OSMANLI YÖNETİMİNİN ORYANTALİST İNŞASI

Gülay Yılmaz

-

Year 2014, Volume: 4 Issue: 7, 54 - 81, 01.08.2014

Abstract

Edward Said formulated and discussed Orientalism for the first time and he concentrated more on the attitutes mostly towards Islam and the Arabs. He mainly examined the literary texts that were produced by the “Western mind.” By defining Orientalism as a discourse, he made an invaluable contribution to the field. This article, however, concentrates on the European perception of the Ottoman Empire starting from the sixteenth century until the modern times in terms of the interpretations about the Ottoman governance. It aims to show the Orientalist tendencies in European texts in describing the Ottoman government

Keywords

Ottoman Empire, Orientalism, Ottoman governance, tyranny, sixteenth-seventeenth century travellers, Montesquieu, Oriental Despotism, Sultanism, Max Weber, slavery, devshirme

References

Birincil Kaynaklar
Cemal Kafadar, “On the Purity and Corruption of the Janissaries,” Turkish Studies Association
Bulletin 15(1991), 273-279; Donald Quataert, “Janissaries, Artisans and the Question of Ottoman
Decline 1730-1914,” Donald Quataert der., Workers, Peasants and Economic Change in the
Ottoman Empire 1730-1914 içinde, (Istanbul: Isis Yayınları, 1993), 197-203; Cengiz Kırlı, “A
Profile of the Labor Force in Early-Nineteenth Century Istanbul,” International Labor and Working
Class History 60 (2001), 125-140.
Baki Tezcan, The Second Ottoman Empire: The Political and Social Transformation in the Early
Modern World (Cambridge: Cambridge Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2010).
Gülay Yılmaz, “The Economic and Social Roles of Janissaries in a Seventeenth-Century
Ottoman City: The Case of Istanbul,” Doktora tezi (McGill Üniversitesi, 2011.)
Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de. The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq. Imperial Ambassador at Constantinople 1554-1562. Çeviren Edward Seymour Forster. Oxford, 1968.
Knolles, Richard. The General Histoire of the Turks, From the First Beginning of That Nation to the Rising of the Ottoman Familie: With all the Notable Expeditions of the Christian Princes Against Them. Londra: Adam Islip, 1603.
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat. The Spirit of Laws. Şikago, Londra, Toronto: Encyclopedia Britannica., 1952.
Navagero, Bernardo. “Relazione Dell’Impero Ottomano.” Relazioni Degli Ambasciatori Veneti al Senato, cilt 1., (Firenze, 1840).
Nicolay, Nicolas Dans L’empire de Soliman le Magnifique. Yayın yeri belirtilmemiş: Press du Cnrs, 1989), 65.
Rycaut, Paul. The Present State of the Ottoman Empire. Londra: John Starkey and Henry Brome, 1668.
Soranzo, Lazaro. The Ottoman of Lazaro Soranzo. Londra: John Windet, 1603. İkincil Kaynaklar
Abu-Lughod, Janet. “The Islamic City – Historic Myth, Islamic Essence, and Contemporary Relevance.” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 19, no. 2 (1987): 155-176.
Atkinson, Geoffrey. Les Relations de voyages du XVIIe siècle et l’évolution des idées: contribution à l’étude de la formation de l’esprit du XVIIIe siècle. Paris: E. Champion, 1924.
Baer, G.. “The administrative, economic and social functions of the Turkish guilds.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 1 (1970): 28-50.
Brunschvig, R.. “Urbanisme médiéval et droit musulman.” Revue des Études Islamiques 15 (1947): 127-155.
Canbakal, Hülya. Society and Politics in an Ottoman Town: Ayntab in the 17th Century. Leiden, Boston: Brill Publications, 2007.
Çırakman, Aslı. From the “Terror of the World” to the “Sick Man of Europe” European Images of Ottoman Empire and Society from the Sixteenth Century to the Nineteenth Century. New York, Washington: Peter Lang., 2002.
Crone, Patricia. “Weber, Islamic Law, and the Rise of Capitalism.” İçinde Max Weber and Islam. Derleyen Tobby E. Huff. New Jersey, 1999.
Dodds, Muriel. Les Récrits de voyages: sources de L’Esprit des lois de Montesquieu. Paris: Champion, 1929.
Eldem, Edhem, Daniel Goffman, and Bruce Masters. The Ottoman City between East and West: Aleppo, Izmir and Istanbul. Cambridge: Cambridge Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1999.
Findley, Carter. Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte 1789-1922. Princeton: Princeton Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1980.
Gerber, Haim. Economy and Society in an Ottoman City: Bursa, 1600-1700. Jerusalem: The Hebrew Üniversitesi, 1998.
Gibb, H. A. R. and Harold Bowen. Islamic Society and the West. Oxford: Oxford Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1952.
Grunebaum, G. E. Von. “The structure of the Muslim town.” American Anthropologist 57, no.2 (1955): 141-158.
Hamilton, Alastair. “Max Weber’s Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,” içinde Stephen Turner der., The Cambridge Companion to Weber. 151- 172. Cambridge: Cambridge Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2000.
Heywood, C. J. “Sir Paul Rycaut, A Seventeenth-Century Observer of the Ottoman State: Notes for a Study.” İçinde Ezel Kural Shaw ve C. J. Heywood, derleyen. English and Continental Views of the Ottoman Empire 1500- 1800. Los Angeles: Kaliforniya Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1972.
Hobsbawm, Eric. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2000.
Hourani, Albert. “The Islamic City in the Light of Recent Research.” İçinde A. H. Hourani ve S. M. Stern derleyen. The Islamic City. 36-66. Oxford: B. Cassirer, 1970.
Isin, Engin. Being Political: Genealogies of Citizenship. Minnesota: Minnesota Üniversitesi, 2002.
Kafadar, Cemal “On the Purity and Corruption of the Janissaries.” Turkish Studies Association Bulletin 15(1991): 273-279.
Kaiser, Thomas “The Evil Empire? The Debate on Turkish Despotism in Eighteenth Century French Political Culture.” The Journal of Modern History 72. Şikago (2000): 69-81.
Kırlı, Cengiz. “A Profile of the Labor Force in Early-Nineteenth Century Istanbul.” International Labor and Working Class History 60 (2001): 125-140.
Kunt, Metin. The Sultan's Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550-1650. New York: Columbia Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1983.
Lapidus, Ira. Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages. Cambridge: Harvard, 1967.
Love, John. “Weber’s Orient.” İçinde Stephen Turner der. The Cambridge Companion to Weber. 172-200. Cambridge: Cambridge Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2000.
Marçais, W.. “L’Islamisme et la vie urbaine,” L’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles- Lêtres, Comptes Rendus. Paris: January-March 1928): 86-100.
Patricia Springborg. Western Republicanism and the Oriental Prince. Oxford: Polity Yayınları, 1992.
Pocock, John Greville Agard. Barbarism and Religion, cilt 4: Barbarians, Savages and Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2005.
Quataert, Donald. “Janissaries, Artisans and the Question of Ottoman Decline 1730- 1914.” İçinde Donald Quataert, derleyen, Workers, Peasants and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire 1730-1914. 197-203. Istanbul: Isis Yayınları, 1993.
Raymond, Andre. “Islamic City, Arab City: Orientalist Myths and Recent Reviews.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, cilt 21, no.1 (1994): 3-18.
Rodinson, Maxime. Islam et Capitalisme. Paris, 1966.
Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books, 1994.
Sauvaget, J.. Alep: Essai sur le Développement d’une Grande ville Syrienne, Des Origines au Milieu du XIXe Siècle. Paris: P Geuthner, 1941.
Stern, S. M. “The Constitution of the Islamic City.” İçinde A. H. Hourani ve S. M. Stern derleyen The Islamic City. 25-52. Oxford: B. Cassirer, 1970.
Tezcan, Baki. The Second Ottoman Empire: The Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2010.
Turner, Bryan. Islam: Islam, State, and Politics. Routledge, 1974.
Turner, Bryan. Weber and Islam: A Critical Study. Londra and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
Valensi, Lucette. Venice and the Sublime Porte, the Birth of the Despot. Ithaca, Londra: Cornell Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1993.
Weber, Max. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Londra: Kaliforniya Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1978.
Weber, Max. General Economic History. Londra: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1927.
Weber, Max. The City. New York: The Free Press, 1966.
Wittfogel, Karl August. Oriental Despotism; A Comparative Study of Total Power. New Haven: Yale Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1978.
Yılmaz, Gülay. “The Economic and Social Roles of Janissaries in a Seventeenth- Century Ottoman City: The Case of Istanbul,” Doktora Tezi. McGill Üniversitesi, 2011.