wine Workshops and Production Techniques in the Ancient City of Matiate. OANNES. 2025;7(1):131-45.

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