Progress in Utilizing Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Pulmonary Drug Administration

Abstract

The escalating prevalence of respiratory ailments poses a significant global public health challenge, ranking among the primary causes of mortality worldwide. Notably, diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and lung cancer, alongside the emergence of respiratory diseases, notably those induced by the coronavirus family, have contributed substantially to global fatalities in the past two decades. Consequently, numerous studies have been undertaken to enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions against these diseases, with a particular emphasis on nanomedicine-driven pulmonary drug delivery. As a result, the development of nanocarriers has emerged as a promising avenue to surmount the constraints associated with traditional therapies, aiming to elevate drug bioavailability at the intended site while minimizing undesired side effects. Within this domain, nanoparticles fashioned from chitosan (CS) exhibit distinct advantages over alternative nanocarriers owing to the inherent biological properties of chitosan, including its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and mucoadhesive attributes. Furthermore, CS nanoparticles have demonstrated the potential to augment drug stability, extend the duration of action, refine drug targeting, regulate drug release kinetics, optimize the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs, and enhance the cell membrane permeability of hydrophobic drugs. These unique properties position CS nanoparticles as a promising candidate for optimizing drug performance following pulmonary administration. Consequently, this review endeavors to elucidate the potential of chitosan nanoparticles in the realm of pulmonary drug delivery, shedding light on how their intrinsic biological characteristics can ameliorate the treatment landscape of pulmonary diseases. Emphasis is placed on delineating the synergistic interplay between chitosan nanoparticles and the encapsulated drug, thereby offering insights into the prospective advancements in treating respiratory ailments.

Keywords

• Lung diseases
• Pulmonary drug delivery
• Chitosan
• Nanoparticles

Akciğer Hastalıklarında Kitosan Tabanlı Nanopartiküllerin İlaç Taşıyıcı Sistemlerin Uygulamasındaki Gelişmeler

Abstract

Solunum yolu hastalıklarının giderek artan yaygınlığı, dünya genelinde önemli bir küresel halk sağlığı sorunu teşkil ederek dünya genelindeki başlıca ölüm nedenleri arasında yer almaktadır. Özellikle son iki on yılda astım, kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı, pnömoni, kistik fibrozis ve akciğer kanseri gibi hastalıkların yanı sıra koronavirüs ailesi tarafından tetiklenen solunum yolu hastalıkları gibi hastalıklar, küresel ölümlere büyük ölçüde katkıda bulunmuştur. Bu nedenle, bu hastalıklara yönelik terapötik müdahalelerin etkinliğini artırmaya yönelik birçok çalışma yapılmış, bu çalışmaların özellikle nanotıp destekli akciğer ilaç dağıtımına odaklandığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu bağlamda, nanonakliyecilerin geliştirilmesi, geleneksel tedavilerle ilişkilendirilen kısıtlamaları aşmak için umut vaat eden bir yol olarak ortaya çıkmış ve böylece amaçlanan bölgede ilaç biyoyararlılığını artırmayı ve istenmeyen yan etkileri en aza indirmeyi hedeflemiştir. Kitosan (CS) kullanılarak şekillendirilen nanopartiküller, kitosanın doğal biyolojik özelliklerine dayalı olarak diğer nanonakliyecilere göre önemli avantajlar sunmaktadır. Bu avantajlar arasında anti-enflamatuar, antimikrobiyal ve mukoadhezif özellikler yer almaktadır. Ayrıca, CS nanopartiküller, ilaç kararlılığını artırma, etki süresini uzatma, ilaç hedeflemeyi iyileştirme, ilaç salınım kinetiğini düzenleme, düşük çözünürlüğe sahip ilaçların çözünürlüğünü artırma ve hidrofobik ilaçların hücre zarı geçirgenliğini artırma potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu benzersiz özellikler, CS nanopartiküllerini akciğer uygulaması sonrası ilaç performansını optimize etmek için umut vadeden bir aday olarak konumlandırmaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu inceleme, kitosan nanopartiküllerinin akciğer ilaç dağıtımı alanındaki potansiyelini aydınlatmayı amaçlamakta ve kitosanın içsel biyolojik özelliklerinin solunum yolu hastalıklarının tedavi alanını nasıl iyileştirebileceğine dair anlayış sunmaktadır. Ayrıca, CS nanopartiküllerinin içinde bulunduğu ilaç ile olan etkileşimi ayrıntılı olarak ele alarak solunum yolu hastalıklarının tedavisindeki olası ilerlemelere dair bir perspektif sunulmaktadır.

Keywords

• Akciğer hastalıkları
• Akciğer ilaç dağıtımı
• Kitosan
• Nanopartiküller

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