The Evaluation of Blink Reflex in Patient with Prediabetes

Abstract

Keywords

• -

The Evaluation of Blink Reflex in Patient with Prediabetes

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, V. ve VII. kranial sinirlerle ilişkili olan blink refleksin (BR) prediyabetli hastalarda yavaşlayıp yavaşlamadığını araştırmaktır. Yöntem: Bozulmuş açlık glukozu ve bozulmuş glukoz toleransı olan 60 hasta (43 kadın, 17 erkek) ile 30 sağlıklı control (16 kadın, 14 erkek) olmak üzere toplam 90 kişi bu çalışmaya dahil edildi. Her iki gruba elektromiyografi yapıldı. Supraorbital sinirin elektrik stimülasyonu sonrası, orbicularis oculi kasında oluşan 2 yanıt, erken aynı taraflı yanıt “Y1” ve geç bilateral yanıt “Y2” gecikme zamanları kaydedildi. Bulgular: Sırasıyla yaş ortalamaları prediyabet grubunun 45±9 yıl ve control grubunun 41±11 yıldı. Hasta grubunda erken sağ aynı taraflı yanıt (p

Keywords

• Blink reflex, nöropati, prediyabet, bozulmuş açlık glukozu, bozulmuş glukoz toleransı

References

1. Valls-Sole J. Assessment of excitability in brainstem circuits mediating the blink reflex and the startle reaction. Clin Neurophysiol. 2012; 123(1):13-20.
2. Preston DC, Shapuo BE. Blink Reflex. In: Electromyography & Disorders Clinical-Electrophysiologic Correlations, 2nd eds. United States: Elsevier. 2005: 59-65.
3. Kimura J. Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Muscle and Nerve: Principles and Practice, 3rd eds. New York: Oxford. 2001: 409–38.
4. Sahin S, Yaman M, Mungan SO, et al. What happens in the other eye? Blink reflex alterations in contralateral side after facial palsy. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2009;26(6): 454-7.
5. Liao MF, Lee M, Hsieh MJ, et al. Evaluation of the pathophysiology of classical trigeminal neuralgia by blink reflex study and current perception threshold testing. J Headache Pain 2010;11(3):241-6.
6. Ellrich J, Hopf HC. The R3 component of the blink reflex: normative data and application in spinal lesions. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1996;101(4): 349-54.
7. Leon L, Casanova-Molla J, Lauria G, et al. The somatosensory blink reflex in upper and lower brainstem lesions. Muscle Nerve 2011; 43(2):196-202.
8. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. The 10-year cost-effectiveness of lifestyle intervention or metformin for diabetes prevention: an intent-to-treat analysis of the DPP/DPPOS. Diabetes Care 2012; 35(4): 723-30.

9. Moutzouri E, Tsimihodimos V, Rizos E, et al. Prediabetes: to treat or not to treat? Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 672(1-3): 9-19.
10. Tabak AG, Herder C, Rathmann W, et al. Prediabetes: a high- risk state for diabetes development. Lancet 2012; 379(9833): 2279-90.
11. The Italian General Practitioner Study Group: Chronic symmetric symptomatic polyneuropathy in the elderly: a field screening investigation in two Italian regions. I. Prevalence and general characteristics of the sample. Neurology 1995; 45(10): 1832–6.
12. Gregg EW, Sorlie P, Paulose-Ram R, et al. Prevalence of lower-extremity disease in the US adult population 40 years of age with and without diabetes: 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(7): 1591–7.
13. Novella SP, Inzucchi SE, Goldstein JM. The frequency of undiagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in patients with idiopathic sensory neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2001; 24(9): 1229–31.
14. Singleton JR, Smith AG, Bromberg MB. Increased prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance in patients with painful sensory neuropathy. Diabetes Care 2001; 24(8): 1448–53.
15. Sumner C, Seth S, Griffin J, et al. The spectrum of neuropathy in diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. Neurology 2003; 60(1): 108–11.
16. Soriguer F, Goday A, Bosch-Comas A, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in Spain: the Diabetes Study. Diabetologia 2012; 55(1): 88-93.
17. Smith AG, Singleton JR. Impaired glucose tolerance and neuropathy. Neurologist 2008; 14(1): 23-9.
18. Dyck PJ, Dyck PJ, Klein CJ, et al. Does impaired glucose metabolism cause polyneuropathy? Review of previous studies and design of a prospective controlled population- based study. Muscle Nerve 2007; 36(4): 536–41.
19. Smith AG, Ramachandran P, Tripp C, et al. Epidermal nerve innervations in impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes- associated neuropathy. Neurology 2001; 57(9): 1701–4.
20. ADA Guidelines - http://www.diabetes.org. 2012.
21. Zorba OU, Kirbaş S, Uzun H, et al. Is There a Relation between Reticular Formation and Storage Symptoms in Men. LUTS: Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms 2014; 6: 46-51.
22. Kazem SS, Behzad D. Role of blink reflex in diagnosis of subclinical cranial neuropathy in diabetic mellitus type II. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 85(5): 449-52.
23. Nazliel B, Yetkin I, Irkeç C, et al. Blink reflex abnormalities in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2001; 17(5): 396–400.
24. Al-Azzawi LM, Mirza K, Kummoona R. The usefulness of the blink reflex in the early diagnosis of cranial nerve neuropathy associated with diabetes mellitus. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 44(6): 323–7.
25. Trujillo-Hernández B, Huerta M, Pérez-Vargas D, et al. Blink reflex alterations in recently diagnosed diabetic patients. J Clin Neurosci 2003; 10(3): 306-9.
26. de Vegt F, Dekker JM, Jager A, et al. Relation of impaired fasting and postload glucose with incident type 2 diabetes in a Dutch population: The Hoorn Study. JAMA 2001; 285(16): 2109-13.
27. Greene DA, Stevens MJ, Feldman EL. The sorbitol-osmotic and sorbitol-redox hypothesis. In: LeRoith D, Taylor S, Olefsky JM, editors. Diabetes mellitus: a fundamental and clinical text, eds. Philadelphia’Lipincott: Williams-Wilkins. 1996.
28. Ziegler D, Rathmann W, Dickhaus T, et al. KORA Study Group. Neuropathic pain in diabetes, prediabetes and normal glucose tolerance: the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Surveys S2 and S3. Pain Med 2009; 10(2): 393-400.
29. Hsu WC, Yen AM, Liou HH, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of somatic and autonomic neuropathy in prediabetic and diabetic patients. Neuroepidemiology 2009; 33(4): 344-9.
30. Papanas N, Vinik AI, Ziegler D. Neuropathy in prediabetes: does the clock start ticking early? Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011; 7(11): 682-90.
31. Divisova S, Vlckova E, Hnojcikova M, et al. Prediabetes/early predominantly involves sensory small fibres. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2012; 17(3): 341-50. neuropathy
32. Vincent AM, Russell JW, Low P, et al. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Endocr Rev 2004; 25(4): 612–28.
33. Obrosova IG. Increased sorbitol pathway activity generates oxidative stress in tissue sites for diabetic complications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7(11-12): 1543–52.
34. Vincent AM, Callaghan BC, Smith AL, et al. Diabetic neuropathy: cellular mechanisms as therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Neurol 2011; 7(10): 573–83.
35. Duran-Jimenez B, Dobler D, Moffatt S, et al. Advanced glycation end products in extracellular matrix proteins contribute to the failure of sensory nerve regeneration in diabetes. Diabetes 2009; 58(12): 2893–903.
36. Vincent AM, Perrone L, Sullivan KA, et al. Receptor for advanced glycation end products activation injures primary sensory neurons via oxidative stress. Endocrinology 2007; 148(2): 548–58.
37. Wiggin TD, Sullivan KA, Pop-Busui R, et al. Elevated triglycerides correlate with progression of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 2009; 58(7):1634–40.
38. Vincent AM, Hayes JM, McLean LL, et al. Dyslipidemia- induced neuropathy in mice: the role of oxLDL/LOX-1. Diabetes 2009; 58(10): 2376–85.
39. McCall KD, Holliday D, Dickerson E, et al. Phenylmethimazole blocks palmitate-mediated induction of infl ammatory cytokine pathways in 3T3L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Endocrinol 2010; 207(3): 343–53.
40. Gordon Smith A, Robinson Singleton J. Idiopathic neuropathy, prediabetes and the metabolic syndrome. J Neurol Sci 2006; 242(1-2): 9-14.